%D 2023
%T Protection of Khaki Campbell Ducks against Duck Plague Using an Inactivated Duck Plague Vaccine
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. Ahamed
%A P. Sultana
%A M.Z. Rahman
%A P. Bose
%A M.R. Islam
%A M.M. Khatun
%A M.A. Islam
%N 2
%V 13
%P 332-340
%L eprints802
%X Duck plague (DP) or duck viral enteritis is a fatal viral disease of ducks taht causes huge economic losses in the duck industry. The present study was performed to determine the immune response and protective efficacy of an inactivated DP vaccine prepared from a local virulent DP virus. A virulent DP virus was obtained from the laboratory repository of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (Bangladesh). The DP virus (EID50 105.3/ml) was inactivated using 0.04 formalin. The alum (40 g/L) was added to the inactivated DP virus as an adjuvant. A total of 60 Khaki Campbell male ducks aged 17 weeks were randomly divided into three groups. Ducks of groups A (n = 20) and B (n = 20) were vaccinated intramuscularly in the breast muscle with 1 ml of inactivated DP vaccine and a live attenuated DP vaccine, respectively. Ducks of group C (n = 20) were kept as unvaccinated control. Booster vaccination was administered at 2 weeks after primary vaccination. Antibody titers of vaccinated ducks were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-vaccination (DPV) using a passive haemagglutination (PHA) test. Ducks of both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were challenged with 1 ml virulent DP virus (EID50 104.3/ml) at 28 DPV. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality, and gross pathological lesions of vaccinated and control ducks were observed for 10 days post-challenge to evaluate the protective efficacy of inactivated DP vaccine. The mean PHA antibody titers of vaccinated ducks of group A at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV were 5 ± 0.43, 26 ± 1.71, 43 ± 3.4, and 54 ± 3.28, respectively. Ducks in group B had mean serum PHA antibody titers of 21 ± 1.71, 41 ± 3.28, 52 ± 3.41, and 84 ± 7.25 at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DPV, respectively. No mortality or gross pathological lesions were observed in vaccinated ducks after they were subjected to a challenge infection. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between groups A and B in terms of the challenge infection. The mortality rate of the control group of ducks was 70. Hemorrhage in the trachea and intestine and necrotic foci in the liver were seen in unvaccinated control ducks (group C). Experimentally developed inactivated DP vaccine induced a protective serum antibody titer and conferred 100 protection against virulent challenge infection up to 10 days observation period. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj36
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
%K adjuvant; aluminum potassium sulfate; formaldehyde; plague vaccine, animal experiment; animal tissue; antibody blood level; antibody titer; Article; bleeding; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; drake (duck); Duck enteritis virus; duck plague; hemagglutination test; hygiene; immune response; infection prevention; intestine; liver; male; Marek disease; morbidity; mortality; mortality rate; nonhuman; passive hemagglutination; trachea; vaccination

%D 2023
%T Effects of Sumac (Rhus coriaria) Seeds and Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes on Wool Growth of Awwasi Male Lambs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M.J. Al-Saadi
%N 2
%V 13
%P 293-299
%L eprints791
%X Nutrition can have a significant effect on animal production. In recent years, many compounds have been widely used as feed additives to stimulate animals� appetites and consequently improve animal productivity. Exogenous fibrinolytic enzymes are one of these feed additives, which have been used as a digestive stimulant in different types of animals. Sumac (Rhus coriaria) seeds and leaves have been widely used as an appetite stimulant. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dietary effects of using 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and 3 of grinds Rhus coriaria seeds on wool production and some physical traits of the Awassi lambs. Twenty-four male Awassi lambs with an average age of 4 months were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, each containing six animals. The control group received a basal diet equivalent to 2 of body weight. The second group received the same diet supplemented with 3 sumac (Rhus coriaria) powder. The third group received the basal diet supplemented with 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (protease, amylase, and cellulase). The fourth group received the basal diet supplemented with both 3 Rhus Coriaria powder and 0.3 exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. The experiment lasted 130 days in the animal house belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine in Iraq. Some wool traits, including wool staple length, clean wool weight, greasy wool weight, wool fiber length, and wool fiber diameter, were measured. The results revealed significant differences in all measured wool quality traits among the treated groups compared to the control group. The group receiving the diet supplemented with a combination of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and Rhus coriaria powder exhibited the most significant improvements in wool growth, overall wool production, and physical characteristics. These findings highlight the potential of using exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and sumac as effective appetite stimulants and enhancers of wool production in Awassi lambs. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Public Health Department, College of Veterinary Medicine University, Baghdad, Iraq
%K amylase; cellulase; fibrinolytic agent; fibrolytic enzyme; food additive; proteinase; unclassified drug, animal experiment; Article; Awassi lamb; body weight; controlled study; diet supplementation; diet therapy; growth rate; increased appetite; Iraq; lamb; male; nonhuman; physical appearance; plant seed; Rhus coriaria; sheep wool; statistically significant result; veterinary medicine; wool quality

%D 2023
%T Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoa in Pigs of Northern Black Sea Region, Ukraine
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A O. Bohach
%A M. Bogach
%A I. Panikar
%A A. Antipov
%A V. Goncharenko
%N 2
%V 13
%P 310-317
%L eprints792
%X Intestinal protozoan parasites threaten the health and welfare of pigs and impair the sustainability of pig farms, resulting in monetary losses. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of protozoa in large white pigs in the farms of Odesa, Mykolaiv, and Kherson regions in Ukraine. The parasitological surveys were conducted from March 2020 to March 2022 on three types of farms, including four large farms (> 100 sows), six medium farms (25-100 sows), and eight small farms (< 25 sows). A total of 3938 fecal samples from pigs of various age groups, namely 0-2-month piglets, 2-4-month piglets, pigs on fattening, and sows, were examined. Eimeria and isospores were determined using McMaster�s method in Raynaud�s modification, cryptosporidia by staining smears, blastocysts by the method of ethyl acetate-formalin concentration, and direct microscopy. The recorded protozoa were species Eimeria spp., Cystoisospora suis (syn. Isospora suis), Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis spp. These species of protozoa were observed in 31.1, 49.0, and 58.8 of pigs in large, medium-sized, and small farms, respectively. The findings indicated that Isospora suis and Eimeria spp. were most commonly present in piglets aged 0-2 months in large (29.7 and 23.0, respectively), medium (32.3, 29.4), and small farms (30.0, 13.5). Balantidium coli was not registered in pigs from large farms, and in piglets 2-4 months old from small farms, the prevalence of infestation was 17.2. Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis spp. were mostly recorded in piglets 2-4 months old from small farms (16.2, 7.1). In large and medium-sized farms of the Northern Black Sea region, mono infestations were recorded the most (73.6, 72.0), while mixed two-component infestation dominated (52.5) small farms. Intestinal protozoa should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal disorders as major factors or concomitant intestinal pathogens. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj33
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Odessa Research Station of the National Research Center �Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 2,Svobody Ave, Odessa, 65037, Ukraine; Odessa State Agrarian University, Panteleymonivska Street,13,Odesa region, Odesa, 65000, Ukraine; Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Soborna sg,8/1,Kyiv Region, Bila Tserkva, 09100, Ukraine
%K acetic acid ethyl ester; formaldehyde, Article; Balantidium; Balantidium coli; blastocyst; Blastocystis; Cryptosporidium; Eimeria; enteropathy; feces analysis; female; groups by age; intestine parasite; Isospora suis; isospore; microscopy; nonhuman; parasite examination; parasite prevalence; parasitosis; pig farming; piglet; protozoon; smear; sow (swine); Ukraine; Yorkshire pig

%D 2023
%T Treatment Effects of Chitosan Nanoencapsulated Bromelain against Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Coccidia in Goats of Kenya
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.R. Daiba
%A J.M. Kagira
%A M. Ngotho
%A J. Kimotho
%A N. Maina
%N 2
%V 13
%P 285-292
%L eprints801
%X The management of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidiosis of livestock relies on the use of commercial anthelmintic; however, the excessive and frequent usage of these drugs has led to the substantial and dramatic development of anthelmintic and anticoccidial resistance. The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and anticoccidial efficacy of chitosan nanoencapsulated bromelain (CNB) against a wide spectrum of GIN and coccidia in goats. Additionally, the study assessed the safety of CNB in the goats. Bromelain was extracted from the pineapple peels and then encapsulated using chitosan. A total of 20 healthy male goats naturally infected with GIN and coccidia were used. The goats were separated into four treatment groups, with five goats per each. The CNB was orally administered at dosages of 270 and 90 mg/Kg, once daily for 60 days. Fecal egg counts (FEC), fecal oocyst counts (FOC), packed cell volume (PCV), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), urea, and creatinine were determined weekly. The goats were monitored for clinical signs daily, and their body weight was recorded weekly. The findings revealed that FEC reduction rates in the group that received 270 mg/Kg CNB and the group that received Albendazole were 73.41 and 79.54 at day 7 post-treatment. Also, the reduction of FOC in the group receiving 270 mg/Kg CNB at day 7 (84.12) did not show a significant difference with Diclazuril (82.12). The FEC and FOC were zero (reduction of FEC and FOC was 100) at 28 days of treatment in goats treated with 270 mg/Kg CNB. During the monitoring period, no mortalities and no clinical signs were observed in the treated goats. The PCV, AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea levels for the goats in all groups were within normal limits. No pathological lesions were observed in the goat�s organs. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that repeated (60 days) dosages of 270 mg/Kg had anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects and were safe for goats. The study recommends further investigation in a field setting involving more animals. This would allow the development of a novel product for managing helminthiasis and coccidiosis in ruminants. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan-African University of Institute of Basic Science, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Innovation and Technology Transfer Division, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Livestock Science and Technology, National Higher Institute of Science and Techniques of Abeche, Chad
%K albendazole; bromelain; chitosan; diclazuril, animal tissue; Article; Coccidia; coccidiosis; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug safety; fecal egg count; fecal oocyst count; goat; Haemonchus contortus; helminthiasis; Kenya; male; nanoencapsulation; nematode; Nematodirus filicollis; nonhuman; Oesophagostomum; oocyst; Ostertagia ostertagi; parasitological parameters; Trichostrongylus axei; Trichostrongylus colubriformis; Trichostrongylus vitrinus

%D 2023
%T Phylogenetic Analysis and Detection of Drug Resistance Gene in Theileria annulata Isolated from Buffaloes
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S.R. Fadel
%A H.H. Abed
%A A.R. Alhaboubi
%N 2
%V 13
%P 318-323
%L eprints799
%X Bovine theileriosis, caused by Theileria annulate, is disease affecting cattle and buffaloes worldwide. The current study aimed to screen the blood samples of 30 naturally suspected local buffaloes infected with Theileria species. The blood samples were initially examined by light microscopic and then the positive samples were subjected to PCR reactions. All 30 animals indicated clinical symptoms, such as high fever, loss of appetite, the presence of the hard tick, and enlargement of lymph nodes. The amplified products of 18S rRNA were analyzed, along with molecular detection of the drug-binding site alterations and interrelated changes in the cytochrome b (cyto b) gene. Blood smears revealed the presence of infected erythrocytes with Theileria spp. The PCR results confirmed infection in samples when DNA amplified with partial 18S rRNA and cyto b genes. The sequencing data were obtained from GeneBank using the accession numbers OM937770.1, ON207523.1, ON207525.1, ON207524.1, ON207526.1, and ON207527.1 Following BLAST analysis (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), genetic differences were observed between the Iraqi isolate OM937770.1 and strains from India, Iran, and Turkey. The data obtained from the current study may reveal the genetic alteration of the local strain in the drug-target codons, which are found in one isolate and are different from the GenBank isolates. The results suggest that the failure of buparvaquone therapy might be due to the resistance to cyto b gene. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
%K buparvaquone; cytochrome b; RNA 18S, agar gel electrophoresis; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; Article; blood analysis; blood sampling; blood smear; buffalo; controlled study; DNA sequencing; drug binding site; erythrocyte; fever; GenBank; gene amplification; gene targeting; genetic difference; India; Iran; loss of appetite; lymph node hyperplasia; nonhuman; parasitosis; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; sampling; sequence analysis; serology; staining; symptom; Theileria annulata; tick infestation; treatment failure; tropical theileriosis; Turkey (republic)

%D 2023
%T Effects of Commercial and Homemade Extenders on Post-thaw Sperm Quality and Fertility of Semen from Ethiopian Indigenous Horro Chicken Breed
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. Getachew
%A G. Goshu
%A A. Lemma
%N 2
%V 13
%P 341-347
%L eprints794
%X Cryopreservation of spermatozoa represents an important strategy for in vitro programs designed for the conservation of the genetic material of livestock populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of homemade tris-egg yolk-based and commercial poultry semen extenders on post-thaw sperm quality, fertility, and hatchability of semen from the Ethiopian Indigenous Horro chicken breed. A total of 30 roosters were used for semen collection, and 160 adult hens were inseminated artificially. The collected, qualified, and pooled semen samples were divided into three groups. Each semen sample was diluted with a homemade tris-egg yolk-based extender, Dimethyl-formamide commercial extender, and Commercial Beltsville Poultry Extender. Each extended semen was further divided into 20 sterile tubes as replicates. The extended semen samples were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using standard procedures. Changes in post-thaw spermatozoa mass and progressive motility, in vitro viability, morphological abnormality, fertility, and hatchability were evaluated. The post-thaw evaluation showed a decrease in the mass and progressive motility, morphologically normal spermatozoa, and an increase in dead spermatozoa and spermatozoa with bent necks, compared to fresh semen. There were significant differences in progressive sperm motility, motility, and in vitro viability between commercial and homemade cryoprotectants. However, no significant difference was observed in mass motility across the extenders. The commercial Dimethyl-formamide extender was found to be the most suitable regarding the proportion of morphologically normal sperm and in vitro viability rate of cryopreserved sperm samples. There were no significant differences across all treatments in terms of fertility and hatchability rate. However, there was a significant difference between the control treatment and commercial extenders in terms of fertility and hatchability. The findings indicated favorable outcomes for a tris-egg yolk-based extender that was prepared locally with regard to the cryopreservation of poultry semen. Additional investigations are recommended to enhance the fertility and hatchability of the semen. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
%K commercial extender; diluent; homemade extender; n,n dimethylformamide; poultry extender; unclassified drug, adult; animal cell; Article; artificial insemination; cell structure; controlled study; cryopreservation; Ethiopia; Ethiopian indigenous Horro chicken; female; fertility; Gallus gallus; hatchability; hen; in vitro study; male; nonhuman; rooster; sperm quality; sperm viability; spermatozoon motility

%D 2023
%T Protective Role of Rosa damascena Miller Hydroalcoholic Extract on Oxidative Stress Parameters and Testis Tissue in Rats Treated with Sodium Arsenite
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A E.M. Khorasgani
%A S. Mahdian
%N 2
%V 13
%P 324-331
%L eprints796
%X Regarding the strong antioxidant properties of Rosa damascene extract, this study aimed to investigate the protective role of Rosa damascene Miller hydroalcoholic petal extract on oxidative stress parameters and testis tissue in rats treated with sodium arsenite. To this end, 30 male rats were divided into five groups, including control, positive control (treated with arsenite), and three groups of patients affected by sodium arsenite with 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg Rosa damascene extract for 34 days by gavage. The animals were then anesthetized, and the blood samples were collected from the heart. The left testis was removed for histopathological studies. The findings revealed that Sodium arsenite in the positive group caused a significant reduction in TAC, testosterone, and serum Luteinizing hormone (LH) and a significant increase in serum Malondialdehyde. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference among the groups regarding the amount of Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Moreover, the consumption of Rosa damascene extract with sodium arsenite caused a significant increase in testosterone, LH, and FSH compared to the positive control group. Histopathological results showed that in the experimental group receiving a dosage of 300 mg/kg b.w and the control group, the number of sperm tubes increased, and the germinal epithelium�s thickness was appropriate. Daily treatment with Rosa damascene extract with a dosage of 300 mg/kg b.w for 34 days could improve the changes caused by sodium arsenite and reduce Malondialdehyde levels. Thus, it seems that Rosa damascene hydroalcoholic extract can effectively improve the male reproductive system�s function. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj35
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Pathobiology Department, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran; Graduate of Vet Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
%K antioxidant; arsenite sodium; follitropin; luteinizing hormone; malonaldehyde; plant extract; Rosa damascene extract; testosterone; unclassified drug, adult; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Article; blood sampling; body weight; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug use; follitropin blood level; germ layer; histopathology; luteinizing hormone blood level; male; nonhuman; oxidative stress; petal; rat; Rosa damascena; seminiferous tubule; statistically significant result; testis tissue; testosterone blood level; thickness; total antioxidant capacity

%D 2023
%T Semen Cryopreservation Quality and Sperm Kinematics of Saanen Goats Using Different Diluents
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A L. Nisfimawardah
%A A. Firmawati
%A M.N. Ihsan
%A T. Susilawati
%A S. Wahjuningsih
%N 2
%V 13
%P 300-309
%L eprints798
%X The success of artificial insemination (AI) in small ruminants, especially goats, depends on the quality of frozen semen. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the quality of various diluents, including tris-egg yolk, AndroMed®, and OviXcell®, on semen quality. The fresh semen samples from three male Saanen goats aged 1.5-2 years were collected and the mean individual motility of samples was recorded at 70. The cryopreservation quality of the semen was evaluated based on motility, viability, abnormality, and total sperm motility (TSM) indexes. The present laboratory experiment was performed with 3 treatments and 10 repetitions. The treatments in this study were T0 (tris-egg yolk), T1 (AndroMed®), and T2 (OviXcell®). The results showed no significant difference in the parameters of motility, viability, abnormality, and TSM among the treatment group. The kinematic parameters� average path length, velocity curved linear, and linearity showed a significant difference in all treatment groups. However, there were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of motility, progressiveness, distance curved line, distance straight line, average velocity path, velocity straight line, straightness, amplitude lateral head, beat cross frequency, and wobble kinematic parameters. Motility was higher in T2 than in T0 and T1, viability was higher in T1 than in T0 and T2, and abnormality was lower in T1 than in T0 and T2. In conclusion, the use of various diluents, such as tris-egg yolk, AndroMed®, and OviXcell®, can maintain the quality of frozen spermatozoa for over 24 hours, including motility, viability, abnormality, and TSM. Kinematic parameters obtained using CASA IVOS II can provide relevant information for various parameters using these diluents. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj32
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran,East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Puncak Dieng, Malang, 65151, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran,East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
%K diluent; trometamol, animal cell; animal experiment; Article; controlled study; egg yolk; kinematics; laboratory technique; male; nonhuman; Saanen goat; semen abnormality; semen cryopreservation; semen parameters; sperm amplitude lateral head; sperm average path length; sperm average velocity path; sperm beat cross frequency; sperm distance curved line; sperm distance straight line; sperm progressiveness; sperm quality; sperm straightness; sperm velocity curved linear; sperm velocity straight line; sperm viability; sperm wobble kinematic parameters; spermatozoon; spermatozoon motility; velocity

%D 2023
%T The Protective Effects of Melatonin against Brain Disorders Induced by the Western Diet in Male Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.R. Rayshan
%A A.A. Abdulwahid
%A A.A. Alsaedi
%N 2
%V 13
%P 264-284
%L eprints795
%X Globally, the effects of consuming a diet rich in fat have gained great concerted attention. The current study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of melatonin on neurological disorders induced by the western diet in rats. A total of 30 adult male white local Iraqi rats were randomly assigned to three equal groups, including control (CC), high-fat diet (HFD), and melatonin group (HFD+M, a high-fat diet along with intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg body weight melatonin) for 8 weeks. The rats were analyzed in terms of brain tissue concentration of dopamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and nervous system impairment using Barns maze task and elevated plus maze. The findings revealed a significant decline in the dopamine concentration of the HFD group after 8 weeks of treatment, compared to CC and HFD+M groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in brain TNF-α concentration in the group fed HFD, compared with CC and HFD+M. Finally, the melatonin treatment significantly reduced spatial memory impairments and anxiety induced by HFD in rats. After 8 weeks, the histological examination revealed that brain section rats on an HFD indicated significant congestion in the blood vessels with marked cerebral edema, where there was a dilation of Virchow-Robin space, severe congestion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the meninges. The HFD+M groups showed normal meninges without any inflammatory exudate except for a few congestions in the blood vessels and no or mild vacuolations in the cerebral tissue, gliosis, and astrocytosis. In contrast, male rats fed an HFD showed vacuolation and aerophagia in brain tissue and a marked aggregation of the proliferation of astrocytes and a proliferation of microglial cells in the cerebral. In conclusion, HFD impairs brain neurotransmitters, induces pro-inflammatory changes, and affects learning ability and memory by changing the structure of neural tissue. Melatonin can ameliorate HFD-caused effects. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Scientific affairs department, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah,Al-Qadisiyyah, Iraq; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
%K dopamine; formaldehyde; ketamine; melatonin; phosphate buffered saline; sodium chloride; tumor necrosis factor; xylazine, adult; aerophagia; animal behavior; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; anxiety neurosis; Article; astrocyte; astrocytosis; Barnes maze test; body weight; brain disease; brain edema; brain tissue; cell aggregation; cell infiltration; cell vacuole; cognition assessment; controlled study; drug effect; elevated plus maze test; gliosis; histology; hyperemia; inflammatory cell; Iraqi; learning disorder; lipid diet; male; memory disorder; meninx; microglia; nervous system; neuroprotection; nonhuman; perivascular space; rat; spatial memory; statistically significant result; task performance; tissue structure; treatment duration; Western diet

