Abstract

Fluoride is well-known for its role in preventing dental issues and promoting strong teeth and bones. It is commonly found in water, tea, and fluoridated toothpaste. The World Health Organisation recommends fluoride concentrations between 0.5 mg/L to 1.50 mg/L in water. Excessive fluoride intake can lead to dental fluorosis which affects tooth enamel. This study aimed to investigate fluoride levels in different water sources within selected villages of Ngamiland and Central Boteti districts and assess dental fluorosis prevalence among the residents. Our objectives were to measure fluoride concentrations in various water sources, evaluate the impact of pH and salinity on fluoride levels, and determine the link between fluoride concentration and dental fluorosis prevalence. Water samples were analyzed for fluoride concentration, pH, and salinity using ion chromatograph, pH meter, and conductivity meter, respectively. Interviews were conducted in Maun, Tsau, Toteng, and Motopi regarding dental fluorosis prevalence. Results showed that groundwater in Motopi and Tsau had fluoride concentrations ranging from 2.81 – 17.05 mg/L, while Toteng tap and standpipe water had fluoride concentrations of 0.78 and 0.83 mg/L. Maun tap and standpipe water, as well as Motopi surface water, yielded fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.16 – 0.37 mg/L. Salinity and pH showed no significant relationship with fluoride concentration, with correlation coefficients of 0.09 and 0.46, respectively. In conclusion, Tsau boreholes had the highest fluoride concentration, linked to dental fluorosis in individuals aged 30 years and above. Maun tap and standpipe water, alongside Motopi tap and surface water, exhibited low fluoride concentrations, while Toteng tap, and standpipe water revealed appropriate fluoride levels. The study revealed that Salinity and pH do not influence fluoride concentration in water.