Risk Factors Associated with Conception Rate in Holstein and Lai Sind Crossbred Cows in Small Holding Farms in Vietnam

Thanh, Nguyen Van and Lanh, Do Thi Kim and Nam, Nguyen Hoai and Dung, Bui Van (2025) Risk Factors Associated with Conception Rate in Holstein and Lai Sind Crossbred Cows in Small Holding Farms in Vietnam. World's Veterinary Journal. 1015 - 1023. ISSN 2322-4568

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Abstract

Reproductive efficiency is a critical factor in smallholder dairy systems, where management limitations often reduce fertility. Identifying factors influencing conception is essential to improving breeding performance in crossbred dairy cows raised in smallholder farms. The present study aimed to identify reproductive and management-related risk factors influencing conception rates in Holstein � Lai Sind crossbred cows at smallholder farms in Northern Vietnam. A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of ovarian disorders, estrus detection timing, age, parity, body condition score (BCS), calving-to-service interval, artificial insemination (AI) order, month of service, and age at first AI on conception rates in 433 cows. Farms were selected based on their willingness to participate, including a total of 40 smallholder farms in Northern Vietnam. Cows were included only if they had complete records on estrus detection, insemination, and pregnancy diagnosis; cows with missing or inconsistent data were excluded. Data was collected from the farm database and direct observation by trained personnel. Univariate analysis identified parity, age, age at first AI, month of AI, and BCS as significant factors influencing conception rates. The overall conception rate was 45.6. Cows inseminated during December-January had a higher conception rate (52.9) compared with those inseminated in September-October (37.7). Heifers exhibited the highest conception rate (55.7), while cows in parity 2 and parity 4-8 had significantly reduced fertility (37.6 and 42.0, respectively). In the multivariate logistic regression model, parity and age at first AI were the most influential predictors of reproductive performance in Holstein crossbred cows. Cows first inseminated at 13-15 months, 16-17 months, and older than 17 months had significantly higher conception rates than those inseminated at 8-12 months. The present study demonstrated that both physiological factors (age, parity, and BCS) and seasonal management conditions (month of service) influence conception in Holstein � Lai Sind crossbred cows under smallholder conditions. © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article�s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article�s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Artificial insemination; Body condition; Month of service; Smallholder
Subjects:	S Agriculture > SF Animal culture
Divisions:	World's Veterinary Journal (WVJ)
Page Range:	1015 - 1023
Journal or Publication Title:	World's Veterinary Journal
Journal Index:	Scopus
Volume:	15
Number:	4
Publisher:	Scienceline Publication
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj103
ISSN:	2322-4568
Depositing User:	Dr. Alireza Sadeghi
URI:	https://eprints.science-line.com/id/eprint/1659

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