%D 2023
%T PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKS FED BIODEGRADED CASSAVA ROOT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A F.B.P. Abang
%A K.U. Anoh
%A E.D. Izuki
%A E.E. Nsa
%A N. Ijoko
%N 4
%V 13
%P 274-278
%L eprints830
%X To evaluate the performance and hematological indices of broiler chickens fed biodegraded cassava root meal an experiment was conducted in the Poultry Unit of the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State. A total of one hundred and fifty five week-old (Ross 308) finishing broilers was used for the experiment. The birds were assigned randomly into three treatments and each treatment was replicated five times with ten birds per replicate. Cassava root was peeled and chopped into small pieces of about 90-100g and mixed with rumen filtrate (fluid). This was then biodegraded for 24 hours and 48 hours. The biodegraded cassava root meal (BCRM) was used to formulate broiler�s diets at a 10 inclusion level to supplement for maize. The diets formulated were T1, T2 and T3 at 0, 10 (24 hours biodegraded) and 10 (48 hours biodegraded) inclusion, respectively. The birds in each replicate were housed in separate cages in a completely randomized design (CRD). All routine management practices, including recommended vaccinations were strictly observed, feed and water were served ad libitum throughout the period of the study which lasted for 28 days. Performance indices such as body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured. Hematological parameters were also taken; pack cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) differential. Results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) differences in all the performance indices measured except in feed intake. Feed intake increased with prolonged period of biodegradation across treatments. There was significant (P<0.05) differences in the lymphocytes, heterophils and eosinophils across treatments. The study concluded that the dietary supplementation of 10 biodegradable cassava root meal at 24 and 48 hours did not adversely affect the performance/health status of broiler chicken, however, for profit maximization, 48 hour biodegradation of cassava is recommended. © (), (). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.41
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
%K Biodegradation; Broiler Chicken; Cassava Root; Maize; Productive performance

%D 2023
%T AN INVESTIGATION ON AVAILABILITY AND EFFICACY OF ANTI-ANEMIC DRUGS FOR PIGS IN THE UKRAINIAN PHARMACEUTICALS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A I. Derkach
%A S. Derkach
%A V. Dukhnytskyi
%A O. Valchuk
%A Y. Zhuk
%A N. Slobodyanyuk
%A V. Kondratiuk
%A S. Gryshchenko
%A M. Gudzenko
%A T. Rozbytska
%A M. Gruntovskyi
%N 4
%V 13
%P 269-273
%L eprints829
%X Antianemic drugs are used to prevent anemia, majorly iron deficiency anemia. Drugs with such pharmacological action are especially relevant for piglets, as animals of this species at this age are particularly sensitive to iron deficiency. The present investigation aimed at studying the pharmaceutical market of antianemic drugs registered in Ukraine during 2017-2022. It should be noted that if the drug is registered, it has been checked for safety according to the food industry standards of Ukraine. In 2017, the national market of veterinary iron-containing drugs was represented by 13 drugs from the group QB03A �Antianemic drugs. Drugs of iron�, according to the �ТС-vet classification. The range of these drugs by 38  was provided by pharmaceutical products of Ukrainian manufacturers: "O.L.KAR-AgroZooVet-Service", "Pharmaton", "Brovapharma", "Experimental production of the Institute of Epizootology", "Biopharm", and "Vetsintez". Imported products (62 ) were represented by Pharmacosmos, Merial, Koofavet, "Vugen B&G", "Biovet Pulawy", "Interchem Verken De Adelaar", and "Bioveta". In general, the modern pharmaceutical market of veterinary drugs in Ukraine during 2017�2022 was sufficiently provided with antianemic drugs for pigs and mostly imported drugs. The percentage of antianemic drugs of Ukrainian production prevailed in 2020, however the imported drugs of this pharmacological group's was higher in 2022. It can be concluded that the drugs of non-Ukrainian production predominated among antianemic drugs in Ukraine during 2017-2022. Based on the obtained results, we can state that in Ukraine there is a need for the development and/or production of domestic anti-anemic drugs. They must be effective and ensure a reduction in the dependence of the national pharmaceutical market of drugs of this group on foreign manufacturers. © (), (). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.40
%I Scienceline Publication
%O National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroyiv Oborony st., 15, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
%K Anemia; Availability; Iron; Pigs; Veterinary drugs

%D 2023
%T CAUSES OF HONEYBEE COLONY DECLINE IN SOUTH ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Diriba
%A M. Fisaha
%A D. Andualem
%N 4
%V 13
%P 259-268
%L eprints828
%X The purpose of this study was to identify the major causes of colony decline in the Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia. Three districts, namely, Yirga Cheffe, Wonago, and Dilla Zuria, were purposefully selected based on beekeeping potential. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data from 135 beekeepers and 15 key informants using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, and personal observation of apiary sites. The results revealed two main causes of colony declines in the Gedeo zone: colony management-related factors and natural factors. Seventy percent of beekeepers lack the practical skills to perform hive inspection; 47 do not feed their colonies; 45 spray pesticides and insecticides near their apiaries; and 82 fail to control swarming. As a result, 87 of sampled beekeepers have experienced frequent colony absconding. The trends of colony decline showed an increase from 2008 to 2020 in the highlands and from 2008 to 2017 in the midlands and lowlands, respectively. The number of households facing colony declines increased in all agro-ecologies from 2008 to 2020. Pests and predators, like wax moths, and small hive beetles were take the first rank followed by ants, the inherent behavior of honeybees, a shortage of flora, and the presence of poisonous plants were the top five challenges among natural factors, respectively. Therefore, we strongly recommend educating beekeepers on scientific methods of colony management and planting bee flora. Laboratory diagnostics are required to identify bee diseases. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.39
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Department of Animal Sciences, Dilla University, Ethiopia; College of Agriculture, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
%K Apiary management; Apiculture; Bee diseases; Colony decline; Swarm

%D 2023
%T NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF FIBROUS FEEDSTUFFS IN HIGH-CONCENTRATE DIET WITH SODIUM-BICARBONATE (NaHCO3) ADDITION IN RUMEN-FISTULATED BRAHMAN BULL
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R.A. Niepes
%A L.C. Bestil
%N 4
%V 13
%P 234-241
%L eprints831
%X Ruminants are given substantial quantities of concentrate diets full of quickly fermentable carbohydrates to increase output performance; however, it can also lead to digestive disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding NaCHO3 to a high-concentrate diet on the nutrient digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs in the Philippines. The experiment utilized a rumen-fistulated Brahman bull. The treatment diets were the following: Treatment 1 (T1): Untreated rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw; T2: Urea-treated rice straw; T3: Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach); T4: Napier silage; T5: Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) tops; and T6: Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica L.). The nylon bags containing the treatment diets were incubated in the rumen at two periods: first at a high-concentrate (70 level), and second at a high concentrate added with NaCHO3). The results showed that the nutrient digestibility of locally-available feedstuffs varies significantly (p&lt;0.05) both with and without NaHCO3. The addition of NaHCO3 in a high-fiber diet improves the digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs in terms of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Therefore, the addition of NaHCO3 to a high-concentrate diet has the potential to positively stabilize rumen pH and enhance the nutrient digestibility of locally available fibrous feedstuffs. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.35
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O College of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Mindanao State University at Naawa, Naawan,Misamis Oriental, 9023, Philippines; Department of Animal Science, Visayas State University, Baybay City, 6521, Philippines
%K Fibrous feedstuffs; in situ digestibility; Nutrient digestibility; Rumen; Sodium bicarbonate

%D 2023
%T EFFECT OF FERMENTED PEARL MILLET ON PERFORMANCE, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES, GUT MORPHOLOGY, AND CAECAL MICROBIOTAS IN BROILER CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A O. Olasehinde
%A F. Aderemi
%N 4
%V 13
%P 224-233
%L eprints833
%X This study evaluated the contribution of fermented pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br., on growth performance, physiological responses, gut morphology, and microbial composition in the caeca. One hundred and eighty day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were assigned into five groups and were fed starter (d 0 to 21) and finisher (d 22 to 42) diets. Test diets included a control composed of maize-soybean meal (0%); a similar diet with maize replaced with fermented pearl millet (FPM) at 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Results showed that there was no significant improvement in weight gain and feed conversion ratio although more feed was consumed (P = 0.035) as FPM increased in the diet. Carcass yield increased linearly (P = 0.05) at d 42. Bursa of Fabricius quadratically increased (P = 0.02) in weight particularly at 25% and 50% FPM levels at d 21. Concentrations of total protein (P = 0.026) and low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.037) increased linearly as FPM increased in the diets. Proventriculus weight, lymphocyte concentration in the blood, and size of gut segments linearly reduced (P < 0.05). Proventriculus and crop pH improved linearly (P = 0.05) while digesta pH in jejunum reduced linearly (P = 0.005) at d 21. Duodenal villus width increased quadratically (P = 0.008), and the highest width occurred in the 50% FPM group. Furthermore, dietary FPM did not influence caeca Salmonella and Lactobacillus. In conclusion, replacement of maize with FPM had no adverse effect on performance, physiological status, gut morphology and microbial composition of broiler chickens. Our results suggest that FPM represents a potential alternative in diets of broiler chickens without sacrificing the nutritional quality of the diet. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.34
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
%K Broiler chickens; Fermented pearl millet; Gut microbiota; Gut morphology; Nutritional quality

%D 2023
%T IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DAIRY MILK PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Osuji
%A C. Igberi
%A C. Enyia
%A E. Nwachukwu
%A R. Nwose
%A A. Adeolu
%A A. Tim-Ashama
%A G. Nkwocha
%A A. Eleazar
%A A.D. Gabriel
%N 4
%V 13
%P 246-252
%L eprints834
%X This study explores the impacts of climate change on milk production in Nigeria. Climate variables such as temperature, rainfall, sunshine, relative humidity and wind speed were considered as covariates in the analysis. Time-series data spanning a period of forty years obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria and FAOSTAT database was used. The autoregressive distributed lag model was used to analyze both the short run and long run impacts of climate change on milk production. As expected, not all the variables were stationary at levels, but they were all significant at the difference suggesting the presence of cointegration. The result showed that the Bound�s test F-ratio was statistically significant implies the existence of long run and short run relationships among the variables studied. Present findings revealed that temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had a negative impact on milk production, while sunlight recorded a positive impact on milk production both in the short run and long run estimates. The study concludes that milk production in Nigeria dropped as a result of climate change particularly rising temperature and prolonged rainfall. Agricultural climate smart practices were recommended to mitigate impact of climate change on milk production. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.37
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Agriculture, Alex Ekwueme Federal University NdufuAlikeAbakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal Polytechnic NekedeOwerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Science, AlvanIkoku Federal College of Education Owerri, ImoState, Nigeria
%K ARDL model; Climate Change; Dairy Products; Production; Rainfall

%D 2023
%T ORGANIZATION OF HISTO-HEMATIC BARRIERS OF THE LIVER IN ANGLO-NUBIAN GOAT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Prusakova
%A N. Zelenevskiy
%A A. Prusakov
%A A. Yashin
%A V. Ponamarev
%N 4
%V 13
%P 242-245
%L eprints832
%X The aim of this research was to establish features of the liver histo-hematic barriers ultrastructural organization of the Anglo-Nubian goat. The liver of an adult Anglo-Nubian goat was used as the material. The work was carried out using the electron microscopic method. Liver parenchymal tissue fragments were selected. These samples were fixed in a 2.0 glutaraldehyde solution on a cacodylate buffer for two hours. They were then washed in three portions of the same buffer and post-fixed in a 1.0 solution of osmium tetrachloride for one hour. The samples were then dehydrated in alcohols of ascending concentration and absolute acetone. The subsequent filling of the fragments was carried out in Epon-812. Ultrathin sections were obtained on an ultramicrotome, contrasted with a 2.0 aqueous solution of uranyl acetate and a solution of lead citrate. The ultrathin sections were photographed with a Jem-1011 electron microscope at magnifications of 2500-3000. Two histo-hematic barriers are detected in the liver of the studied animals hemato-hepatic and hepatobiliary. The hemato-hepatic barrier is formed by the plasmalemma of the apical end of the hepatocyte, covered by the glycocalyx, the perisinusoidal space of the Disse, the endotheliocyte of the sinusoid capillary, as well as Kupfer cells located in the lumen of the latter. The hepatobiliary includes all of the above structures, with the exception of Kupfer cells, as well as the plasmalemma of the basal end of the hepatocyte. All of the above structures in their organization have characteristic species features for Anglo-Nubian goats. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.36
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Saint Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine196084, Russian Federation
%K Anglo-Nubian goat; Digestive organs; Hemato-hepatic barrier; Hepatobiliary barrier; Liver

%D 2023
%T Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S.A.S. Sadek
%A R.M. Shaapan
%A A.M.A. Barakat
%N 2
%V 13
%P 168-179
%L eprints769
%X Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys. This review aimed to emphasize the prevalence of campylobacteriosis, recent poultry diagnoses, and strict prevention measures. Campylobacter species colonize the intestines of poultry and waterfowl but are generally nonpathogenic in poultry. However, they are the most common bacterial cause of sporadic human enteritis in both developed and developing countries. The main species responsible for campylobacteriosis is Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobacter coli. A number of other Campylobacter species, such as Campylobacter lari, fetus, upsaliensis, and hyointestinalis are rarely associated with campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter hepaticus is the species linked to spotty liver disease in layers and breeder chickens, and it may be the etiological agent of the disease previously known as avian vibrionic hepatitis. The most prevalent infection source for Campylobacter is environmental contamination from poultry droppings. However, some Campylobacter species can be transmitted vertically, either on the surface of eggs or via trans-ovarian transmission in addition to consumption of contaminated feed or water. Due to the non-specific clinical signs such as diarrhea and weight loss, diagnosing campylobacteriosis in poultry requires culture or polymerase chain reaction tests. Little is known about the available vaccine or effective antibiotic treatment due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures play a crucial role in preventing Campylobacter infection in commercial poultry. These measures include decontaminating housing between flocks, preventing the entry of rodents, wild birds, and animals, and eradicating insects. To control campylobacteriosis and reduce infection risks, it is important to implement efficient on-farm biosecurity measures, conduct regular inspections of workers at meat processing plants and poultry farms, and ensure thorough preparation of chicken meat and eggs before consumption. These measures are vital in minimizing the Campylobacter transmission from both broiler and laying chickens, thereby reducing the risk of foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.19
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St.,Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
%K Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacteriosis; Control; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Poultry

%D 2023
%T Toxic Effects of Nanographene Oxide on Testes of Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A E.F. Abd-Alsahib
%A S.A. Faris
%N 1
%V 13
%P 222-233
%L eprints807
%X The current study aimed to examine the effects of nanographene oxide on the testes. A total of 48 male albino rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. The first, second, third, fourth, and sixth groups were treated with graphene oxide nanopowder at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg concentrations, respectively. The sixth group was considered the control group. The results indicated a significant decrease in the average testis weight of rats treated with different nanographene oxide dosages, compared to the control group. There was also a significant decrease in the level of FSH and testosterone of treated rats with nanographene oxide, while there was no significant difference in the level of LH hormone when compared to the control group. The histological examination of the testes in the treated rats indicated hemorrhage, decreased sperm count, decreased thickness of the tubular epithelium, dissociation of connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules, in addition to hematological congestion, necrosis of the tubular epithelium, divergence of the seminal tubules, absence of sperm, shattering of the seminal tubule wall and degeneration sperm-forming cells and edema formation. Using the transmission electron microscope, the findings revealed a range of cellular changes, such as the presence of two-headed spermatids, the destruction of the nucleus membrane, spermatoblasts, the destruction of the cell membrane, and the denting of the nucleus membrane. It can be concluded that the nanographene oxide at 20-60 mg/kg concentrations can have harmful effects on spermatogenesis and normal function testis in rats © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Thi-Qar, Iraq
%K follitropin; graphene oxide; hemoglobin; luteinizing hormone; nanographene oxide; silicon; testosterone; unclassified drug, animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; Article; blood sampling; cell membrane; cell nucleus membrane; connective tissue; controlled study; edema; histology; kidney tubule epithelium; leukocyte count; male; necrosis; nonhuman; rat; seminiferous tubule; Sertoli cell; sperm; sperm count; spermatid; spermatocyte; spermatogenesis; testis; transmission electron microscopy; venous congestion

%D 2023
%T Suitability of Inguinal and Axillary Sites for Temperature Measurement Using Digital Thermometers: A Comparison with Rectal Thermometry in Broiler Chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Abigaba
%A P.C. Sianangama
%N 2
%V 13
%P 191-198
%L eprints767
%X Core body temperature is one of the physiological parameters that must be assessed during the monitoring of the thermic and or health status of broiler chickens. In this regard, cloacal thermometry is a standard method used for temperature measurement although it has many drawbacks. This study was conducted to explore the suitability of other anatomical sites for temperature measurement using a digital thermometer. This was a single-factor experiment that considered the anatomical site as the main factor with three levels (treatments), including cloacal (DTtcloacal), axillary (DTtaxillary), and inguinal (DTtinguinal) sites. Out of 84 broiler chickens, a total of 28 chickens were randomly selected for temperature measurement. The temperature was measured for each anatomical site, and the readings were analyzed using appropriate statistics. The cloacal site had the highest mean temperature (41.40 ± 0.17°C), while the lowest mean value was observed for the axillary site (41.12 ± 0.19°C). There was no significant difference between the mean cloacal and inguinal temperatures. The cloacal and inguin.al temperature readings were significantly correlated. The results for the cloacal and inguinal temperature measurements revealed a non-significant bias. The agreement interval between these two methods was sufficiently lower than the maximum acceptable difference between the anatomical sites. Both cloacal and inguinal temperature measurements had similar median points. The results indicated an underestimation of the temperature readings for the axillary site compared to those of the other sites. In conclusion, this study has revealed that the application of a digital thermometer using the inguinal site gives temperature readings that are similar to those of the conventional cloacal method. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
%K Axillary site; Broiler chicken; Cloacal site; Digital thermometer; Inguinal site; Temperature

%D 2023
%T Zootechnical Performance and Growth Curve Modelling of the Niamey Local Chickens in Niger
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G.T. Adamou
%A S. Issa
%A H. Bachir
%A C. Mahamadou
%A D. Johann
%A M. Nassim
%N 1
%V 13
%P 183-190
%L eprints803
%X The Niamey region in Niger depends on imports to meet its chicken meat needs. Although consumers appreciate local poultry products, they cannot fulfill their needs. The reluctance of modern producers to use local chickens on their farms is linked to a lack of knowledge of the production characteristics of local strains, which have been little studied. Thus, this study aimed to determine the growth profile of traditional chickens from villages in the Niamey region (Niger). In doing so, 100 local chicks whose parents were collected in the surrounding villages of the Niamey region were followed from hatching until the age of 140 days. The chickens were raised in cages with 10 per compartment of 3 m length and 1.5 m width. Food consumption was recorded daily, and weights were measured weekly. The parameters of the growth curves were obtained using the Gompertz equation. Female and male chickens had a significant weight difference at the third week of age. The mean weight of chicks at hatching was 24.90 ± 0.36 g. At the end of the follow-up, males, with a mean weight of 1523.05 ± 26.22 g were significantly heavier than females (1052.73 ± 14.04 g). Over the entire period of the experiment, the average daily gain and consumption indices were 9.5 g/d and 5.12, respectively. Asymptotic weights were 2096.78 g and 1313.26 g for males and females, respectively. The maturation factor of the Gompertz equation was higher in females (0.0196 g/d) than in males (0.0181 g/d), and the inflection age averaged 75 days for both sexes. In conclusion, Niamey local chickens are slow growing and have a high feed conversion ratio compared to the modern broiler or layer strains. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ19
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, Agronomy Faculty, Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, BP, Niamey, 10 960, Niger; Department of Animal Production, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Niger, BP, Niamey, 429, Niger; Department of equine clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, 4000, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, 4000, Belgium; GIGA, Animal Facilities, Liege, 4000, Belgium
%K adult; animal experiment; article; average daily gain; body weight gain; broiler; chick; controlled study; feed conversion ratio; female; follow up; food intake; Gallus gallus; growth curve; hatching; male; Niger; nonhuman; rooster

