Prevalence and Risk Factors of Balantioides coli Infection in Pig-Breeding Farms in Bali, Indonesia

Putra, I.Putu Cahyadi and Suratma, Nyoman Adi and Widyasanti, Ni Wayan Helpina and Sewoyo, Palagan Senopati (2026) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Balantioides coli Infection in Pig-Breeding Farms in Bali, Indonesia. World's Veterinary Journal. 541 - 550. ISSN 23224568

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Abstract

Balantioides coli (Balantidium coli B. coli) infection poses significant health and economic burdens in pigs, causing diarrhea, intestinal dysbiosis, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of balantidiasis and pinpoint related risk factors in pigs at breeding facilities in Gianyar Regency, Bali, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study with random sampling was conducted from August 2024 to February 2025. Fecal samples were collected from 15 to 35 pigs from 16 pig-breeding farms that utilized a semi-intensive rearing system. In total, 417 fecal samples were collected from pigs in seven districts, including 202 sows and 215 piglets. The samples were preserved in 3% potassium dichromate (K�Cr�O�) and examined using the coprological sedimentation method. Morphological identification was based on the detection of B. coli cysts in fecal samples. Data on potential risk factors were evaluated using logistic regression analysis, which was conducted on data obtained from structured questionnaires and direct on-farm observations. The results indicated that 43.17% of pigs were infected with B. coli, with a higher prevalence in sows (56.95%) than in piglets (30.23%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that sows had a 3.366 times higher risk of infection than piglets. Farms with pig populations exceeding 100 heads also exhibited a higher risk of infection compared to farms housing 100 or fewer pigs. In contrast, farmers who purchased feed from commercial suppliers and those who used ready-made feed had a significantly lower risk of B. coli infection, reducing the incidence by 79.3% and 60.2%, respectively, compared to farmers who produced their own feed or used mixed feed. Factors of water source, pigpen condition, and pigpen cleaning practices were not significantly associated with infection. The prevalence of B. coli infection in pig-breeding farms in Gianyar Regency is notably high (43.17 %). The analysis indicated that life stage, herd size, feed source, and feed type are significantly associated with the risk of balantidiasis in pigs and should be prioritized in disease prevention and control strategies by farmers in the study region. © The Author(s) 2026 CC BY Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Balantidiasis; Balantidium coli; Piglet; Protozoa; Sow
Subjects:	S Agriculture > SF Animal culture
Divisions:	World's Veterinary Journal (WVJ)
Page Range:	541 - 550
Journal or Publication Title:	World's Veterinary Journal
Journal Index:	Scopus
Volume:	16
Number:	2
Publisher:	Scienceline Publication
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj51
ISSN:	23224568
Depositing User:	Dr. Alireza Sadeghi
URI:	https://eprints.science-line.com/id/eprint/1688

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