Abstract

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) replicates primarily in the epithelial tissues of the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea. However, little is known about IBV replication and immune responses in relation to head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT), such as the Harderian gland (HG) and choanal cleft, as well as respiratory (turbinate) tissues. Furthermore, few studies have looked into the role of the HG, choanal cleft, pharyngeal tissues, and turbinate in innate, cellular, and mucosal immune responses of commercial broiler chickens and laying hens infected with IBV, compared to the studies about the ettenf tc ffe trachea. This review article overviewed the role of avian HALT, conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), concerning the anatomical, physiological, and immune responses to infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. The HG, choanal cleft, and turbinate in innate, mucosal, and cellular immune responses play a significant role in avian protection through virulent or attenuated vaccines of IBVs. The IBV viruses could not reach the trachea in chickens vaccinated with IBV vaccine due to the inhibition of viruses by HALT and respiratory tissues by innate, mucosal, and cellular immunity. It can be concluded that other than the trachea, the HALT and respiratory tissues play an important role in the infectivity and immune induction against IBVs due to their proximity to the upper air passages. © 2023,. All Rights Reserved.