%D 2023
%T NETosis and Calcium influx in Dromedary Camel Neutrophils after In Vitro Toll-like Receptor Stimulation
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A K. Albahrani
%A J. Alessa
%A B. Falemban
%A M.A. Alkuwayti
%A J. Hussen
%N 1
%V 13
%P 214-221
%L eprints806
%X Neutrophilic granulocytes are vital immune cells of the early response to pathogens. They contribute to the antimicrobial response through phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, cytokine production, degranulation, and NET-formation. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), also known as NETosis, are a critical antibacterial effector mechanism of cells of myeloid effector cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate pathogen sensing through the recognition of microbial structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The present study aimed to investigate the potential of several TLR ligands that mimic the sensing of bacterial and viral pathogens to stimulate NET-formation or Ca2+ influx in camel neutrophils. Neutrophils were purified from blood and were stimulated in vitro with ligands to TLR4, TLR2/1, TLR7/8, or TLR3. Net-formation was analyzed using the DNA-sensitive dye SYTOX� Green and staining with antibodies to the neutrophil's granular enzyme myeloperoxidase. Real-time stimulation-induced Ca2+ influx was measured using the Ca2+-sensitive dye Flou-4 and flow cytometry. Only the TLR4-ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce NET-formation in camel neutrophils, while none of the investigated TLR agonists showed a Ca2+ influx-inducing effect in camel neutrophils. The current study represents the first report on the impact of direct activation of TLR on NET-formation and Ca2+ influx in camel neutrophils with a selective effect of LPS on NET-formation induction. Future studies may investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the different responsiveness of bovine and camel neutrophils to TLR stimulation. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ23
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia
%K lipopolysaccharide; myeloperoxidase; toll like receptor; toll like receptor 1; toll like receptor 2; toll like receptor 3; toll like receptor 4; toll like receptor 7; toll like receptor 8, animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; Article; blood sampling; bovine; calcium transport; camel; cell culture; controlled study; flow cytometry; hemolysis; in vitro study; leukocyte; male; neutrophil; neutrophil extracellular trap; nonhuman; peripheral blood mononuclear cell

%D 2023
%T Effectiveness of Solenostemma Argel Extract on Dermanyssus Gallinae in Budgies (Melopsittacus undulatus)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D.K. Benmaarouf
%A A. Laieb
%A B. China
%A N. Khouchane
%A M.H. Ben-Mahdi
%N 2
%V 13
%P 258-263
%L eprints793
%X Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae) is an important ectoparasite in veterinary and human medicine due to its role as a vector of infectious disease-causing pathogens and its economic impact. The present study reported the infestation of 45 budgies (Melopsittacus undulatus) reared in an aviary at the Jardin d�essai Zoo, Algiers, Algeria, showing signs of pruritus with sores due to itching. Skin samples were taken from the 45 budgies (26 females, 19 males), 26 nests, and an aviary containing the budgies were microscopically analyzed. The findings indicated the presence of D. gallinae (hematophagous mite) in all budgies and nests. To fight against this red mite, a treatment based on the Solenostemma argel (S. argel) aqueous extract was implemented. The S. argel aqueous extract 2 showed a fast and effective influence on D. gallinae mites present in the budgies, nests, and aviary. The aqueous extract of S. argel leaves could be a good candidate in the fight against red mites. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Unit for evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological molecules and developing alternative strategies, Animal Health and Production Research Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Veterinary Zoology, Jardin d'essai El Hamma, Algiers, Algeria; Sciensano, Belgian institute of Helath, Wystmanstreet 14, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
%K antiparasitic agent; plant extract; Solenostemma argel extract; unclassified drug, animal experiment; animal model; animal scales; animal tissue; antifungal activity; antiparasitic activity; aqueous solution; Article; budgerigar; clinical examination; controlled study; Dermanyssus gallinae; Dermanyssus gallinae infestation; drug efficacy; drug safety; eradication therapy; feather pecking; feces; female; fungal superinfection; hygiene; loss of appetite; Malassezia sympodialis; male; medicinal plant; microscopy; nonhuman; parasite clearance; physiological stress; plant leaf; powder; pruritus; restlessness; sanitation; Solenostemma argel; superinfection

%D 2023
%T Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolated from Table Eggs in Morocco
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F.Z. El Ftouhy
%A A. Hmyene
%A S. Nacer
%A A. Kadiri
%A N. Charrat
%A A. Fagrach
%A S. Derqaoui
%A S. Nassik
%N 1
%V 13
%P 167-174
%L eprints808
%X The development of antimicrobial resistance has become a severe global public health emergency. Foods of animal origin are considered possible drivers of resistant bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. It is associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, resulting in the inability to treat patients infected with antibiotic-resistant pathogens and a high risk of transmission of these resistant pathogens. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in raw table eggs in Morocco. A total of 870 table eggs resulting from 290 samples (3 eggs = 1 sample), were purchased from ambulatory sellers, street vendors, kiosks, and neighborhood markets from different cities in Morocco and transferred to the laboratory in the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute of Rabat, Morocco. The egg shells and contents were tested separately then the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens were performed according to the Moroccan Standard Norms. The bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to six commonly used antibiotics, namely nalidixic acid (30 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), gentamycin (15 μg), ciprofloxacin (15 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), and amoxicillin (10 μg). The findings revealed that 38 samples (13) tested positive for E. coli of which 9 were on egg shells, and 4 were in egg content, while for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), 5 samples (2) tested positive and only in the egg contents. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin, followed by tetracycline and nalidixic acid with 92.10, 84.21, and 50, respectively, and was sensitive to ciprofloxacin (84.21), kanamycin (65.79), and gentamicin (60.54). Salmonella enteritidis had the highest resistance against tetracycline (80), followed by ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid with 40 each. The highest sensitivity rates of S. enteritidis were for gentamicin, amoxicillin, and kanamycin at 80, 80, and 40, respectively. Given that these resistant bacteria could potentially be transferred to humans through eggs or egg products, it is necessary to employ strict hygiene measures and provide a wise and legal use of antibiotics in animal breeding. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment and Agri-food, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco; Avian Pathology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco; Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment, and New Energies, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco; Microbiology Immunology and Contagious Diseases Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Food and Environmental Microbiology of the Royal Gendarmery, Rabat, Morocco
%K amoxicillin; catalase; ciprofloxacin; coagulase; gentamicin; kanamycin; nalidixic acid; oxidoreductase; tetracycline, antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; cost; diagnostic procedure; egg; egg content; egg shell; Escherichia coli; food availability; Gram staining; microbial contamination; Morocco; motility test; nonhuman; nutritional value; prevalence; Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

%D 2023
%T Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Body Weight Gain and Gut Bacterial Load in Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D.T. Engida
%A M. Ayele
%A H. Waktole
%A B. Tamir
%A F. Regassa
%A T.B. Tufa
%N 1
%V 13
%P 205-213
%L eprints804
%X Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have promising importance in chicken production as antibiotic alternatives to balance chicken gut microorganisms and improve productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the body weight gain (BWG) and gut bacterial load of broiler chicks fed on selected herbs. For this experiment, 360 unsexed one-day-old broiler chicks of Cobb 500 with an average weight of 40.74 g were randomly allocated into six treatment groups with three replicates of 20 chicks in each pen. The treatment 1 (T1) group was fed by a basal diet alone. Chickens of T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 were fed the basal diet containing 1 of basil, lemongrass, peppermint, rosemary, and thyme leaves powder, respectively for 49 days. Body weight (BW), BWG, and average daily weight gain (ADWG) data were recorded every week and at the end of every phase. On days 21 and 42, three chickens from each replicate were slaughtered for microbiological analysis (pathogenic and normal flora) of cecum contents aseptically. The obtained result showed that chickens kept on T3 had significantly higher BW, BWG, and ADWG during the starter and grower phases. Significantly highest final BW was recorded during the finisher phase on T3 and T6. Chickens that consumed T3 and T6 had significantly higher overall BWG and ADWG. The lowest Escherichia coli counts were seen in chickens fed on rosemary (T5) on both days 21 and 42 of the experimental time. Similarly, the highest Lactobacilli counts were recorded on chicken fed on T5 (day 21) and T3 (day 42). On the other hand, almost all treatment herbs showed a higher Enterococcal count, with the highest recorded for T3 (day 21) and T6 (day 42). The present findings suggest that supplementing lemongrass and thyme leaf powder improves BW performance and gut microbial composition. Likewise, rosemary leaf powder enhances the beneficial microbial composition and reduces pathogenic bacteria. However, the underlying detailed biological mechanisms and dose standardization of these herbs for inclusion in the diet of broiler chickens need to be studied further. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Alage ATVET College, Ministry of Agriculture, Alage, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary public health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
%K Acacia nilotica extract; food additive; peppermint, animal experiment; animal model; Article; average daily gain; bacterial count; bacterial load; bacterium culture; basil; body weight gain; broiler; controlled study; Cymbopogon citratus; diet supplementation; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; intestine flora; Lactobacillus; microbiological examination; Newcastle-Ottawa scale; nonhuman; rosemary; thyme

%D 2023
%T Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Broiler Feed Conversion Efficiency and Immune Response against Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A D.T. Engida
%A B. Tamir
%A M. Ayele
%A H. Waktole
%A B. Wakjira
%A F. Regassa
%A F. Regassa
%A T.B. Tufa
%N 2
%V 13
%P 180-190
%L eprints771
%X The ban on antibiotic growth promoters in livestock feeding has encouraged the utilization of phytogenic feed additives. These phytogenics recently attracted much attention and are generally recognized as residue-free ideal feed additives in animal Production. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of the phytogenic herbs on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and immune responses associated with the infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccine in broiler chickens. For this study, 360 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six feeding trials, each with three replicates containing 20 chicks. The control group (T1) was only fed a basal diet alone, while the treatment groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 1 of basil (T2), lemongrass (T3), peppermint (T4), rosemary (T5), and thyme (T6) leaves powder, respectively. Body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. All chicks were vaccinated against IBD on days 7 and 19. A serology test was conducted to check the antibody titer against the IBD vaccine. The findings of this study showed that chickens in group T2 had significantly consumed more feed, followed by T1 and T6. During the overall study period, chickens in group T4 had significantly better feed conversion efficiency, followed by T3 and T6. Chickens in groups T5 and T6 showed a more pronounced antibody titer against the IBD vaccine at days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Therefore, these findings indicated that supplementation of basil leaf powder improved feed intake. Moreover, peppermint and lemongrass leaf powder improved the feed conversion ratio. In addition, supplementation of rosemary and thyme enhances the immune status of broiler chickens and could be considered a natural growth promoter feed additive. Therefore, further studies should be done to discover their beneficial effects to use as alternative feed additives in broiler chickens. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Alage ATVET College, Ministry of Agriculture, Alage, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
%K Body weight; Broiler chicken; Feed conversion; Feed intake; Immune response; Infectious bursa disease

%D 2023
%T Effects of Using Commercial and Homemade Extenders on Sperm Quality of Liquid Stored Semen of Horro Chicken Breed
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. Getachew
%A G. Goshu
%A A. Lemma
%N 2
%V 13
%P 216-222
%L eprints765
%X This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of homemade tris-egg yolk-based and Commercial Beltsville poultry extenders for short-term storage of semen from the Ethiopian Indigenous Horro chicken breed at refrigeration temperature. A total of 30 Horro roosters with an average age of 40 weeks were used to collect semen. The treatments (T) in the sperm quality experiment were control (semen without extender added), semen extended with homemade extender (E1), and semen extended with commercial Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (E2). Changes in spermatozoa motility, in vitro viability, and morphology were evaluated in fresh semen and semen diluted as 1:4 (v/v semen to extender) and stored for 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours at 4°C. During semen storage, there was a decrease in mass motility, an increase in morphologically abnormal spermatozoa with a high incidence of the bent tail, and an increase in dead spermatozoa. The commercial Beltsville poultry extender was found to be the most suitable extender regarding mass motility and in vitro viability of stored spermatozoa, but there was no significant difference in sperm abnormalities across all extenders. The results showed locally prepared tris-egg yolk-based extender could be a suitable extender for short-term storage of chicken sperm regarding the sperm quality attributes. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
%K Horro; In vitro viability; Morphology; Motility; Semen; Sperm

%D 2023
%T Molecular Characterization of the NRAMP1 Gene and Blood Parameters of Sinai and Lohman Brown Chickens in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W.S. Habashy
%A K. Adomako
%A M.M. Abdel-Rahman
%N 2
%V 13
%P 206-215
%L eprints774
%X In almost all animal species, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) have been linked to disease resistance. It plays a crucial part in innate immunity and can affect adaptive immunity as well. The aim of this study was to investigate some immunological traits and molecular genetics in the native breed of chickens, named Sinai (S) and a commercial strain of Lohman Brown (LB). The NRAMP1 gene was reported to be associated with a defense mechanism against infection by bacteria and viruses. A total of 144 female day-old chicks, including 72 from the commercial layer strain (LB) and 72 from the Egyptian native chicken strain (S), were used in this study. At 38 days of age, blood samples were taken randomly from 8 chickens of each group for serum antibodies against the New Castle disease virus, avian influenza virus, and infectious bursal disease virus analysis. Additionally, genomic DNA was extracted from 20 blood samples at 38 days of age. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were conducted on the DNA samples, followed by sequencing of the PCR products to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NRAMP1 gene in the two strains of chickens. The findings indicated that lymphocyte, eosinophil, phagocyte activity, and IgY were significantly greater in LB chicks than in S chicks. Sinai chickens, on the other hand, achieved dominance in Newcastle titter. Eight SNPs were found in NRAMP1 of the two strains. The nucleotide identity between S and LB nucleotides was 58.68, while the changes in different amino acids were found in different positions. Multiple SNPs in the NRAMP1 gene have been discovered in Sinai and LB, suggesting that this gene can be used as a genetic marker for the selection of high-producing indigenous hybrids with the ability to resist pathogenic diseases in poultry. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.23
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Animal and Poultry Production Department, Agriculture Faculty, Damanhour University22516, Egypt; Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Plant Pathology Department (Genetic Branch), Agriculture Faculty, Damanhour University22516, Egypt
%K Disease resistance; Gene; Lohman Brown; Sinai; Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

%D 2023
%T Effects of Replacing Maize by Proso Millet on Performance of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M.A. Khalil
%A H.A. Tarsha
%A R.J. Kussaibati
%N 2
%V 13
%P 261-267
%L eprints775
%X The continual rise in the cost of poultry feed ingredients, the fluctuations in price and the comparatively insufficient maize supply have prompted a search for less expensive alternatives. This research study was carried out to investigate the impact of a partial or total replacement of maize with proso millet on performance parameters of broiler chickens, including live body weight, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and carcass yield. An experiment was carried out using 160 one-day-old broiler chicks of a commercial breed. The chicks were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 32. They consumed different isoprotein and isocaloric diets in which maize was replaced by proso millet at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 inclusion rates as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Results showed that all broiler chickens fed on diets containing different rates of millet instead of maize significantly improved live body weight, feed conversion ratio, and carcass yield for females and males compared to T1. Additionally, it was observed that there was a significant decrease in the relative weight of the liver for females and males compared to T1. The use of millet in diets did not negatively affect the broilers� health, and the mortality rate was low throughout the experiment. These results confirmed that maize could be replaced by proso millet in broiler chicken diets up to 100. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hama University, Hama, Syrian Arab Republic
%K Body weight; Broiler chickens; Feed conversion ratio; Maize; Proso millet

%D 2023
%T Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella spp. Isolated From Commercial Eggs in Tiaret Province, Algeria
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. Merati
%A A. Boudra
%N 1
%V 13
%P 200-204
%L eprints810
%X Salmonellosis is a significant public health problem worldwide. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in commercial eggs of Tiaret province, Algeria, and evaluate the susceptibility of isolated strains to different antimicrobial agents. A total of 180 commercial eggs collected from various retail outlets (groceries, butchers, wholesalers, street vendors) were analyzed by conventional methods, and 13 Salmonella spp. isolates were tested on a panel of 7 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. Of 180 chicken egg content samples examined, the findings indicated that 13 (7.22) were positive for Salmonella spp. Regarding the collection site, 2 (1.11), 4 (2.22), and 7 (3.88) of Salmonella spp. isolates were detected from butchers, wholesalers, and street vendors, respectively. Most antibiotic discs have demonstrated widespread resistance with an incidence rate of 100, including amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and erythromycin. However, colistin sulfate, gentamycin, and tetracycline were more effective against Salmonella isolates. It can be concluded that the highest detection rate of Salmonella spp. was observed for street vendors, and the highest resistance was recorded for commonly used antibiotics in poultry production. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria
%K amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; antiinfective agent; colistin; erythromycin; gentamicin; macrolide; nalidixic acid; quinolone; tetracycline, antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; disk diffusion; nonhuman; public health; Salmonella; salmonellosis; zone of inhibition

%D 2023
%T A Retrospective Study on Dairy Cattle Mortality Patterns in Two Farms of South-eastern Botswana
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. Mosalagae
%A K. Mogotsi
%A I.M. Ithuteng
%A O. Basinyi
%A D.M. Pfukenyi
%N 1
%V 13
%P 175-182
%L eprints812
%X Generally, high mortalities of dairy cattle due to infectious and non-infectious diseases cause huge economic losses, unprofitability, and low productivity in the dairy industry. The present study aimed at determining the mortality rates, their causes, and risk factors among 1779 cattle at two dairy farms belonging to the Department of Agricultural Research, Botswana. An 8-year retrospective study was conducted using farm records during 2005-2012. Monthly and annual records of the farms were examined regarding the total dairy cattle population, sex, breed, age, cattle deaths, and causes of death. Mortality was calculated from the total cattle population and expressed as a percentage, and it was analyzed with respect to farm, breed, age, sex, year, season, and mortality causes. The overall mortality rate was 8.5. The semi-intensively managed Farm II, as well as young stock (<12 months old), and males recorded significantly higher mortalities than their counterparts. Dairy crosses of pure exotic and indigenous Tswana cattle had higher mortalities than the Friesians and Jerseys, and the wet season accounted for over 70 of the total deaths. Only two years (2010 and 2012) out of the 8-year study period had a mortality rate < 5. Notably, 28.1  of mortalities with a known cause were due to heartwater disease (n = 57), but most deaths (62.3) were due to unknown causes. In conclusion, to improve farm herd health and husbandry practices, more efforts should be devoted to preventing heartwater and mortalities in young stock and male animals, particularly during the hot-wet season. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ18
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Animal Production and Range Research Division, Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag, Gaborone, 0033, Botswana; Animal Production and Range Research Division, Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 10275, Francistown, Botswana; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag, Gaborone, 0033, Botswana
%K adult; agricultural land; animal experiment; Article; Botswana; breed; calf (bovine); cause of death; controlled study; dairy cattle; feeding; female; heartwater disease; male; milk yield; mortality; mortality rate; nonhuman; retrospective study; risk factor; savanna

%D 2023
%T Newcastle Disease Virus in Poultry: Current Status and Control Prospects
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Moustapha
%A E. Talaki
%A A. Akourki
%A M. Ousseini
%N 2
%V 13
%P 240-249
%L eprints800
%X Since its first appearance in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, Newcastle disease has significantly impacted the global poultry industry, leading to substantial economic losses. The disease has rapidly spread worldwide, becoming endemic in many countries where agriculture is the primary source of national income. The present study aimed to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the Newcastle disease virus to contribute to understanding the virus and its control measures in poultry and provide an updated perspective on current knowledge. All strains of the Newcastle disease virus are classified under a single serotype; however, they are grouped into two classes and have been found to have emerging genetic diversity. Although various molecular diagnostic protocols have been developed, many have limitations. Nucleotide variability in the F gene of the Newcastle disease virus seems to explain the false-negative results provided by different real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction protocols. Vaccination combined with biosecurity measures has been shown to limit the devastating effect of the Newcastle disease virus. However, the current vaccines are not effective enough to prevent viral shedding and infection of vaccinated animals. The efficacy of the vaccine strains utilized for decades is being scrutinized, raising questions about their effectiveness over time. The development of reverse genetics offers promising prospects for exploring new generations of attenuated vaccines capable of protecting poultry against clinical diseases and infections, such as Newcastle disease. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O University of Lomé (UL), Regional Center of Excellence on Avian Sciences (CERSA), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo; University of Lomé (UL), Higher School of Agronomy (ESA), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo; Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi (UDDM), Faculty of Agronomy and Environmental Sciences (FASE), BP: 465, Maradi, Niger; Bayero University Kano, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
%K fusion protein; HN protein; live vaccine; matrix protein; nucleoprotein; phosphoprotein; viral protein, airborne transmission; Article; biosecurity; dehydration; demyelinating disease; drug efficacy; emaciation; encephalitis; false negative result; fecal oral transmission; gastrointestinal hemorrhage; genetic variability; genotype; geographic distribution; host; necrosis; nerve fiber degeneration; Newcastle disease; nonhuman; phagocytosis; poultry; proventriculus; real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; reverse genetics; serotype; taxonomy; ulcer; vaccination; virus replication; virus resistance; virus shedding; virus strain; virus virulence

%D 2023
%T Management Updates on Prepartal Stress Effects on Transition Cow and Calf Health
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Nikkhah
%A M. Alimirzaei
%N 2
%V 13
%P 250-257
%L eprints797
%X The transition phase is thought to be the most critical period in high-producing dairy cows� productive cycle. Maternal stresses during the peripartum period affect both dam and newborn calf health. The objective of this review article was to describe the role of prepartal metabolic and environmental stressors on postpartum-related disorders in both cows and newborn calves. The transition phase (21 d before to 21 d after calving) is considered the most critical period in dairy cattle life. Decreased dry matter intake coincides with increased nutrient demands due to the onset of lactation. It can lead to negative energy balance and tremendous metabolic challenges for high-producing dairy cows. During this time, insulin concentrations and peripheral tissue sensitivity decrease, leading to fat mobilization from adipose tissue. Such incidences would increase levels of non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in plasma. The success in the transition from the dry to lactating phase depends on how the cow could deal with such challenges. Failure to handle such metabolic alterations may predispose cattle to costly metabolic disorders such as ketosis, fatty liver, retained placenta, displacement abomasum, and infectious diseases, including metritis and mastitis in the postpartum period. The energy content of dairy cow diets in the dry-off (40 days before calving) or close-up (21 days before calving) periods may influence cow physiology and health in the peripartum period. The role of a transition period diet on cow health and productivity in the early or overall lactation period has been frequently investigated. However, the role of stressors such as nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, stocking density, and grouping in the late gestation period on the health and performance of cows and calves are much less addressed. Therefore, the present review delineates and reviews updates on the role of maternal stresses during the peripartum period on dam as well as newborn calf physiology and behavior. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran; Behroozi Dairy CO., Tehran, Iran
%K 3 hydroxybutyric acid; fatty acid; insulin, abomasum; adipose tissue; animal health; Article; calf (mammal); cow; dairy cattle; disease management; dry matter intake; energy balance; environmental stress; fatty acid blood level; fatty liver; female; gestation period; heat stress; immunity; infection; insulin blood level; ketoacidosis; lactation; lactation disorder; mastitis; maternal stress; metabolic disorder; metabolic stress; metritis; newborn; nonhuman; nutritional deficiency; perinatal period; productivity; puerperal disorder; puerperium; retained placenta; stocking density; treatment failure

%D 2023
%T The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Hong Kong Caterpillar (Tenebrio molitor) on Quail Egg Quality
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Nuraini
%A Y.S. Nur
%A A. Djulardi
%A R. Amizar
%A Y.C. Sari
%N 2
%V 13
%P 253-260
%L eprints773
%X The Hong Kong caterpillar (HC) is an alternative source of animal protein for feed. This research aimed to study the effect of using Hong Kong caterpillars in the quail diet on egg quality. A total of 200 quail aged 8-14 weeks, weighing 110 ± 10 g, were used in the study, with 40 production. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The laying quail diets were formulated with varying levels of HC, including 0 HC for group A, 3 HC for B, 6 HC for C, 9 HC for D, and 12 HC for E. The egg quality parameters measured were egg yolk fat, egg yolk cholesterol, egg white protein, and eggshell thickness. The results indicated that including 12 HC in the quail diet significantly reduced egg yolk cholesterol and egg yolk fat. However, eggshell thickness and egg white protein remained unaffected. Consequently, it can be concluded that Hong Kong caterpillars can be used in quail diets up to a maximum of 12 to reduce egg yolk cholesterol and fat while maintaining eggshell thickness and egg white protein levels. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
%K Egg quality; Fish meal; Hong Kong caterpillar; Quail

%D 2023
%T Administration of Strobilanthes crispus in an Angora Cat with Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G.W.D.S. Permadi
%A R. Martarika
%A L.A. Lienggonegoro
%A R. Novita
%N 1
%V 13
%P 234-239
%L eprints805
%X The occurrence of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUD) in Indonesia has not been widely reported. However, the incidence of the disease has increased due to dietary cat patterns. The diet habitually consists of commercial dry food only, without wet food, such as meat. FLUD often affects certain breeds of cats. Surgical therapy is the first option to remove kidney stones; however, rural areas in Indonesia often lack animal surgical facilities. This condition requires alternative therapies to cure the disease. A one-year-old male Angora cat was brought to Rumah Satwa veterinary clinic in Tanah Datar, Indonesia, for examination, with a history of urination difficulties or dysuria, pain in the abdomen when being handled, and lack of desire to mate. A macroscopic examination of urine showed a cloudy and dense appearance. The ultrasound examination revealed a stone (struvite) and a thickening of the urinary bladder wall. The angora cat was diagnosed with obstructive FLUD caused by urolithiasis. A capsule containing 125 mg Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus, Bl) extract was administered to the cat once daily to aid the struvite stone dissolution. Keji Beling is a herbal plant easily found in Indonesia and used to treat human kidney stones. After 32 days of therapy, the clinical condition of the cat improved. The ultrasound examination did not find any stones left in the bladder. In conclusion, based on local wisdom, Keji Beling leaves can potentially be an alternative therapy for FLUD in Angora cats with certain conditions. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ25
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Institute Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong,Bogor, 16911, Indonesia; Technical Execution Unit of Centre of Animal Health of Office of Agriculture, Tanah Datar Sub Province, West Sumatera, Indonesia; Center for Biomedical Research, National Institute Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong,Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
%K bicarbonate; glucosamine; keji beling capsule; plant extract; unclassified drug, abdominal radiography; animal experiment; anorexia; Article; bladder stone; bladder wall; cat; Chlamydia psittaci; cystitis; dysuria; echography; Feline panleukopenia virus; hematuria; lower urinary tract symptom; male; micturition; nonhuman; pollakisuria; radiography; rhinotracheitis; shrub; stone dissolution; Strobilanthes crispus; ultrasound; urolithiasis; vaccination

%D 2023
%T The Effect of Shrimp Shell (Litopenaeus vannamei) Extract on Testicular Parameters of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Prasetyaningsih
%A Y.K. Adi
%A A.A. Wicaksono
%A V.C. Prakasita
%N 1
%V 13
%P 144-151
%L eprints822
%X Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that has become a major health problem worldwide. Reproductive dysfunction is one of the main complications of DM, particularly in men. However, as is known, shrimp shell extract contains nutrients, such as astaxanthin, that affect reproductive traits. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of shrimp shell extract on the volume, weight, and histological features of the testes of a DM rat model. Fifteen adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n = 5) was a healthy control group, group B (n = 5) was a DM control group, and group C (n = 5) was a DM group treated with shrimp shell extract. Rats in groups B and C were treated with streptozotocin to induce DM. Rats in group C were given shrimp shell extract at 25 mg/kg body weight for 30 consecutive days after DM induction. Testicles were collected and submitted to dimension, weight, and histological examinations. The testicle volume and weight of rats in group C were significantly higher and heavier, respectively, than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. The seminiferous tubule diameter of rats in group C was significantly larger than rats in group B and did not differ from rats in group A. Rats in group B had a lower testicle volume and lighter testicle weight as well as a shorter seminiferous tubule diameter than rats in groups A and C. In conclusion, shrimp shell extract could improve male fertility parameters in a DM rat model. However, the mechanism of action needs to be studied further © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, Yogyakarta, 55224, Indonesia; Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
%K animal extract; Litopenaeus vannamei extract; streptozocin; unclassified drug, adult; animal experiment; animal model; animal shell; animal tissue; Article; body weight; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; drug effect; drug screening; histology; male; nonhuman; Penaeus vannamei; rat; seminiferous tubule; testis size; testis weight; urogenital system parameters

%D 2023
%T Chitosan Hydroxyapatite: Physic-chemical Properties and its Effect on the Growth and Development of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N.V. Rakhimovna
%A K.E. Khorun ogli
%A D. Ibragimov
%A S.R. Sharafovna
%N 2
%V 13
%P 233-243
%L eprints768
%X The current study aimed to obtain a calcium-containing, biocompatible drug based on chitosan Bombyx mori. Composites of Chitosan (CS) Bombyx mori with hydroxyapatite (HA) in the ratio of CS/HA = 50:50 mass percentage were synthesized in situ conditions at Ca/P = 1.67 mol with intensive stirring for one hour at a speed of 1400 rpm and a temperature of 40 ± 2ºС. It was revealed that the components form an intermediate complex through �N-Ca, O-Ca, O (glycosidic bond)�Ca, H�O-bonds interacted by electrostatic forces. Atomic force microscopy studies indicated particles in the 100-50 nm size range on the polymer matrix surface. The polymer matrix prevented the growth of HA crystals and particle agglomeration. It was also determined that the CS/HA composite was non-toxic, and the LD50 was more than 5000 mg/kg. The composites were introduced into the chickens� diet in groups for 30 days at 25 to 40 mg/kg doses. The findings indicated an increased survival rate of chickens by 100, improved the morphological parameters of the blood, and enhanced the contents of calcium, phosphorus, and hemoglobin. The addition of CS/HA=50:50 mass percentage contributed to an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood of broilers and hemoglobin by 11-12. It should be noted that CS/HA did not adversely affect other morphological parameters of chicken blood. Therefore, CS/HA is recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis and osteomalacia in broiler chickens. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Institute of Chemistry and Physics of Polymers of Scientific Academy of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, 100128, Uzbekistan; Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry and Biotechnology, Samarkand, 230102, Uzbekistan
%K Broiler chicken; Composites of chitosan Bombyx mori; Hydroxyapatite; In situ; Osteoporosis

%D 2023
%T Risk Factors Associated with Brucellosis Seropositivity in Goat Farms of Sing Buri Province, Thailand
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. Thuamsuwan
%A K. Chanachai
%A M. Ekgatat
%A P. Srisai
%A T. Prarakamawongsa
%A T. Rukkwamsuk
%N 1
%V 13
%P 191-199
%L eprints809
%X During 2012 2016, goat farms in Sing Buri province were growing rapidly with support from the Thai government. In the following three years (2017-2019), the analysis of brucellosis surveillance data indicated that the seropositivity of brucellosis in goats increased. Therefore, this study attempted to identify possible risk factors associated with brucellosis seropositivity in meat goats raised in Sing Buri province of Thailand. A case-control study was conducted in a random sampling of 72 goat farms in Sing Buri province, Thailand. Questionnaires were used to collect information regarding farm production types, husbandry, goat health management, grazing management, breeding, carcass management, and goat purchasing. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors of Brucella seropositivity. Results revealed that the most frequent health complaint by the farmers was a stillbirth. Brucella seropositivity at the farm level was 26.4. The two most probable risk factors for seropositivity included raising goats in a communal pasture and keeping goats with a history of clinical signs associated with brucellosis. In conclusion, approximately 25 of goat farms in Sing Buri province were infected by the bacteria genus Brucella. The farmers were recommended to attentively seek and cull for a brucellosis-suspected goat in their farms using clinical signs or symptoms together with active serosurveillance. Furthermore, communal pasture avoidance would also help prevent the goat from Brucella infection. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Pahol Yothin Road,Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen,Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; R-FETPV Coordination Unit, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Kasetklang,Ladyao, Chatuchak,Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Immunology and Serology Section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Kasetklang,Ladyao, Chatuchak,Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Nakhon Phanom Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Phanom48000, Thailand
%K abortion; animal experiment; animal lameness; animal model; Article; artificial insemination; brucellosis; carcass; case control study; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; global positioning system; goat; grazing; mastitis; nonhuman; pasture; questionnaire; risk factor; serological surveillance; stillbirth

%D 2023
%T The Effect of Nano-bentonite Supplementation on Reducing the Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan Chickens’ Diet
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A - Yunianta
%A A. Astuti
%A N.K. Mawardi
%A M.T. Darini
%A H. Sastrohartono
%A - Khusnan
%A M.S. Anam
%N 2
%V 13
%P 244-252
%L eprints772
%X Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are fungi that produce toxic secondary metabolites known as aflatoxins. These toxins can contaminate various food and feed products, including grains and nuts, before or after they are harvested. This contamination is most commonly found in tropical countries. Many studies have demonstrated that clay additions can reduce animal aflatoxin toxicity. The objective of this research was to study how the usage of Pacitan's local bentonite, located in East Java, Indonesia, could potentially decrease the harmful effects of aflatoxin B1 in native chicken species. The Masking Gel Calcification method was used to create bentonite nanoparticles at the Center for Ceramics in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The in vivo study was conducted at a native chicken farm in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with 1200 unsexed Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) chickens. Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan chickens were divided into 4 treatments and 6 replications, each containing 50 chickens. The diets in the treatments were named as T0 (the control group in which chickens were fed basal diet, without aflatoxin B1), T1 ( T0 + 200 μg/kg aflatoxin B1), T2 (T0 + 200 μg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg Factory Feed with standard factory absorbent), and T3 (T0 + 200 μg/kg aflatoxin B1 + 1 g/kg nano bentonite). Aspergillus flavus isolates from PAU Universitas Gadjah Mada were created using crude aflatoxin (FNC 2262). This study found a significant difference in KUB chicken performance, specifically in feed conversion ratio (FCR). Compared to T0, the findings indicated that T1 had the highest FCR value, followed by T2 and T3. It can be concluded that nanoparticle bentonite has a looser structure because of decreased packing density with the lowest FCR. Based on hematology analysis, it can suppress aflatoxin B1 toxicity in KUB chickens. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Agribusiness, Agriculture Program, Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University, Yogyakarta, 55167, Indonesia; Department of Agrotechnology, Agriculture Program, Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University, Yogyakarta, 55167, Indonesia; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Stiper Agricultural Institute, Yogyakarta, 55282, Indonesia; Animal Husbandry Academy Brahmaputra, Yogyakarta, 55162, Indonesia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
%K Aflatoxin B1; Aspergillus flavus; Bentonite; Feed conversion ratio; Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan chicken

%D 2023
%T EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF CO GOATS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF THEIR KIDS UNDER GRAZING CONDITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H.T.T. Tran
%A A.T.Q. Nguyen
%A H.T. Duong
%A C.V. Nguyen
%A T.H. Hoang
%A N.T. Tran
%A D.V. Dinh
%A B.X. Nguyen
%A C.L.Q. Ho
%N 3
%V 13
%P 204-208
%L eprints850
%X The experiment was conducted in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province of Vietnam, to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation on the reproductive traits of local Co goats and growth performance of their kids. A total of 20 pregnant Co goats in the last 1.5 month of pregnancy were monitored in two reproductive cycles. Goats were randomly divided into two dietary treatments as control (CG), in which animals freely grazed, and experiment (EG), in which concentrates were supplemented at 1.0 and 1.5 BW in the late gestation and lactation periods, respectively. After kidding, kids in each treatment were kept with their mother to access milk for the whole study period. In the CG, the kids have no supplements, and in the EG, the kids of 1 to 3 months of age were supplemented the concentrate at 1.5 BW/day. The results indicated that higher body condition scores and body weights of does after kidding, 1 and 2 months postpartum were in the EG than in the CG. The supplementation of concentrate also reduced the postpartum and kidding intervals; and increased the number of litters per year of does. Furthermore, the supplementation of concentrate improved significantly the weaning weight of kids and financial benefit per doe/per litter. In conclusion, the supplementation of concentrate in late pregnancy period and lactation diets improved reproductive traits of local Co goats and also concentrate supplementation in kids� diet improved growth performance under grazing conditions. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.31
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung St., Hue city, Viet Nam
%K Body condition score; Lactation; Local breeds; Pregnant; Small ruminants

%D 2023
%T PHYLOGENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF Anaplasma phagocytophilum IN HORSES IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A.N. Alani
%A A.A. Yousif
%N 3
%V 13
%P 162-170
%L eprints844
%X This study aimed to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses through hematological and molecular tests. The 16S rRNA gene of the Anaplasma phagocytophilum parasite was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), then sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to explore "Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis" (EGA) infection in three important gathering race horses areas in Baghdad governorate, Iraq. Blood samples were obtained from 160 horses of varying ages, three breeds, and both sexes, between January and December 2021. Prevalence and risk variables for anaplasmosis were analyzed using statistical odds ratio and chi-square tests. Results demonstrated that clinical anaplasmosis symptoms comprised jaundice, weight loss, paleness of mucus membrane with petechial hemorrhage in the third elides, and edema in extremities; There was no tick infestation. The hematological test did not significantly reveal decreases in red and white blood cells and platelet count. Microscopically found 11 from 160 smears (6.88) had morulae within granulocytes, PCR results of Anaplasma spp primers was 32 positive amplicons (20), and molecular sequencing results of �16S ribosomal RNA genes� confirmed 21 horses (13.13) infected by Anaplasma phagocytophilum for the first time in Iraq horses. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed compatibility values similarity 98.81-99.76 with worldwide isolates. Mares occurred not significantly riskier; also age and breed were not illustrated risks of any group. This study is the first molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in racehorses reared in Baghdad in Iraq. The outcomes of this study provide genetic data for early identification of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection, treatment, and management of the illness in Iraq horses, as well as monitoring its transmission to the human population. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.25
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, AlDawoodi, 28601, Iraq
%K Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Genetic; Mares; Phylogenetic analysis; Sequencing

%D 2023
%T INFLUENCE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ANTIBIOTIC AND THYME ON ZOOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND CAECAL MICROFLORA OF GROWING RABBIT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Benlemlih
%A A. Barchan
%A A. Aarab
%A M. Bakkali
%A A. Arakrak
%A A. Laglaoui
%N 3
%V 13
%P 192-198
%L eprints849
%X The objective of this study was to compare the influence of antibiotic and thyme dietary supplements on zootechnical parameters and caecal microflora of growing rabbits. One hundred and ninety eight weaned rabbits (forty days old), white New Zealand (of both sexes) were divided into three groups to submit to the following dietary treatments: Control diet, diet A (control diet + 100 ppm zinc bacitracin), and diet T (control diet + 7 Thymus capitatus leaves) for twenty-one days. The remaining nine days they received only the control diet. The results showed that both the live body weight and feed conversion ratio were positively affected by the antibiotic diet (P<0.05). However, the rabbits' growth performance was not influenced by dietary thyme supplements. The antimicrobial effect of thyme observed against C. perfringens in caecum is not determined even after 20 days of treatment. In conclusion, zootechnical parameters and mortality were not positively affected by dietary thyme supplements comparing it with the antibiotic diet, but these phytobiotics showed the antibacterial effect against E. coli and C. perfringens in caecum of rabbit. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.29
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University 416 Tangier, Morocco; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University 34 Ajdir Al Hoceima, Morocco
%K Dietary supplementation; Growth performance; Rabbit; Thyme; Zinc bacitracin

%D 2023
%T Carcass characteristics and meat quality of crossbred (Brahman × Lai Sind) and (Red Angus × Lai Sind) bulls kept in small scale farms
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A N.T.K. Chi
%A P.T. Hue
%A T.Q. Hanh
%A L.D. Ngoan
%N 3
%V 13
%P 153-161
%L eprints848
%X This study aimed to evaluate carcass characteristics and meat quality of cross-bred (Brahman × Lai Sind, BL) bulls and cross-bred (Red Angus × Lai Sind, AL) bulls. A total of 30 bulls, 15 head/crossbred genotype were fattened for 90 days before slaughtering at 24 months of age. Carcass traits and meat quality were accordingly measured in 30 slaughtered animals. Results showed that the slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass dressing, meat percentage, loin muscle area were higher for AL bulls than for BL bulls (p<0.05). The color of the meat was not affected by genotype with exception of L* at 48, 168 and 336 hours after slaughter, and this value was higher in AL than in BL bulls (p<0.05). The pH of the meat was not different between genotypes (p>0.05) but decreased quickly at 24 hours after slaughter (p<0.05), then maintained not significantly during storage times. The drip loss, cooking loss and tenderness of the meat were affected by cattle genotype and these values were lower in AL bulls than in BL bulls (p<0.05). In conclusion, crossbred (Red Angus × Lai Sind) bulls were higher carcass characteristics, and were better meat quality than crossbred (Brahman × Lai Sind) bulls.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.24
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Buon Ma Thuot City, 630000, Viet Nam; University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung,Thua Thien Hue, Hue City, 530000, Viet Nam
%K Brahman; Crossbred animals; Lai Sind cattle; Meat quality; Red Angus; Tenderness

%D 2023
%T OCCURRENCE OF PARASITES IN FISH MARKETED IN THE INEZGANE WHOLESALE MARKET AND THE FISHING PORT OF AGADIR, MOROCCO
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Dahani
%A N. Bouchriti
%A O. El Hariri
%N 3
%V 13
%P 184-191
%L eprints851
%X Based on importance of animal products safety, the purpose of this work was to assess the extent of parasitism at the wholesale market level of Inezgane and the fishing port of Agadir in Morocco. For this purpose, fieldwork aimed at direct investigation of parasites involved 366 fish pieces. This study was conducted in the period between March and June 2021. The prevalence of parasitism was 20.76. The total number of parasites collected is 2385 including 1959 nematodes, 318 xenomas, 92 cestodes, and 16 isopods. An abundance of 6.51 and an overall intensity of 31.38. These infestation parameters varied by species and location of origin. For the qualitative analysis of the parasites, the study revealed a predominance of L3 larvae of the Anisakis nematode with a percentage of 82.14. Xenomas had a percentage of 13.33. As for the cestodes of Gymnorhynchus gigas, the larvae were collected from the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) with a percentage of 3.86. As a result of this study, a significant positive correlation of r=0.81 was shown between the total length of the fish and the number of anisakids. The results of this study revealed that the extent of parasitism seems to be less pronounced in some species, but there is still a presence of concern. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.28
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Food Safety Unit, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Health and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, 14999, Morocco
%K Anisakis; Fish; Fishing port; Parasitism; Wholesale market level

%D 2023
%T VARIABILITY IN PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF YOLK AND ALBUMEN IN EGGS KEPT UNDER DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A F. Kruenti
%A J.K. Hagan
%A S.A. Ofori
%A V.K. Lamptey
%N 3
%V 13
%P 171-176
%L eprints842
%X This investigation evaluated the effects of storage length and temperature on the proximate and mineral compositions of yolk and albumen (white) of chicken eggs. A total of 720 eggs were used in a 4 X 2 factorial experiment consisting of four (0, 7, 14 and 21) storage days and two (room and cold) storage temperatures. Data obtained were subjected to ANOVA. The results showed no significant effect of storage length on crude protein and ash contents of the egg parts whereas carbohydrate increased significantly with increasing storage length. Also, protein and fat contents of the yolk were largely influenced (p<0.05) by storage temperature but nutrients in the albumen did not differ significantly between the two storage temperatures. On the other hand, mineral compositions of the egg components did not vary noticeably by storage temperature but storage length influenced some minerals considerably. It was noted that variations in proximate and mineral contents of egg yolk and albumen under different storage conditions exist; so, storage conditions (length and temperature) must be given much attention when keeping eggs prior to consumption in order to ensure nutrient quality. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.26
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Farm Animal Technology Development Division, CSIR-Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
%K Egg protein; Egg quality; Nutrients; Storage length; Storage temperature

%D 2023
%T IMPACT AND PREVALENCE OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN VILLAGE CHICKENS IN SOUTHERN NIGER
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Moustapha
%A E. Talaki
%A A. Akourki
%A H. Gagara
%N 3
%V 13
%P 209-216
%L eprints846
%X The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Newcastle disease and to identify potential risk factors in village chickens in Niger. A total of 1,627 serum samples were collected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation. Samples were collected from village breedings in the departments of the Maradi region (Guidan Roumdji, Madarounfa, Aguié, Gazaoua, and Tessaoua), departments of Zinder region (Takeita, Kantché, Magaria, Dungass, and Mirriah), and cities of Maradi and Zinder. Data on risk factors were collected through an interview with the herders. All collected sera were subjected to competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect Newcastle disease virus-induced antibodies. The findings were indicative of 302 positive sera, representing an overall seroprevalence of 18.6. The Student�s t-test at p<0.05 revealed a significant difference between regions and among some departments. Furthermore, the logistic regression test identified the agroecological zone, type of breeding, species mix, and the origin of the animals as risk factors associated with seropositivity to Newcastle disease virus. The present results confirmed the exposure of village chickens to the Newcastle disease virus, emphasizing the need to intensify vaccination campaigns and educate poultry farmers on adopting biosecurity measures. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.32
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Université de Lomé (UL), Centre d�Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires (CERSA), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo; Université de Lomé (UL), Ecole Supérieure d�Agronomie (ESA), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo; Université Dan Dicko Dankoulodo de Maradi (UDDM), Faculté d�Agronomie et des Sciences de l�Environnement, BP: 465, Maradi, Niger; Laboratoire Centrale d�Elevage de Niamey (LABOCEL), Service de Sérologie, BP: 485, Niamey, Niger
%K Newcastle disease; Niger; Risk factors; Vaccination; Village chickens

%D 2023
%T EXTRACTING PHYTOCOMPOUNDS FROM Mucuna pruriens LEAVES AS POTENTIAL RUMINANT FEED ADDITIVES USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A T. Muhartatik
%A S. Chuzaemi
%A M.H. Natsir
%A . Marjuki
%N 3
%V 13
%P 177-183
%L eprints843
%X Some secondary metabolites of plants could serve as ruminant feed additives. They primarily preserve protein from rumen breakdown, reduce rumen protozoa population, and decrease methane gas production. The current study aimed to identify the phytocompounds content of extracted Mucuna pruriens leaves using the Microwave-assisted extraction method using three different solvents of methanol 70 (EM), aquadest (EA), and combinations of EM and EA (EK). The phytocompounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Some phytocompounds identified in the Mucuna pruriens substances from GC-MS curve proportion area of EM were 10.35 inositol, 3.1 quinazoline, 4.72 anthraquinone, 3.76 Coptisine, 2.06 isoquinoline, 2.18 D-gluconic acid, 2.83 D-Fructose, 3.91 D-glucose, and 4.59 butanedioic acid. The phytocompounds for EK were 17.22 inositol, 6.36 Niclosamide, 1.4 Acetamide, 1.32 Aniline, 55.97 4-Amino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofuro2,3-b quinoline-3-carbonitrile, 17.22% inositol. Furthermore, 22.73% inositol, 6.55%, ribonoic acid, 5.58%, silanol, 21.27% butanodioic acid, 2.88% Fluoroquinoxaline, 5,31%, glycerol, 1,64%, D-gluconic acid were found in the EA. The EA had high inositol content, the EK had high quinoline content, and the EM showed moderate results for all phytobiotics. The total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins content significantly differed among the three solvents. The EA yielded the highest concentrations of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, but the lowest concentration of total saponins. In contrast, the EM yielded the lowest total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins content, but the highest total saponins content. Meanwhile, the EK yielded modest results for all phytocompounds, with values between EA and EM. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens substance had the highest phytocompounds and bioactive potential as ruminant feed additives. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.27
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia
%K Feed additives; Gas chromatography; Mucuna pruriens; Phytocompounds; Secondary metabolites; Solvent

%D 2023
%T NEW GROWTH MEDIUM FOR CULTURING LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AS PROBIOTIC CONSORTIUM ISOLATED FROM FERMENTED FISH (BUDU)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M.K. Susalam
%A . Harnentis
%A . Jamsari
%A Y. Marlida
%N 3
%V 13
%P 199-203
%L eprints845
%X This study aimed to obtain the best ratio of inoculums and types of alternative media in increasing the growth of the probiotic consortium with the observed variables consisting of viability, cell biomass and decrease in pH. Completely randomized design (CRD) factorial consisting of 2 factors with 3 replications, factor A were the probiotic consortium (A1: Lactobacillus parabuchneri: L. buchneri: L. harbinensis, Schieferilactobacillus harbinensis and Lentilactobacillus parabuchner) with ratio 1:1:1:1:1; A2: same consortium with ratio 1:1:1:1:2; A3: same consortium with ratio 1:1:1:2:1; A4: same consortium with ratio 1:1:2:1:1; A5: same consortium with ratio 1:2:1:1:1; A6: same consortium with ratio 2:1:1:1:1 and factor B were the type of alternative media (B1=control; B2=coconut water (90) + cassava flour (5) + fish waste flour (5); B3=tofu liquid waste (90) + flour onggok (5) + fish waste meal (5); B4= tofu whey (90) + onggok flour (5) + fish waste meal (5). The results showed that there was an interaction between factor A and factor B which was highly significant (P<0.01) on viability, cell biomass and decrease in medium pH. In conclusion, the best ratio of probiotic consortium was 1:1:1:2:1, with growth medium coconut water (90) + cassava flour (5) + fish waste flour (5) which resulted in a viability value of: 3, 02, cell biomass: 22.47 mg/ml and a decrease in the pH of the medium by 2.84. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.30
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Graduate Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Department of Genomic and Molecular Breeding, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia
%K Cell biomass; Fermentation; Medium pH; Probiotic consortium; Viability

%D 2023
%T ANALYSIS OF RUMEN DEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FORAGE CRUDE PROTEIN IN GOAT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A.I. Wijaya
%A I. Ismartoyo
%A A. Natsir
%N 3
%V 13
%P 217-223
%L eprints847
%X The quality of feed given to ruminants can be determined from the degradation of nutrient content in the rumen. This study aimed to determine the pattern of forage degradation and the characteristics degradation of crude protein in the rumen using the in sacco method. The study used 4 fistulae kacang goats with an average body weight of 14.57 kg. The forage used consisted of R1: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), R2: mini elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott), R3: guinea grass (Panicum maximum), and R4: signal grass (Bracharia decumbens). The nylon bag is made of polyester measuring 8x4 cm with a porosity of 40μm. Feed samples were put into the rumen and incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The parameters measured were consumption, patterns, and forage degradation characteristics by calculating the values of a, b, c, a+b, lag time, and ED. Determination characteristics of feed degradation in the rumen by in sacco method will be analyzed. The results showed that the characteristics of crude protein degradation had significant differences in fraction values a, b, a+b, and lag time (P&lt;0.05), while c and ED did not have significant differences (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion the crude protein of the degradation characteristics in the rumen were: elephant grass (a: 9.88, b: 64.37, and c: 0.06/h-1), mini elephant grass (a: 16.50, b: 45.24, and c: 0.05/h-1), guinea grass (a: 7.42, b: 68.24, and c: 0.05/h-1), and signal grass (a: 6.79, b: 56.19, and c: 0.07/h-1). So, grass can provide sufficient protein for microbial growth in the rumen for ruminants. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.33
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University, Perintis Kemerdekaan Road Km. 10, Makassar, 902445, Indonesia
%K Crude protein; Degradability; Forage; in sacco; Rumen

%D 2023
%T COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN COMPLEX AND ORANGE EXTRACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF TRANSPORTED PULLETS IN HUMID TROPICS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M.O. Ayoola
%A F. Aderemi
%A O.M. Alabi
%A O. Oladejo
%A M.A. Abiodun
%N 2
%V 13
%P 97-104
%L eprints836
%X The comparative modulating effects of synthetic and natural source of ascorbic acid (AA) were investigated on transporting pullet birds in the hot-dry season of humid tropics. Ninety-six 16 weeks Isa-brown pullets were randomly allotted in a completely randomized design into four treatments of oral vitamin supplementation 5 days before transportation i.e; T1 (ordinary water), T2 (synthetic vitamin), T3 (30 citrus-sweet orange), T4 (50 citrus-sweet orange). Birds were crated and transported for 3 hrs covering 135km at 45km/hr. Meteorological values were monitored during the journey and no mortality was recorded. The results revealed that treatments had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on measured physiological parameters body temperature (BTC), rectal temperature (RTC), respiratory rate (RR) and panting rate (PR), hematological parameters and measured serum biochemical parameters as compared to the control group (T1). The treatments group of orange at different inclusion ratios (T3 and T4) compared well with pullet birds on oral supplementation of synthetic vitamin (T2) and were significantly different (p < 0.05) from birds on control water treatment (T1). Birds on control (T1) had the highest values for all measured physiological parameters which were significantly different from other groups (p<0.05). Birds in the control treatment (T1) were more stressed as compared to other treatment groups, indicated by increased hematological and serum biochemical parameters except for a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) as compared to other treatments. It can be deduced from this study that the oral supplementation of natural source of ascorbic acid (Citrus sinensis) and synthetic vitamin supplement helps to ameliorate the effect of transportation stress. Citrus sinensis extract can be a suitable alternative that is readily available for farmers and stakeholders. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.15
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Animal Science and Fisheries Management Unit, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
%K Ascorbic acid; Physiological measures; Pullets; Synthetic vitamin; Transportation stress

%D 2023
%T IMPACT OF PHASE-FEEDING PROGRAMS ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS IN NIGERIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V.N. Ebegbulem
%A E.E. Archibong
%A T.N. Kperun
%A E.D. Izuki
%A M.A. Udayi
%N 2
%V 13
%P 111-115
%L eprints840
%X Phase-feeding is the feeding of several diets for a relatively short period of time to specifically meet an animal�s nutrient requirements. The study evaluated the effect of different phase feeding methods on growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of 120-day-old chicks of the FIDAN strain were assigned to four dietary treatments of 30 birds each, 15 birds per replicate. Birds were fed at different phases: Phase 1 were fed broiler starter diet alone for 8 weeks; Phase 2 birds were fed starter diet from 0-4 weeks and 1st finisher diet from 5-8 weeks. Phase 3 birds were fed starter diet from 0-3 weeks, 1st finisher diet from 4-6 weeks and 2nd finisher diet from 6-8 weeks. Phase 4 birds were fed starter diet from 0-2 weeks, 1st finisher diet from 2-4 weeks, 2nd finisher diet from 4-6 weeks and 3rd finisher diet from 6-8 weeks of age. Result no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) between the groups in body weight gain (2.91-2.47 kg/bird) and feed conversion ratio (2.03-2.34). Total feed intake was highest in phase 1 (6.70 kg/bird) followed by phase 2 birds (6.41 kg). Dressed weight in Phase 1 was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than others, followed by Phase 2. Dressing percentage did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) between the groups. Feed cost between treatments was however significantly (p&lt;0.05) different, Phase 1 diet being costliest. Phase-feeding using phase 4 regime elicited reduced dietary cost without compromising optimal performance of the birds. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.17
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
%K Diet; Feed cost; Feed efficiency; Nutrition; Phase-feeding

%D 2023
%T THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FEEDING CONDITIONS ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PEKIN, LOCAL, AND CROSSBRED DUCKS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Gunawan
%A A. Malik
%A S. Dharmawati
%A D. Kartika
%A N. Wulandari
%A . Saprani
%N 2
%V 13
%P 132-136
%L eprints841
%X The objective of the study was to investigate performance and carcass quality of Pekin, local, and cross-breed ducks raised under different feeding (varied in protein and fiber levels). A total of 180 male ducks aged 14 days, consisting of 60 Pekin ducks, 60 local ducks (Mojosari), and 60 cross-breed (Mojosari + Alabio) ducks were used in the study. Each type of duck was randomly divided into 36 units of cages, each of which was filled with 5 ducks. The data obtained from the study were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with 2x3 factorial pattern. Initial body weight of local ducks at 14 days was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of Pekin and cross-breed ducks, while, Pekin ducks were higher than the other two types of ducks. On the other hand, feed consumption was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by the type of diet and breed. While carcass percentage was significantly (P<0.01) influenced by breed and diet types. The percentage of Pekin duck carcasses that received diet A (low protein and fiber) was significantly different (P<0.05) from cross-breed ducks, in comparison to local ducks. In conclusion the feed conversion rate and final body weight for diet A showed better results than diet B (high protein and high fiber) on the Pekin duck. Meanwhile, the carcass characteristics like abdominal fat of diet B (for Pekin, local duck, and cross breed) were better than diet A (for Pekin and local duck). It�s suggested to use Pekin ducks with low protein and low fiber diet to get the better performance, in compared with local ducks which needs high protein and high fiber content in diet. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.20
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari, South Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Indonesia; Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul dan Hijauan Pakan Ternak Pelaihari, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
%K Carcass characteristics; Cross-bred birds; Nutrients; Pekin Duck; Performance

%D 2023
%T IMPACT OF PHYTOGENIC FORMULATION ON PERFORMANCE AND FATTY LIVER DISEASE OF BROILER CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Kaninathan
%A S. Subramaniyam
%A S. Marimuthu
%A P. D’souza
%N 2
%V 13
%P 89-96
%L eprints839
%X This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of polyherbal (phytogenic) formulation (PHF: containing Acacia nilotica and Curcuma longa) on performance parameters, liver histopathology and prevention of fatty liver in broilers. 700 day-old chicks were randomly distributed to seven groups (10 replicates /group; 10 birds each), namely positive control (T1) fed with basal diet + choline chloride (CCL) 60 (1000g), negative control (T2) fed with high energy (5 increment), low protein (24 reduction), high cholesterol (2 increment) diet, T3 (T2 + PHF; 1000g-full cycle), T4 (T2 + PHF; 2000g-full cycle), T5 (T2 + CCL 60 (1000g-full cycle)), T6 (T5 + PHF; 1000g-grower and finisher stage), T7 (T5 + PHF; 2000g-finisher stage). Average daily gain (ADG; g), average daily feed intake (ADFI; g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated at 1-14 days, 15-28 days, 29-42 days, and 1-42 days. Serum triglycerides analysis, gross and histopathological observations of liver morphology were performed for the samples of control and experimental groups on day 42. The performance parameters; ADG, ADFI, FCR, and liveability were found to be improved in all the groups as compared to the negative control group. However, better performance was observed in PHF (2000g) top-up group (during the finisher stage) as compared to the negative control group. Serum triglyceride levels were increased non-significantly as compared to the negative control indicating that more fat is mobilized from liver to serum. In addition, PHF supplementation at 2000g during the finisher phase had restored the liver tissue architecture as well as improved the liver score when compared to the negative control group. It is concluded that PHF (2000g/ton) during the finisher stage can be used as a top-up to improve the performance parameters as well as to prevent the fatty liver condition in broiler chickens. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.14
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Veerasandra Industrial Area, Electronic City (PO), Hosur Road, Karnataka, Bangalore, 560100, India
%K Basal diet; Broiler chicken; Choline chloride; Herbal formulation; Triglycerides

%D 2023
%T EVALUATION OF FERMENTATION PROGRESS DURING STORAGE OF MILLET STOVERS SILAGE BASED ON pH-INDICATORS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H.S. Korombe
%A V.B. Bado
%A N. Abdou
%A C. Umutoni
%A A. Ibrahima
%A A.S. Gouro
%N 2
%V 13
%P 116-126
%L eprints853
%X This study aimed at evaluating the fermentation levels of pearl millet Pennisetum Glaucum (L.) R. Br stovers silage during storage based on pH evolution. A completely randomized experimental design in a 6x2x2 factorial scheme with three replications for each treatment was used to evaluate three factors (6 cultivars, 2 different cutting stages, and with or without salt addition to the cultivars). The silages were prepared in plastic bags and stored for 60 days at room temperature. The results revealed that the pH values of the treatments were significantly (P<0.05) higher on the first day than in the other periods and a rapid drop in pH, with significant differences (P<0.05), to levels below 4 was obtained on the third day of storage for the majority of local Sadoé and Siaka Millet silages (Niger). Four types of pH evolution were recorded and the variation was statistical significant among cultivars. Also, analysis of the relationships between pH, chemical composition parameters and In Vitro Digestibiliy of Organic Matter (IVDOM) showed that increasing pH values were associated with increasing Dry Matter content of stovers before silage (DM_BE), Dry Matter content of silages (DM_S), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) values and decreasing Crude Protein (CP), Metabolizable Energy (ME), IVOMD, and Ash values. However, the pH values obtained for all silages showed that all the millet stovers used were suitable for silage. At the maturity stage, it is thus possible to use the grain for human consumption and to ensile the stovers for animal feed. This study also shows that monitoring the pH in the silo makes it possible to evaluate the quality of the fermentations to avoid losses on the farms. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.18
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Abdou Moumouni University, Faculty of Agronomy, Niamey, BP: 10960, Niger; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niamey, BP: 12404, Niger; National Institute for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Production, Niamey, BP: 429, Niger
%K Dual-purpose varieties; Harvesting stage; Monitoring of pH; Silage; Stovers conservation

%D 2023
%T THE QUALITY OF FERMENTED RICE STRAW WITH Trichoderma viride INOCULUM
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A B. Muwakhid
%A U. Kalsum
%A H.Y. Sikone
%A . Rifa’I
%N 2
%V 13
%P 143-147
%L eprints837
%X Rice straw has several nutritional weaknesses, namely its high silica and lignin content, and its low level of protein, minerals and vitamins, so the impact on digestibility is also low. Aim of present study was to evaluating nutritional efficacy of rice straw after fermentation with Trichoderma viride. The study was conducted by using complete random design. There were three different treatments with four replicates for each treatment. Fermented rice straws were treated with varying concentrations of Trichoderma viride inoculum as follows; 0.5 (T1), 1 (T2), and 1.5 (T3). Fermented rice straw's nutrients, including dry ingredients, organic material, crude fiber, crude protein, dry matter digestibility coefficients, and organic matter digestibility coefficients were measured in this study. T3 (1.5 of T. viride) treatment performed a proper nutrient, with 80.02 dry ingredients, 80.03 organic materials, 31.68 crude fiber, 5.72 protein, 38.46 dry matter digestibility coefficient, and 61.05 organic matter digestibility coefficient. In conclusion, using 1.5 Trichoderma viride to improve the quality of rice straw, as stimulator of fermentation process can be efficient in ruminant or non-ruminant nutrition. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.22
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O Faculty of Animal Science, University of Islam Malang, Jl. Mayjen Haryono 193,East Java, Malang, Indonesia; Study Program Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, University of Katolik Indonesia Santu Paulus Ruteng, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia; Faculty of Animal Science, University of Kahuripan Kediri, East Java, Kediri, Indonesia
%K Agricultural by-product; Crude fiber; Digestibility; Ruminants; Trichoderma viride

%D 2023
%T PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND DIGESTIBILITY OF AMMONIATED BAMBARA GROUNDNUT (Vigna subterranea) SHELL FOR RUMINANTS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Putri
%A S.P. Dewi
%A F.A. Kurniawan
%A M. Ridla
%A Y. Retnani
%N 2
%V 13
%P 105-110
%L eprints838
%X This experiment was conducted to evaluate the physical properties, chemical quality, and digestibility of the ammoniated Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) shell as ruminant feed. Bambara groundnut shell (BGS) were collected, ground with a grinder machine, afterward added 0, 3 and 5 ( DM) urea levels into 500 g of sample. Samples were mixed until homogeneous, then put into plastic bottles, after that stored for 7 and 14 days. Opened, dried in the oven at 650C for 48 hours and ground. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with 5 treatments of BGS ammoniation (T0= control, T1= BGS + 3 urea and 7 days storage, T2= BGS +5 urea and 7 days storage, T3= BGS + 3 urea and 14 days storage, and T4= BGS + 5 urea and 14 days storage time), 4 replications each. The result of this study showed that the increase of urea level and days storage time, can decrease crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose contents of all samples (P&lt;0.05) and increase the value of bulk density, tapped density, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter digestibility in comparison to untreated samples (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that the T4 was the best treatment. The BGS ammoniated with 5 urea for a period 14 days of storage causes the lowest value of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and hemicellulose, and also causes the highest value of bulk density, tapped density, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro organic matter. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.16
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Graduate School of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Livestock Management and Technology, College of Vocational Studies, IPB University, West Java, Bogor, Indonesia; Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, West Java, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
%K Ammoniation; Bambara groundnut shell; Fibrous feed; Ruminant; Urea

%D 2023
%T USE OF FISH WASTE TO SILAGE PREPARATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Raeesi
%A B. Shabanpour
%A P. Pourashouri
%N 2
%V 13
%P 79-88
%L eprints835
%X In recent years, global aquaculture production has increased, leading to an increase in fish waste. These wastes, which in many cases are disposed directly without trying to take advantage of them, are a major environmental and economic problem that may affect the sustainability of the fishing and aquaculture industry. Therefore, their use seems necessary to reduce pollution and make the aquatic industry more efficient. Most of well-known technologies for using fish waste are not economically attractive due to the need for high initial investment. But an easy and inexpensive way to use these wastes is to convert them into silage. Fish silage is a product of good nutritional quality included in animal diets as part of the feed. Fish silage is a liquid product made from whole fish or parts of it to which lactic acid-producing acids, enzymes or bacteria are added, and the liquefaction of the material indicates the action of enzymes present in the fish. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to investigate the use of aquatic waste for preparing silage and the possibility of using it in animal nutrition. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.13
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Department of Seafood Processing, Gorgan, Iran
%K Fermentation; Fish by-product; Fish silage; Protein hydrolysis; Silage

%D 2023
%T ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RAW AND COOKED ONIONS IN RABBIT DOE NUTRITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A.A. Tawfeeq
%A E.N. Shallal
%A A.M. Abdulwahid
%A B.J.M. Aldahham
%N 2
%V 13
%P 137-142
%L eprints852
%X The aim of this research is to examine how raw and cooked onions affect some antioxidant enzymes and some tissues in female rabbits. Twenty-four female albino rabbits weighing (1-1.5 Kg), (5-6 months age), non-pregnant, were used for the experiment, and they were divided into three groups for a duration of 28 days. A 20 g/kg raw onion and same amount of cooked onion were added to the second and third groups� diets respectively for comparison of results with control groups without any addition of onion. Results showed that diets supplemented with raw and cooked onion significantly increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The cooked onion group showed normal and no pathological changes in liver, kidney, and heart tissues, while liver tissues of both control and raw onion groups suffered extreme congestion in the central veins of the liver lobules and in kidney tissues of only control rabbits, developed hemorrhagic foci was observed. In the control and raw onion groups, the heart tissue showed the development of hemorrhagic foci and necrosis in the heart muscle fibers. In conclusion, both raw and cooked onions boosted the activity of SOD enzyme, but the cooked onions showed to be more effective than raw at protecting liver, kidney, and heart tissues against cell necrosis caused by oxidative processes. © (2023). All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.21
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%O College of Applied Sciences, University of Anbar, Heet, Iraq; Iraqi Ministry of Health, Anbar Health Department, Heet General Hospital, Iraq
%K Cooked onion; Oxidative stress; Rabbits; Superoxide dismutase; Tissue

%D 2023
%T The Role of Head Associated Lymphoid Tissues in Infectious Bronchitis Virus
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Al-Rasheed
%A M. Shawky
%N 1
%V 13
%P 1-11
%L eprints813
%X Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) replicates primarily in the epithelial tissues of the respiratory tract, particularly the trachea. However, little is known about IBV replication and immune responses in relation to head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT), such as the Harderian gland (HG) and choanal cleft, as well as respiratory (turbinate) tissues. Furthermore, few studies have looked into the role of the HG, choanal cleft, pharyngeal tissues, and turbinate in innate, cellular, and mucosal immune responses of commercial broiler chickens and laying hens infected with IBV, compared to the studies about the ettenf tc ffe trachea. This review article overviewed the role of avian HALT, conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), concerning the anatomical, physiological, and immune responses to infectious bronchitis disease in chickens. The HG, choanal cleft, and turbinate in innate, mucosal, and cellular immune responses play a significant role in avian protection through virulent or attenuated vaccines of IBVs. The IBV viruses could not reach the trachea in chickens vaccinated with IBV vaccine due to the inhibition of viruses by HALT and respiratory tissues by innate, mucosal, and cellular immunity. It can be concluded that other than the trachea, the HALT and respiratory tissues play an important role in the infectivity and immune induction against IBVs due to their proximity to the upper air passages. © 2023,. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O College of Veterinary Medicine, Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Avian Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
%K avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, anatomical concepts; animal cell; animal tissue; Article; avian infectious bronchitis; Avian infectious bronchitis virus; broiler; cellular immunity; conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue; controlled study; Gallus gallus; Harder gland; head; head associated lymphoid tissue; lung parenchyma; lymphoid tissue; mucosal immunity; nonhuman; pharynx; physiological process; trachea tissue; upper respiratory tract; vaccination; virus cell interaction; virus infectivity; virus inhibition

%D 2023
%T The Efficiency of Urtica dioica Extract in Feeding of Laying Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A O. Bagno
%A S. Shevchenko
%A A. Shevchenko
%A E. Izhmulkina
%A O. Prokhorov
%A E. Ulrikh
%A A. Berezina
%N 1
%V 13
%P 161-167
%L eprints764
%X Currently, poultry specialists are working hard to find feed additives of natural origin. Medicinal plants are a source of a wide range of biologically active compounds with multifunctional effects, including antimicrobial ones. To understand the potential use of various medicinal plants and their extracts in poultry farming, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding different doses of water-ethanol extract of Urtica dioica (Urtica dioica L.) on the egg productivity of laying hens. A total of 300 laying hens were divided to control and five experimental groups of chickens, each with 5 replicates. During the entire experiment, the laying hens of the control group were fed complete compound feeds according to the egg-laying phase, and the chickens of the experimental groups were additionally fed Urtica dioica extract in different doses. The results indicated that feeding laying hens with Urtica dioica extract in doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/kg of body weight had a positive effect on their egg productivity. An increase in egg production per average laying hen in the experimental groups was 2.6-6.1, and the intensity of egg production was 2.1-5.4, compared to the control. However, the feed consumption in all experimental groups decreased. When introducing Urtica dioica extract into full-fledged compound feeds for laying hens, there was an increase in the relative egg white content, egg white/egg yolk ratio, and a decrease in relative yolk and shell content. Accordingly, it is suggested to include Urtica dioica extract at a dose of 15 mg/kg in the diet of laying hens which can improve economic efficiency and egg parameters © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.18
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Science, Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation; Department of Agricultural Technologies and Veterinary Medicine, Gorno-Altai State University, Russian Federation; Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation; Department of Production and Quality Expertise of Agricultural Products, Kaliningrad State Technical University, Russian Federation; Center for Digital Education and Scientific Educational Resources, Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy, Russian Federation
%K Chemical composition; Egg morphology; Egg production; Feed conversion; Medicinal plant

%D 2023
%T Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Red Meat Handlers in Moroccan Slaughterhouses
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M.A. Bahir
%A B. Sarhane
%A I. Errachidi
%A A. Tantane
%A A. Mohammed
%A B. Belkadi
%A A. Filali-Maltouf
%N 1
%V 13
%P 109-124
%L eprints816
%X Meat handlers are vectors of pathogens in slaughterhouses and can play a major role in the microbiological contamination of meat. The level of knowledge of meat handlers in slaughterhouses is a critical factor in food safety. Good hygienic practices in the slaughterhouse are required to reduce the risk of microbiological contamination while handling meat. This study evaluated workers� knowledge, attitudes, and practices in four municipal slaughterhouses in Morocco. A total of 267 employees were evaluated using a structured survey. The results showed that workers had acceptable knowledge and practices, and their attitudes were very satisfactory, averaging 52.87, 50.9, and 63.07, respectively. A positive correlation between the workers� level of knowledge and education was found in all studied slaughterhouses. Similarly, the results indicated a positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes at Meknes and Kenitra slaughterhouses. The impact of the studied sociodemographic characteristics may vary from one slaughterhouse to another. In conclusion, the study suggested that although the knowledge, attitudes, and level of practice of food handlers were very satisfactory, some aspects related to the control of the health status of the handlers and personal protective equipment had to be underlined. Ongoing food safety training should become mandatory to enhance food safety in the slaughterhouses of study locations © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj12
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Institut National d'Hygiène du Maroc, 27 Ibn Batouta Street,BP 769 Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
%K adult; Article; attitude; female; food safety; human; job satisfaction; knowledge; male; Moroccan; named groups by occupation; personal hygiene; red meat handler; risk factor; slaughterhouse; social status

%D 2023
%T Poultry Management Strategies to Alleviate Heat Stress in Hot Climates: A Review
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Bhawa
%A J.C. Morêki
%A J.B. Machete
%N 1
%V 13
%P 1-19
%L eprints752
%X Heat stress remains a major challenge affecting poultry production in sub-tropical and tropical environments; hence it continues to receive attention. The present study aimed to discuss heat stress and its effects on poultry production and suggests mitigation strategies to combat the effects of increased environmental temperature on poultry performance. Poultry raised in hot climates suffers from heat stress, which reduces meat and egg production, reproductive performance, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency leading to poor growth rates. Reduced feed intake results in a reduction in meat quality, growth, egg yield, and quality. A decrease in feed utilization efficiency is the major cause of poor growth performance in hot environments. To counteract the negative impacts of high ambient temperatures on the performance of poultry, a wide range of management practices are widely used, including nutrient manipulations (particularly protein and energy), electrolyte and vitamin supplementation, feed form (especially particle size and moisture content), choice feeding, controlled feeding, time of feeding, wet feeding, water management, and use of new breeds that thrive well in hot environments. These management practices help lower heat load and facilitate evaporative cooling, all of which may positively impact poultry performance and health. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
%K Choice feeding; Feed conversion efficiency; Heat stress; Poultry production

%D 2023
%T Processing of Sargassum binderi Seaweed for Supplementation in Poultry Diet
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y.L. Dewi
%A A. Yuniza
%A - Nuraini
%A K. Sayuti
%A M.E. Mahata
%N 1
%V 13
%P 103-111
%L eprints756
%X Sargassum binderi has been potentially used as laying hen feed since it contains bioactive compounds useful for poultry health. In addition, the high alginate content of S. binderi has made it inappropriate for the poultry diet. Therefore, the alginate content should be reduced before its use in poultry feed. This study aimed to reduce the alginate of S. binderi for use as laying hen feed. The experiment was performed in two phases in a completely randomized design. The first phase included heated S. binderi in the autoclave and the second phase entailed the immersion of S. binderi in whiting filtrate. The treatments in the physical method contained a control group, and four treatment groups heating for 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The treatments in the chemical method had a control group and four treatment groups with immersion periods of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Each treatment was repeated five times, and the investigated parameters were crude protein, total dry matter, organic matter, ash, and alginate, respectively. The heating durations of S. binderi in an autoclave and different immersion periods of S. binderi in whiting filtrate did not significantly affect total dry matter, organic matter, ash, alginate, and crude protein. The results of this study showed that physical treatment (heat treatment) and chemical treatments (whiting filtrate immersion) did not have a significant effect on the alginate content, crude protein, ash, dry matter, and organic matter. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.11
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Livestock Breeding, Faculty of Military Logistics, Indonesia Defense University, Belu, Indonesia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
%K Alginate; Heating; Laying hen; Sargassum binderi; Whiting filtrate

%D 2023
%T Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens: Isolation, Identification, Typing, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N.M. Eid
%A E.F. Ahmed
%A S.A.S. Shany
%A A.-H.M. Dahshan
%A A. Ali
%N 1
%V 13
%P 112-119
%L eprints757
%X Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a common worldwide poultry disease caused by the bacterium of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) which has significant economic losses in the poultry industry as well as the cost of treatment and preventive measures. The current study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of NetB toxin positive in C. perfringens on different farms in Egypt. In the years 2020 and 2021, on industrial broiler farms (15-45 days-old), 100 intestinal samples were collected consisting of 30 healthy Ross broiler chickens and 70 unhealthy Ross broiler chickens. Culture and biochemical characterization (Catalase, urease, sugar fermentation, gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, and lecithinase reaction tests) confirmed that C. perfringens was isolated at a rate of 10 (3/30) from apparently healthy broiler chickens and 40 from unhealthy broiler chickens. Thirty-one isolates were tested for toxigenicity and typing by ELISA kits and the results showed that 80 of the isolates from unhealthy broiler chickens were C perfringens type A alpha-toxin (toxigenic), 20 were non-toxigenic, and 66.7 isolates from apparently normal broiler chickens were toxigenic. The same thirty-one (44) C. perfringens isolates were detected by PCR to investigate the presence of the NetB toxin gene in apparently healthy and unhealthy broilers and subsequently detect the role of NetB toxin in inducing NE. Of the samples, 82 of the isolates from unhealthy chicks were found to incode NetB gene, while none of the isolates from healthy broiler chickens had NetB. Clostridium perfringens showed sensitivity to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and ampiclox, intermediate for ofloxacin, and high resistance to cephalexin, streptomycin, colistin sulfate, erythromycin, sulfa trimethoprim, gentamycin, and oxytetracycline. The present study revealed the importance of NetB gen in the appearance of clinical signs of NE in broiler chickens. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.12
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Poultry Disease Department-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
%K Alpha toxin; Antibiotic sensitivity test; Clostridium perfringens; Necrotic enteritis; NetB

%D 2023
%T Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Serotypes Isolated from Environment, Humans, Animals, and Animal Products in Morocco: A Systematic Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. El Hanafi
%A B. Nourredine
%A N. Saadia
%A K. Hakim
%N 1
%V 13
%P 32-44
%L eprints818
%X Several studies have been carried out in Morocco on Salmonella contamination in humans, domestic and wild animals, food products, and the environment. This bacterial genus is responsible for several infections and foodborne illnesses worldwide. The epidemiological situation of contamination by Salmonella is worsened by the development of antibiotic resistance to the main antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to review the leading research carried out in this field, emphasizing the antibiotic resistance of this bacterium to antibiotics in humans and animals. Although some studies could not demonstrate the presence of Salmonella in the environments studied, the prevalence of contamination remained relatively high in humans, animals, food products, and the environment. The most critical contaminations were observed in poultry farms and poultry meat. Salmonella causes 42.8 of food poisoning cases in Morocco. It is the second most common cause of poisoning after pesticide poisoning. Morocco ranks first in the Middle East and North Africa for human salmonellosis, with a prevalence of 17.9 (1997-2012). Its prevalence in food products, especially those of animal origin, is very high and could reach 52.9 in turkey meat. Food products have been studied more for their contamination by Salmonella species. Meat products accounted for 17.35 of food poisoning cases. This study revealed that the isolation rate of Salmonella from food products of animal origin was dominated by isolations from meat products, with prevalence rates of 41.76  from red meat and meat products and 25.88 from poultry meat, followed by prevalence rates of 12.44  from fish products and 11.80  from eggs. On the coast of Agadir, the incidence rates of Salmonella were 6.8 and 4.1 in sediment and seawater, respectively. This occurrence was 2.38 in the surface waters of Oued Khoumane. The development of resistance, particularly multi-resistance to antibiotics of therapeutic interest in both humans and animals, is alarming, especially with the ease of transmission of the bacterium to humans and facilitates its dissemination. Research findings indicated that 93.02 of isolates of Salmonella from humans, 79.37 of the strains isolated from poultry, and 46.27 of isolates from food products were resistant to at least one antibiotic © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Veterinary Service of Rabat, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health and Food, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
%K amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; cefalotin; cefotaxime; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; gentamicin; kanamycin; nalidixic acid; pesticide; sea water; spectinomycin; streptomycin; sulfamethoxazole; surface water; tetracycline; trimethoprim, animal product; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterium isolate; disease transmission; egg; environment; fish product; food contamination; food poisoning; human; Middle East; Morocco; nonhuman; North Africa; prevalence; Salmonella; salmonellosis; seashore; sediment; serotype; systematic review; turkey meat

%D 2023
%T Investigating the Preventive Effect of Herbal Medicine (Allium sativum, Artemisia annua, and Quercus infectoria) against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Ghaniei
%A S.A. Ghafouri
%A S. Sadr
%A N. Hassanbeigi
%N 1
%V 13
%P 96-102
%L eprints755
%X Coccidiosis is a critical disease in the poultry industry worldwide. Producers apply different strategies to control and prevent this disease. Herbal drugs are suitable remedies for reducing losses associated with coccidiosis in poultry. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an herbal mixture in preventing coccidiosis. A total of 160 broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups, with five replicates for each. Experimental infection of all groups, except group D, was carried out with mixed Eimeria species (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. brunetti, and E. maxima) on day 14. Broiler chickens in group A were given an herbal mixture (75 Quercus infectoria, 16 Artemisia annua, and 9 Allium sativum) as feed additives during the rearing period, and group B was treated with Monensin. No treatment was applied to group C after the chickens were experimentally infected with mixed Eimeria spp. Group D was used as the negative control since chickens in this group were not infected or sick during the experiment. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality rate, intestinal lesion scoring, and oocyst count per gram (OPG) were evaluated in this study. The results of the present study revealed that the highest mean body weight was gained in group D, followed by chickens in group A. The best FCR results were attributed to chickens in group D, followed by group B. In this study, both drugs decreased mortality rate, intestinal lesion scores, and OPG in the treated chickens. In conclusion, this herbal mixture can reduce coccidial lesions. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
%K Broiler; Coccidiosis; Herbal mixture; Prevention

%D 2023
%T Investigation of Ovarian and Non-ovarian Associated Factors Related to Follicular Population and Oocyte Maturation of Chadian Cattle Breeds
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. Hachim
%A H. Tchoffo
%A M.K. Jean-Pierre
%A D.K. Azafack
%A F. Ngoula
%N 1
%V 13
%P 152-166
%L eprints811
%X cow can give birth to an average of 6-7 calves in her entire reproductive period. The remaining oocytes could be used for the in vitro production of embryos. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ovarian and non-ovarian factors on the follicular population and oocyte maturation of three Chadian cattle breeds (Arab, Kouri, and Toupouri). For this purpose, the ovaries of 166 cycled cows were collected at the Farcha slaughterhouse of Chad and placed individually in labeled conical tubes containing 0.9 NaCl and 0.5 mg/ml penicillin-streptomycin. After clearing the ovaries of tissue debris, they were weighed, and the follicles were counted. The diameter of each follicle was measured and classified into three categories. A total of 2734 oocytes were collected in 28 days with a minimum of 97 per day by the slicing method using a 10X stereoscope. They were then classified into four groups according to the structure of their cumulus oophorus. Immature oocytes (class 1 and 2 1455) were placed in different culture media consisting of Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone, MEM with 10% follicular fluid, and MEM with 50% follicular fluid for oocyte maturation. The results indicated that the mean follicular population and mean oocyte yield were 24.71 ± 0.88 and 11.65 ± 0.94, respectively. The mean oocyte index and the number of cultivable oocytes for in vitro embryo production (class 1 and 2) were 1.03 ± 0.23 and 1.65 ± 0.94, respectively. The number of follicles observed in the age group of 6-9 years was higher than in other age groups. Oocyte yield was significantly higher in cows with a body condition score of 4-5 compared to average and lean cows. Among the different culture media used for oocyte maturation, the medium consisting of MEM plus 10% follicular fluid recorded a higher maturation rate than the other culture media. Cows aged 6-9 years had a higher maturation rate than other age groups. In conclusion, the good follicle (follicle that produced oocyte) and appropriate oocyte performance were observed in cows with body condition score 3-5 and an age range of 6-9 years. © 2023, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2023.WVJ16
%I Scienceline Publication
%O National Institute of Science and Technology of Abeche, Abeche, Chad; Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon; Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
%K animal experiment; Article; body constitution; cattle breed; classification; crown rump length; cumulus oophorus; cytoplasm; female; in vitro oocyte maturation; morphology; nonhuman; oocyte; oocyte maturation; oocyte quality; ovary follicle; ovary follicle fluid; physiology; pregnancy

%D 2023
%T Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Virulence Determinants in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Broiler Chickens in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A B.M. Hamed
%A M.I. Elenbaawy
%A H. Mahmoud
%A E. Ragab
%N 1
%V 13
%P 85-94
%L eprints821
%X Besides its zoonotic importance, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes substantial financial losses in the poultry industry globally. The progress of antimicrobial resistance in APEC is mainly associated with excessive antimicrobial use and improper sanitation. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the VITEK system has developed into the VITEK 2 system, which has used an automated system to perform all the steps required for microbial identification and antibiotic susceptibility rapidly and accurately. The present study aimed to update the available circulating data about APEC isolates by phenotypic identification, sero-grouping of APEC from broilers chickens and breeders in five governates of Egypt, investigation of their antibiotic resistance pattern by VITEK 2 system, and molecular identification of their virulence determinants. The prevalence of APEC isolated from the different internal organs (liver, lung, heart, heart blood, and spleen) was 67.5. The most prevalent serotypes were O125, 0114, O44, O127, O142, and O78. Virulence-associated genes (iutA, fimC, and papC) were detected at rates of 84.4, 74, and 54.8, respectively. The highest resistance was found against ampicillin (100), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80), and ampicillin-sulbactam (78.5), which indicates that the poultry farms need a surveillance and intervention system with proper accuracy and rapidity to prevent the misuse of antibiotics and APEC outbreaks © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
%K amikacin; ampicillin; cefazolin; cefepime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; ceftriaxone; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; gentamicin; levofloxacin; meropenem; nitrofurantoin; RNA 16S; sultamicillin; tobramycin, 16srRNA gene; accuracy; animal tissue; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; avian pathogenic Escherichia coli; bacterial gene; bacterial virulence; bacterium isolate; broiler; controlled study; Egypt; fimC gene; gene sequence; incubation time; iutA gene; microbial identification; nonhuman; papC gene; polymerase chain reaction

%D 2023
%T Identification of Probiotic Bacteria Isolated from Domestic Chickens (Gallus domesticus) Using the 16S rRNA Gene Method
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A D.R. Husain
%A R. Wardhani
%A F.S. Ningsih
%A F. Gani
%N 1
%V 13
%P 41-47
%L eprints759
%X The intestines of domestic poultry (Gallus domesticus) are one of the potential sources of probiotic bacteria that can produce antibacterial agents. The objective of this study was to identify the types of probiotic bacteria obtained from the digestion of domestic poultry using the molecular analysis method of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Observations were conducted on colony morphology, gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibacterial activity using the diffusion agar method. Molecular analysis of DNA extraction was carried out, followed by the amplification of samples using a 16S rRNA universal primer. Dielectrophoresis and sequencing were performed on the 16S rRNA gene. The identification of morphological observations, gram staining, and biochemical tests showed that probiotic bacteria isolates, including Gram-positive, rod-shaped, rounded colony form, flat elevation, entire nonmotile edge, and catalase-negative, could ferment all carbohydrate content in the TSIA medium. The antibacterial potential was also found in probiotic bacteria, as evidenced by the inhibition zone formed in the test. The results of the bacterial gene sequences of PaTa5 probiotic bacterial isolates had a similarity of 98.37 with Lactobacillus plantarum. These findings indicated the presence of some bacteria species that have antibacterial activity in the intestines of domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus). © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
%K 16S rRNA; Lactobacillus plantarum; Native chicken; Probiotic

%D 2023
%T Isolation and Characterization of Fowl Adenoviruses Associated with Hydro-pericardium Syndrome from Broiler Chickens in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. Hussein
%A N.F. Anwar
%A H.S. Elsebaey
%A M.A. Abdelmagid
%A M.A. Elkhair
%A O. Mahana
%N 1
%V 13
%P 149-160
%L eprints763
%X One of the most prominent viral diseases affecting the poultry industry is hydropericardium syndrome caused by fowl adenoviruses. Hydropericardium syndrome has recently led to significant economic losses in the Egyptian poultry sector. Many outbreaks of hydropericardium syndrome have been documented across the country in the last few years. This research examined the epidemiology and molecular characterization of fowl adenoviruses in broiler chickens in Egypt. Samples were taken from 26 outbreaks of commercial broiler chicken farms in the Beheira and Menofia governorates, Egypt, from January 2021 to March 2022. Adenoviruses genomes were detected in cloacal swabs of 10 flocks using polymerase chain reaction. Clinically, infected broiler chickens (Cobb, Ross, Indian River, Modified-Avian, and Arbor Acres) showed depression, ruffled feathers, retarded growth, and ascites, with mortality rates of 10-28. The most common postmortem lesions were hydropericardium, yellowish enlarged liver with ecchymotic hemorrhages, pancreatitis, and enteritis. Histopathologically, intranuclear inclusion bodies, commonly basophilic type, were scattered in the hepatocyte, proventriculus, duodenum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, depletion of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus was observed. Seven samples were selected for gene sequencing of the loop 1 region of the hexon gene. The sequence analysis revealed that all samples were identical and similar to fowl adenoviruses species D serotype 2/11, suggesting that this serotype was the predominant fowl adenoviruses circulating in the study location in the last two years. Further studies are required to address the pathogenicity of isolated fowl adenoviruses and evaluate the vaccine used to control fowl adenoviruses in Egypt © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.17
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Damanhour Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Damanhour, Egypt; Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, 12618, Egypt; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia32958, Egypt
%K Fowl adenoviruses; Hexon; Hydropericardium syndrome; Phylogenetic analysis; Polymerase chain reaction

%D 2023
%T Comparative Analysis of Contract Farming Effect on Technical Efficiency of Broiler Chicken Farms in Indonesia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. Junaidi
%A - Jamhari
%A - Masyhuri
%N 2
%V 13
%P 223-232
%L eprints770
%X The development of broiler chicken farms in Indonesia has taken two forms, namely non-contract and contract farming. This study aimed to compare the technical efficiency levels of production in these two types of farming in Banten Province, Indonesia. Data were collected randomly from 180 broiler chicken farmers, consisting of 103 non-contract and 77 contract farmers. The study used the stochastic frontier production function to meet its objectives. The results showed that non-contract broiler chicken farmers were less efficient in their production than those under contract. The mean technical efficiency of the production factor for non-contract broiler chicken farmers was 0.689, ranging from 0.339 to 0.996. On the contrary, broiler chicken farmers under contract had a higher mean efficiency value of 0.893, ranging from 0.638 to 0.988. Moreover, the type of input supplier had a significant positive effect on technical inefficiency in non-contract farms. Non-contract farmers who purchased their production needs from a poultry shop showed higher technical efficiency compared to those who used distributors. This research sheds light on the efficiency of broiler chicken farms, both non-contract and contract, enabling all stakeholders, including the government, to devise appropriate policies for the development of broiler chicken farming. The study provided valuable insights into the technical efficiency levels of broiler chicken farming in Indonesia, which can help farmers identify areas that need improvement and develop strategies to increase productivity and profitability. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Agricultural Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnic, Agricultural Extension and Human Resource Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture Republic Indonesia, Cibalagung, Bogor, 16001, Indonesia
%K Broiler farm; Contract farming; Input suppliers; Stochastic frontier; Technical efficiency

%D 2023
%T Impact of Prebiotic Supplementation on Productive Performance, Carcass Traits, and Physiological Parameters of Broiler Chickens under High Stocking Density Condition
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E.M.H. Karar
%A A.-R.M.M. Atta
%A H.B.A. Gharib
%A M.A.-R.A.-H. El-Menawey
%N 1
%V 13
%P 48-60
%L eprints754
%X The present study was performed to investigate the effect of increasing stocking density, prebiotic supplementation, and the interactions on broiler chicken performance and some physiological parameters. A total of 912 one-day-old chickens were used in this study, and they were randomly divided into six groups with 4 replicates each. The experiment included three levels of stocking densities (10, 13, and 15 broiler chicken/m2) in 6 groups. Groups 1, 3, and 5 were maintained without prebiotic supplementation, while groups 2, 4, and 6 received a diet supplemented with prebiotics in water (1cm/liter). Reducing stocking densities and adding prebiotics improved body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant capacity), and European production efficiency factor, while decreasing malondialdehyde levels. On the other hand, stocking density and prebiotic supplementation did not affect dressing percentage, the relative weight of giblet parts, hind part, front part, and lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius). In conclusion, adding prebiotics at 1 cm/liter (Mannan-oligo saccharide and B-Glucan) can partially mitigate the negative effects of high stocking density on production performance, physiological and oxidative stress parameters, and European production efficiency factor. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Miser Arabian poultry company, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
%K Antioxidant biomarkers; Broiler chicken; Mannan oligosaccharide; Oxidant; Prebiotic; Stocking density; β-glucan

%D 2023
%T Mycotoxins and Heavy Metals of Poultry Feeds from the Centre, Littoral, and Western Regions of Cameroon
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F.D.P.T. Keutchatang
%A B. Mafogang
%A A.D.T. Kamgain
%A E. Nguegwouo
%A H.M. Tene
%A I.S.B. Ntsama
%A G.M. Nama
%A G. Kansci
%N 1
%V 13
%P 81-88
%L eprints758
%X Heavy metals are a group of elements that could be found in poultry feeds and influence poultry production. Poultry feed generally consists of agricultural products, such as maize, groundnuts, and wheat, which may also be contaminated by mycotoxins. The use of mycotoxins and heavy metals contaminated feed in the poultry sector might represent a potential source of cross-contamination for humans. This study aimed to analyze total aflatoxins (AFs), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in poultry feed from the Centre, Littoral, and Western regions of Cameroon. In this order, six local broiler feeds, six local layer feeds, and three imported layer feeds were randomly collected from each region and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry for heavy metals and competitive indirect ELISA for mycotoxins. The results indicated that all feed samples contained the analyzed mycotoxins and heavy metals. The ranges for the mean concentrations of mycotoxins were 3.5-19.7, 2.7-19.3, 0.8-1.1 μg/kg for AFs, AFB1, and OTA, respectively. They were globally below the established regulated limits (20 μg/kg for AFs, 10 μg/kg for AFB1 and 5 μg/kg for OTA). The bulk layer feed from the Littoral region had the highest lead (995.8 ± 0.4 μg/kg) and cadmium (3.3 ± 0.0 μg/kg) concentrations. The average concentration of lead was above the permissible limit (10 μg/kg). Bulk broiler feed from the Littoral region scored the highest concentration of arsenic (2819.4 ± 0.1 μg/kg) above the permissible limit (500 μg/kg). Bulk broiler feed from the Centre region showed the highest concentration of mercury (5.6 ± 0.0 μg/kg) although lower than the permissible limit of 100 μg/kg. This study demonstrates that there are potential safety issues associated to poultry feeds used in some regions of Cameroon. It suggests a possible low productivity of poultry and health issues for consumers. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.8
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Centre for Food, Food Security and Nutrition Research, IMPM, PO Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Food Science and Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Advanced Teacher�s Training College for Technical Education, University of Douala, PO Box 1872, Douala, Cameroon
%K Aflatoxin; Contamination; feed; Heavy metals; Ochratoxin A; Poultry

%D 2023
%T The Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Livestock and their Health Hazards: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Khan
%A M. Jamil
%A S. Ullah
%A F. Ramzan
%A H. Khan
%A N. Ullah
%A M. Ali
%A A.U. Rehman
%A N. Jabeen
%A R. Amber
%N 1
%V 13
%P 57-64
%L eprints827
%X Livestock plays an important role in the national economy and has a significant share in the gross domestic product of Pakistan. Parasitic diseases and worm infestations negatively affect their health, production, and reproductive performance. In addition, parasitic infestation in livestock reduces gross production values and renders huge economic losses globally. Among the parasites, the most important are nematodes. They are distributed worldwide and affect all kinds of livestock. This review aimed to elaborate on the main gastrointestinal nematodes, their mode of action, impacts on livestock and their control (physical, chemical or biological) strategies. Common examples of nematode worms infesting the livestock are Ascaris, Hemonchus, Strongyloids, Trichostrongyliods, Ostertagia, Trichuris, Dictyocaulus, Trichnellia, Enterobius, Cooperia, Gunagylonema, Chabertia, and Oesphagostomum. The gastrointestinal nematodes are detrimental to the animals� health. Nematodes primarily affect animals� feed consumption and efficiency, and severe ailments result in the death of the affected animals. The production and health losses primarily depend on the age of the animals, the degree of severity of worm infestation, epidemiology pattern of the parasites, management strategies of the flocks, and ecoclimatic conditions which are favorable for the worm�s infestation. To minimize these issues, farmers should be educated on the importance of intensive livestock management and environmental sanitation, as well as strategic deworming of cattle using efficient broad-spectrum anthelmintics, biological control of the parasites, and breaking their life cycle and intermediate hosts © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj6
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; PARC Arid Zone Research Centre, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; Deputy Director, Purebred Buffalo Breeding and Dairy Farm Dera Ismail Khan, L&DD KPK, Pakistan; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Institute of Biological Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, 29050, Pakistan; Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan; Animal Science Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan; Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
%K antihelminthic therapy; Ascaris; biological pest control; Chabertia; Cooperia; Dictyocaulus; economic aspect; Enterobius; enzyme immunoassay; feces analysis; flotation; geographic distribution; Haemonchus; health hazard; helminth; helminthiasis; infestation; intestine parasite; life cycle; livestock; nematode; nematodiasis; nonhuman; Oesophagostomum; Ostertagia; parasite identification; parasitism; prevalence; Review; Strongyloidea; systematic review; Trichostrongylus; Trichuris

%D 2023
%T Adrenal Gland of Poultry: Anatomy, Microscopy, Morphometry, and Histochemistry
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. Kot
%A S. Tkachuk
%A S. Usenko
%A V. Prokopenko
%N 1
%V 13
%P 20-28
%L eprints751
%X The adrenal gland plays a crucial role in poultry�s body. Its hormones affect growth, tissue differentiation, and metabolism regulation, as well as the bird body�s resistance to infections, intoxication, stress, and low temperature. For poultry farming, veterinary medicine, and ornithology, it is of scientific interest to study the morphological features of the adrenal gland of birds. This review aimed to assess poultry adrenal anatomy, microscopy, morphometry, and histochemistry by summarizing research data from various published articles. The structure of the adrenal gland has been morphologically investigated in clinically healthy chickens, ducks, geese, and quails. Data from the anatomical level of the adrenal gland have indicated that the shape of this organ in poultry of different species is not the same. In most cases, the shape of the adrenal gland of poultry is close to an oval, triangle, or pyramid. The color of the adrenal gland of poultry varies from gray to brown, which depends on the tissue saturation of this organ with carotenoids. The mass of the adrenal glands of poultry correlates with their age. The left adrenal gland has higher mass, volume, and length indicators than the right gland. The microscopic structure of the adrenal gland corresponds to the general laws of the structure and function of endocrine organs. However, the adrenal glands of poultry are characterized by class features of its histoarchitectonics. The adrenal capsule contains ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, the cell strands of cortical and medullary tissues are intertwined, and the configuration of these cell strands determines the formation of two or three zones of the adrenal gland. Studies of the adrenal glands of poultry at the cellular level have indicated that cortical tissue is represented by acidophilic cells and medullary tissue by basophilic cells. Depending on the shape and electron density of secretory granules, medullary tissue cells are divided into epinephrine and norepinephrine. Data on morphometric parameters (capsule thickness, area of cortical and medullary tissues, cortical-medullary ratio) of the adrenal gland are not the same and depend on the type, age, gender, and sexual activity of poultry. In conclusion, morphologists have paid great attention to studying the features of the anatomy, microscopy, morphometry, and histochemistry of the adrenal gland in clinically healthy poultry. Therefore, the presented data can be used to assess deviations in the morphofunctional state of the adrenal gland in poultry under the influence of various factors and pathology. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, 10008, Ukraine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
%K Adrenal gland; Anatomy; Histological and cellular levels; Morphological features; Poultry

%D 2023
%T Incidence and Hematological Changes in Dogs Infected with Dirofilaria immitis in Thailand
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. Kulnides
%A A. Lorsirigool
%A N. Pumipuntu
%A C. Chantrarasmee
%A N. Janthong
%N 1
%V 13
%P 103-108
%L eprints826
%X Dirofilaria immitis is responsible for heartworm disease in dogs. Clinical signs are non-specific, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms. The most common symptoms include coughing, emaciation, dyspnoea, and sudden loss of consciousness. Therefore, diagnosing heartworm infection in dogs requires a combination of methods, such as hematology and serology. This study was conducted on dogs with clinical signs, including anorexia, coughing, panting, and hind legs weakness, that was referred accidentally to a pet clinic in Thonburi district, Bangkok Province, Thailand, during 2020-2022. The examination was performed using a rapid enzyme immunoassay test and a thin blood smear. The total number of dogs admitted to a pet clinic during that period was 980. The result indicated infection of 21 (12 male and 9 female) dogs with heartworm (2.14). The mean age of dogs was 5.62 ± 2.48 years. All infected dogs were classified under an open husbandry system that did not consistently use heartworm prevention products such as the macrocyclic lactone group. In the groups that received topical ectoparasites products, 10 dogs were detected with heartworm infection. The hematological changes in the infected dogs consisted of leucocytosis and increased levels of ALT, BUN, and creatinine. The study results can guide owners in choosing products that can prevent heartworm. Anti-mosquito nets should be deployed in areas where pets live, and always keep the environment clean © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj11
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Forensic Science, Graduate School, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Dusit District, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand; TerdThai Love Pet Clinic, Thonburi District,Bangkok, 10600, Thailand; One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand; Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
%K afoxolaner; alanine aminotransferase; antinematodal agent; baymec; creatinine; heartgard plus; ivermectin; lactone; urea, alanine aminotransferase blood level; animal cell; anorexia; Article; blood smear; clinical feature; controlled study; coughing; creatinine blood level; Dirofilaria immitis; dirofilariasis; dog; female; hematologic disease; hindlimb; hospital admission; immunoassay; incidence; infection prevention; leukocytosis; limb weakness; male; nonhuman; Thailand; urea nitrogen blood level

%D 2023
%T The Effects of Grounded Herbs on the Intestinal Villus Height and Shedding of F18-positive Escherichia coli in Weaned Pigs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A C. Laxaphakdy
%A J. Jiwakanon
%A S. Supankong
%A P. Papirom
%A S. Tanpong
%A S. Porntrakulpipat
%N 1
%V 13
%P 75-84
%L eprints817
%X Antibiotics have been widely used to control and treat infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) in weaned pigs. The bacteria resistance to antibiotics can occur naturally; however, the misuse of antibiotics can accelerate this resistance. New antibiotics are developed very slowly, and only two new classes of antibiotics have been developed in the past 40 years. This makes herbal medicine a promising method for fighting against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the current study, 25 male crossbred (Duroc x Landrace x Large white) weaned piglets with an average weight of 6-8 kg were examined for 24 days. The pigs were randomly assigned to five groups in a completely randomized design with five replicates (1 pig/pen). All treatments included 20 crude protein corn-soybean as the basal diet. The negative control group received no supplementation, while pigs in the second experimental group received a basal diet supplemented with 150 ppm colistin sulfate. Basal diet and herbal mixture (Andrographis paniculata, Zingiber cassumunar, and Garcinia mangostana) were fed to three other experimental groups at 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm. The F18-positive, colistin-resistant E. coli were orally inoculated to all pigs for 9 days. The antibacterial and anti-diarrheal effects of this diet and its effect on the inoculated pigs� intestinal villi were evaluated. The results indicated that supplementation of this herbal mixture at levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm had antibacterial effects, with no significant difference between doses. However, the positive effects of this herbal mixture on intestinal villi height and diarrhea were found only in pigs that received 1000 and 2000 ppm of the herbal mixture. From a practical point of view, supplementation of this herbal mixture at 500 and 1000 ppm could be applied for prophylaxis during the weaning period, whereas 2000 ppm of the herbal mixture could be used for the treatment of postweaning E. coli diarrhea © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj8
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; The center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center for Sustainable Economy, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
%K colistin; soybean protein, Andrographis paniculata; animal experiment; Article; body weight; controlled study; cross breeding; diarrhea; diet; digestive tract parameters; Duroc pig; Escherichia coli infection; Garcinia mangostana; herb; intestinal villi height; Landrace pig; male; nonhuman; pig; piglet; weaning; Yorkshire pig; Zingiber montanum

%D 2023
%T Thermal Manipulation During Incubation: Effects on Embryo Development, Production Performance, Meat Quality, and Thermal Tolerance of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H.T. Meteyake
%A A. Bilalissi
%A Y.A.E. Kouame
%A O. N’nanle
%A K. Tona
%N 1
%V 13
%P 29-40
%L eprints753
%X Thermal manipulations during the embryonic period have positive effects on thermotolerance and the productive performance of broilers subjected to acute heat stress. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of Thermal manipulation during incubation (TMI) on productive performances and thermotolerance of broiler chickens growing in tropical climates. A total of 900 Cobb 500 broiler chicken eggs from a 35-week-old breeder flock were incubated in standard incubation conditions (37.8°C, 60 relative humidity) until day 7, when they were divided into 3 groups (300 eggs per group). The control group (C) was incubated at standard incubation conditions while T6 and T12 groups were subjected to, respectively, 6 hours/day and 12 hours/day of TMI (T° = 39.5°C, relative humidity = 65, Embryonic day = 7-16). The relative embryo and albumen weight were determined from 10 to 18 days of incubation. The hatching event was checked between 450 and 504 hours of incubation, and egg hatchability, chick quality, and cloacal temperature were also determined. One hundred and twenty-five chicks from each incubation group were transferred to the farm and raised for 6 weeks. During this period, their post-hatch performances were determined. At week 6, blood samples were collected to measure T3, T4, and corticosterone hormone levels. Then, the 6-week-old broilers were slaughtered to determine meat yield and quality. Results showed that the chick�s rectal temperature was significantly reduced in T6 and T12 groups compared to the C group, while hatchability and one-day-old chick weight were not affected. Final body weight and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in the T12 group, compared to other groups. Thermal manipulation during incubation for 6 and 12 hours significantly reduced mortality rate and pectoralis major muscle drip loss while it increased muscle pH at 24 hours post-mortem (pH24). Corticosterone, T3, and T4 plasma hormone levels at week 6 were also significantly reduced by TMI. Therefore, exposing hatching eggs to 39.5°C and 65 of relative humidity from days 7 to 16 of incubation for 12 hours/day is recommended for the poultry industry in tropical climates. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Laboratoire des Techniques de Production Avicoles-Centre d�Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires-University of Lomé, Togo
%K Chronic heat stress; Fast-growing broilers; Hatching and post-hatch performances; Meat quality; Thermal manipulation; Thermotolerance

%D 2023
%T Effects of Storage Time on Ostrich Egg Quality
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A J.C. Moreki
%A D.F. Mosarwa
%A J. Makore
%A N. Mosweu
%N 1
%V 13
%P 143-148
%L eprints761
%X Egg quality is considered as both internal egg quality that focuses on the egg content and external egg quality that focuses on the eggshell. This study investigated the effect of storage time on ostrich egg quality. A total of 15 ostrich eggs were obtained from Dibete Ostrich Multiplication Unit and subjected to five storage periods (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days) at room temperature (18-25°C). The measured parameters were egg weight, egg length, egg width, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen height, yolk height, shell weight, egg specific gravity (ESG), egg surface area, Haugh Unit (HU), egg shape index, albumen ratio, shell ratio, yolk ratio and weight of egg contents. Results showed that storage time did not influence egg weight for eggs stored for 0, 3, and 6 days. On the other hand, storage time significantly affected egg weight for eggs stored at 9 and 12 days. The albumin ratio for egg storage duration had no significant impact on eggs held for 0, 3, or 6 days. However, the albumen ratios of eggs held for 9 and 12 days were impacted by the storage period compared to those stored for 0, 3, and 6 days. The HU for the eggs stored for 0, 3, and 6 days was not affected by storage time. On the contrary, the HU for eggs stored for 9 and 12 days was significantly impacted by storage time as the HU decreased with the prolonged storage time, compared to those stored for 0, 3, and 6 days. The results of this study suggest that ostrich eggs should not be stored for more than 6 days at ambient temperature to avoid egg quality degradation © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.16
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P/Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana; Department of Biometry and Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P/Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana
%K Cuticle; Egg quality; Ostrich eggs; Storage time

%D 2023
%T The Relationship between Warm Weather and Milk Yield in Holstein Cows
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H.C.R. Mylostyvyi
%A O. Izhboldina
%A S. Midyk
%A B. Gutyj
%A O. Marenkov
%A V. Kozyr
%N 1
%V 13
%P 134-143
%L eprints820
%X The increasing variability of weather conditions associated with global climate change is becoming a major problem for dairy farming. The present article provided the results of studies on the relationship between the milk production of Holstein cows and environmental parameters during the warm season. The study investigated whether the relationship between weather conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind strength, and insolation) and daily milk yield, as well as its components (milk fat yield and milk protein), depended on the conditions comfortable for the cows. The temperature-humidity index was calculated based on air temperature and relative humidity data, which were recorded by the nearest weather station to the farm, which is subordinate to the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Center. It was found that the relationship between environmental parameters and milk yield was weak concerning the increase in proportion to the growth of heat load. However, the factorial analysis indicated that the total influence of weather factors on milk yield, milk fat, and protein yield was 42-46. Moreover, weather conditions could significantly impact dairy productivity when cows are kept in naturally ventilated barns. This suggests further investigation of issues related to the microclimate improvement in cowsheds in hot seasons using sprinkler systems for cooling dairy cows © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Products Processing Technology, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, S. Efremov Str. 25, Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine; Department of Livestock Production Technology, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, S. Efremov Str. 25, Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine; Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Street,15, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine; Department of Hygiene, Sanitation, and General Veterinary Prevention, Faculty of public development and health, Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv, Pekarska Str., 50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine; Faculty of Biology and Ecology, Department of General Biology and Aquatic Bioresources, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagarin av.,72, Dnipro, 49010, Ukraine; Institute of Grain Crops of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Volodymyr Vernadskyi Str.,14, Dnipro, 49027, Ukraine
%K milk protein, agricultural land; air temperature; Article; controlled study; cooling; environmental parameters; heat stress; Holstein cattle; humidity; microclimate; milk production; milk yield; nonhuman; sunlight; warm weather; weather; wind speed

%D 2023
%T Effects of Lactobacillus-Fermented Feed on Production Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Palupi
%A F.N.L. Lubis
%A A.N.T. Pratama
%A - Muhakka
%N 1
%V 13
%P 127-135
%L eprints760
%X The quality of broiler chicken carcasses is greatly influenced by feed management and the number of nutrients digested in the digestive tract that will be utilized for optimal meat production. The study aimed to determine the effect of feeding fermented feed at different times on the production performance and quality of broiler chicken carcasses. The number of day-old chicks used in this study was 180 broiler chickens strain Cobb. This study was carried out experimentally using a complete randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. Each treatment carried out in this experiment consisted of a different length of time, namely feeding for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Experimental parameters included feed consumption, weight gain, and ration conversion. In addition, the cracrcc quality was investigated as live weight, carcass percentage, and percentage of broiler chicken abdominal fat. The results showed that the longer the time of fermentation feed significantly increased feed consumption by 40.07 and increased 13.77 weight gain, as well as decreased ration conversion by 25.33. Furthermore, the same results were also obtained regarding live weight by 17.80 and increased percentage of the carcass by 8.84, while the percentage of abdominal fat decreased by 12.90. It can be concluded that the provision of fermented feed for 5 weeks can improve the production performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Technology and Livestock Industry, Faculty of Agricultural, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya,South Sumatera, Indonesia
%K Broiler chicken; Carcass quality; Fermented feed; Performance

%D 2023
%T Efficacy of Hemagglutinin Gene of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza as a Vaccine Candidate in Poultry: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.D. Prayugo
%A T. Subroto
%A W. Arnafia
%N 1
%V 13
%P 26-31
%L eprints824
%X The most prevalent fatal disease in poultry that can result in high morbidity and mortality is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), subtype H5N1. A vaccination program is the most frequent way to prevent HPAI cases in poultry, especially against the H5 subtype of HPAI. There are currently a number of avian influenza vaccines available, including recombinant and inactivated whole virus vaccines. The foundation of a recombinant vaccine is possible by the expression of an avian influenza gene of interest following insertion into a carrier vector (no pathogenic virus). A recombinant HPAI vaccine is required to further challenge avian influenza cases in poultry. As a recombinant vaccine inserted into a carrier vector, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene has proven effective. The recombinant Herpes Virus Turkey (rHVT) vector vaccine for avian influenza has been discovered and is commercially available. The rHVT vaccine was developed using a hemagglutinin insert from the HPAI virus clade 2.2. Overall, studies in this review aimed to determine the efficacy of any developed recombinant avian influenza vaccine that uses the HA gene from different clades challenged with any avian influenza virus (AIV) isolate. It was found that the efficacy of hemagglutinin as a recombinant vaccine could be promising for future HPAI vaccine development. In addition, it is possible to design a recombinant vaccine using local isolates to protect poultry farms, particularly in endemic regions © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Master of Biotechnology Program, Graduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Dipati Ukur 35,West Java, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21,Jatinangor,West Java, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia; Research and Development Division, PT Tekad Mandiri Citra, Jl. Mekar Raya Kav. 9,West Java, Bandung, 40292, Indonesia
%K avian influenza vaccine; hemagglutinin; virus vector, antibody titer; Article; avian influenza virus; cross protection; drug design; drug efficacy; HA gene; highly pathogenic avian influenza; nonhuman; poultry; serology; survival rate; virus isolation; virus shedding

%D 2023
%T Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Vitamin E on Growth Performance and Immune System of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R.K. Sadiq
%A M.A. Abrahimkhil
%A N. Rahimi
%A S.Z. Banuree
%A S.A.H. Banuree
%N 1
%V 13
%P 120-126
%L eprints749
%X As a potent antioxidant, Vitamin E may lessen the potentially harmful consequences of such oxidative stress to protect broilers against immune-pathological damage. Broiler chicken growth and viability are enhanced by Vitamin E supplementation. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Vitamin E dietary supplementation on broiler chickens� growth performance and health status. A total of 48 one-day-old Ross chicks were randomly divided into two groups of control and treatment (supplementation of Vitamin E at a dose of 300 mg/kg diet) with three replicates per group. The study included an equal number of Ross breed chicks and Vitamin E dosage in two trials on two different dates (January and March, 2022). In both trials, the obtained results indicated no significant changes in weight gain in the control and treatment groups. In both trials, there were no significant differences in the spleen weight of the control and treated groups; however, from day 1 to 28 of the second trial, the bursa of Fabricius was heavier in the treated group than in the control group. Additionally, Vitamin E had no significant effects on the mitogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavalin A (Con A). Dosages of 20 and 10 μl for both PHA and Con A did not significantly affect the rate of pure lymphocyte proliferation in chicks fed 300 mg Vitamin E /kg feed. Cell-mediated immunity did not differ significantly between the two trials. The percentages of CD4, CD8, Bu1, and MHCII molecules in the spleen and cecal tonsil of the chicks that received Vitamin E 300 mg/kg feed did not change significantly. The antibody titers against infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease vaccines showed no significant differences. On day 42, there was a trend toward an increase in antibody titer in the case of the Newcastle disease vaccine. In conclusion, 300 mg/kg of Vitamin E added to the diet did not improve growth performance and immunity in broiler chicks. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan; Department of PreClinic Nangarhar University, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
%K Broiler chicken; Growth performance; Immune system; Vitamin E

%D 2023
%T Trichinella spiralis as a Potential Antitumor Agent: An Update
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. Sadr
%A Z. Yousefsani
%A P.A. Simab
%A A.J.R. Alizadeh
%A N. Lotfalizadeh
%A H. Borji
%N 1
%V 13
%P 65-74
%L eprints815
%X Due to the limited success of therapeutic strategies in treating tumors, a new practical potent approach is needed. This review aimed to investigate previous literature related to tumors and Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis). In recent years, there has been growing interest in utilizing biological, viral, bacterial, yeast, and parasitic agents to cure cancers. According to several studies, some parasites could interferee with the tumors� growth. There has been much discussion about some parasites� applications to cure tumors in animals and humans. In studies, T. spiralis was found to have antitumor properties. The active proteins in T. spiralis, such as Caveolin-1, Heat shock proteins, and Ribosomal proteins, are thought to inhibit the growth of cancers, such as melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, leukemia, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer. In addition, these proteins are thought to induce apoptosis in specific neoplastic cells. Accordingly, antigens derived from parasites may be helpful in cancer immunotherapy. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding Trichinella spiralis� potential use as a biotherapy agent against cancer. Future studies should focus on the purification of parasite antigens and their use for wider-scale trials in animal models © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
%K caveolin 1; heat shock protein; ribosome protein; translationally controlled tumor protein; tropomyosin, antineoplastic activity; apoptosis; Article; biological activity; biological therapy; cancer immunotherapy; cancer inhibition; human; liver cell carcinoma; lung cancer; malignant neoplasm; melanoma; nonhuman; parasite identification; protein function; therapy effect; treatment response; Trichinella spiralis; tumor growth

%D 2023
%T Effects of a Vitamins D and C Supplement on Performance, Hatchability, and Blood Profiles of Broiler Breeders
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Setiyaningsih
%A . Sumiati
%A A. Jayanegara
%A W.W. Wardani
%N 1
%V 13
%P 71-80
%L eprints750
%X Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in controlling Calcium and Phosphor homeostasis, bone mineralization, and modulation of immune responses. Vitamin C is a cofactor of enzymatic reactions with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to prevent and repair damage to cells in the body from exposure to free radicals and the immune system. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of 25(OH)D3 with vitamin C at different doses on broiler breeders� blood profile, egg quality, and hatchability. The adaptation process before collecting the data was 2 weeks. A total of 6200 females and 620 male broiler breeders in the laying period aged 32-46 weeks were divided into 4 treatment groups with 5 replicates (each peach contained 310 female and 31 male breeders). The treatments included control as T0 (0 g/ton Nutricell HyC®), T1 (100 g/ton Nutricell HyC®), T2 (200 g/ton Nutricell HyC®), T3 (400 g/ton Nutricell HyC®) supplemented in feed. The observed variables were performance in breeding farms and hatcheries. The treatments with experimental doses indicated significant differences in the performance of broiler breeders, including feed intake, body weight, egg weight, egg mass, hen day production, hen house production, feed conversion ratio, and parameters of blood profile. The results showed a significant difference between the treatments and the control group in terms of hatch performance, clear eggs, exploding eggs, hatchability eggs, fertile eggs, salable chicks, and hatching of fertile eggs. However, no significant effects on fertility, culling of chicks, and embryonic mortality in the treatment groups were indicated. In conclusion, Nutricell HyC® with a dose of 400 g/ton in feed has indicated the best result in breeding farm and hatchery performance of broiler breeders in the laying period. © 2023,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Departement of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Nutricell R&D, Cibis Nine 12th Floor Unit GI, Jl. TB Simatupang No. 2, Jakarta, 12560, Indonesia
%K Blood profile; Broiler breeder; Calcidiol (25(OH)D3); Nutricell HyC®; Performance; Vitamin C

%D 2023
%T The Effect of Sausage Tree Fruit (Kigelia africana) on Gonadal Development and Growth Performance of Oreochromis andersonii
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A P.C. Sianangama
%A E. Nundwe
%A S.J. Harrison
%A E. Nambeye
%A R. Abigaba
%N 1
%V 13
%P 125-133
%L eprints825
%X In Zambia fish farms, Oreochromis andersonii is an important common indigenous fish species. Naturally, safe phytochemicals can effectively improve hsif reproduction performance and their production potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of Kigelia africana on the gonadal development and the performance of Oreochromis andersonii. A total of 96 male fingerlings were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (D1-D4), and each treatment group had three replicates. The D1, D2, D3, and D4 groups were formulated to receive 0, 50, 100, and 150 g of powdered Kigelia africana/kg, respectively. The fish were fed the diets for 9 weeks, followed by the study parameter measurements at the end of the experiment. The highest mean body weight and gonadal weight were (29.8 ± 0.63 and 0.09 ± 0.010 g, respectively) for fish in the D2 group. There was no significant difference between the mean body weight of fish in different groups, but their mean gonadal weights differed significantly. The gonadal somatic index of fish differed significantly among treatment groups, with those in D2 having the highest mean value (0.36 ± 0.060). The highest mean standard length (103.3 ± 0.63 mm) and total length (126.0 ± 0.11 mm) of fish were observed for D1 and D2 groups, respectively. Additionally, the mean values for those parameters decreased with increasing Kigelia africana in the diet. The physicochemical parameters of water, including temperature and dissolved oxygen, ranged 16.8-23.1°C and 0.6-2.2 mg/L, respectively; these were generally at low levels considering the optimum requirements for this fish species. In conclusion, Kigelia africana improved gonadal growth and development but did not promote overall fish growth. The best gonadal growth/development results of Kigelia africana powder were observed at a level of 50 g/kg, which can be used as a performance booster in the aquaculture production of Oreochromis andersonii © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
%K dissolved oxygen; water, animal tissue; aquaculture; Article; body growth; body height; body weight; controlled study; diet supplementation; fingerling; food composition; fruit; gonad; gonad development; Kigelia africana; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Oreochromis; Oreochromis andersonii; physical chemistry; physical performance; temperature

%D 2023
%T Effects of Sex and Rearing Season on Body Weight Gain and Growth Curve Parameters of Local Chickens in Niger
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A.G. Taffa
%A B. Hamani
%A N. Moula
%A S. Issa
%A C. Mahamadou
%A J. Detilleux
%N 1
%V 13
%P 136-142
%L eprints762
%X Local chicken breeding is widespread in Niger, a country with harsh environmental conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sex, temperature, and hygrometry variations on the body weight gain and growth curve of local Nigerien chickens. Two groups of local chickens were followed from hatching to 20 weeks of age. The first and second groups consisted of 96 and 124 chickens, respectively. Three seasons were identified based on continuously recording ambient temperature and humidity over a year. The dry and warm seasons (February, March, April, and May), the wet and warm seasons (June, July, August, and September), and the dry and cold seasons (October, November, December, and January). The average hatch weight was about 24 g, and monthly body weight gains ranged from 100 to 360 g. Asymptotic weights were 2214.02 ± 69.94 g and 1776.93 ± 63.57 g for roosters and 1380.25 ± 25.96 g and 1433.08 ± 71.24 g for hens. The sexual maturity rates indicate that hens are more precocious than roosters. Sex and season had significant impacts on the growth performance of the chickens. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the optimal time to raise local chickens in rural Niger is from June to January, and males are better candidates for meat production © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, Agronomy Faculty, Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, Niamey, Niger; Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, 4000, Belgium; GIGA�Animal Facilities�ULiege�B 34, Liege, 4000, Belgium; Department of Animal Production, National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger, Niamey, Niger; Department of equine clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, 4000, Belgium
%K Growth curve; Hygrometry; Local chicken; Temperature; Weight gain

%D 2023
%T Effects of Bioherbal Compounds on Performance and Intestinal Characteristics of Laying Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A C.M.P. Utami
%A O. Sjofjan
%A M.H. Natsir
%N 2
%V 13
%P 199-205
%L eprints766
%X Since the European Union banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed in 2006 (EC Regulation No 1831/2003), alternative feed additives have been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a bioherbal combination of probiotics and phytobiotics as a feed additive in drinking water on the performance and intestinal characteristics of male laying chickens. The study was performed on 200 male laying chickens for 60 days. This research method was a field experiment with a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and five replications. The treatments were T0 (drinking water without bioherbal, control), T1 (control + bioherbal code 1 M), T2 (control + bioherbal code 2 H), and T3 (control + bioherbal combination of 1M and 2H). The investigated parameters included growth performance and intestinal profile of the male laying chickens. The addition of bioherbal increased the number of villi in the intestines of the male laying chickens; however, there was no significant difference among other parameters. It can be concluded that the addition of bioherbal code 2H as a feed additive with a composition of herbal leaves can improve the performance and intestinal characteristics of male laying chickens. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
%K Intestinal Characteristic; Male Layings; Performance Production; Phytobiotic; Probiotic

%D 2023
%T Effects of the Anthocyanin Compound (Cyanidin-3-Glucoside) on Some Histological and Physiological Parameters Related to the Heart in Male Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H. Yasser
%A A.N. Sabour
%N 1
%V 13
%P 95-102
%L eprints823
%X The increasing incidence of heart disease due to an unhealthy diet rich in fats has encouraged the use of plant extracts, which have shown efficiency in improving body immunity and promoting human health. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside on some physiological and histological parameters related to the heart in white male rats exposed to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide. The study included 48 adult male white rats with a weight range of 200-300 g, and an ages range of 8-12 weeks. The rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight rats per group. Group 1 was considered a negative control group supplied with water and the basal diet for 30 days. Group 2 was a positive control group in which the rats were given drinking water containing hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1. The third group orally received cyanidin-3-glucoside at a concentration of 50 mg/kg. The fourth group received both cyanidin-3-glucoside compounds at a concentration of 70 mg/kg and drinking water containing hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1. The fifth group was dosed orally with a cyanidin-3-glucoside only at a concentration of 50 mg/kg, and the sixth group was dosed orally with a cyanidin-3-glucoside at a concentration of 70 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized, then blood samples were collected from the heart directly to obtain serum for measuring the levels of troponin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK-MB). The results showed a significant increase in troponin, LDH, and CK-MB levels in the positive control group compared to the negative control group. However, there was a significant decrease in the level of these enzymes in the third and fourth groups, compared to the positive control group. The fifth and sixth groups demonstrated a significant decrease, compared to the positive control group. However, they revealed a nonsignificant difference in the levels of these parameters, compared to the negative control group. The obtained results indicated that the cyanidin-3-glucoside compound positively prevented heart muscle damage caused by oxidative stress © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Biology Department, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Qadisiyyah Province, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
%K creatine kinase MB; cyanidin 3 glucoside; hydrogen peroxide; lactate dehydrogenase; troponin, adult; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Article; controlled study; heart; heart function; heart muscle injury; heart protection; histopathology; male; nonhuman; oxidative stress; protein blood level; rat

%D 2023
%T Strategies for Prevention and Control of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria in Ruminants
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G.S.G. Zeedan
%A A.M. Abdalhamed
%A A.A. Ghazy
%N 1
%V 13
%P 45-56
%L eprints819
%X Antibiotics are no longer effective in treating bacterial infections due to antimicrobial drug resistance. Therefore, various alternative strategies have been developed to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The current review article aimed to shed light on strategies to prevent and control MDR bacteria in ruminants. Due to the development of new resistant bacteria, there is a need for effective treatments and prevention protocols in livestock and humans. With growing antibiotic-resistant organisms, a few antimicrobial medicines will be available to treat the infection when no new drugs are developed. This highlights the importance of looking for other strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this regard, alternative strategies have been proposed to minimize antimicrobial drug overuse in ruminants. These alternative procedures include alternatives for growth promotion (such as in-feed enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and antimicrobial peptides), alternatives for disease prevention (such as vaccines, immune modulators, chicken egg yolk antibodies, farm management, and biosecurity), and alternatives for disease treatment such as plant extracts and phage-therapy to antibiotics. These alternative methods should be safe and efficient without inducing microbial resistance © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj5
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases (Infectious Diseases), National Research Centre, Dokki,33 Bohouth Street, Giza, 12622, Egypt
%K antibiotic agent; bacterial vaccine; bacteriocin; immunoglobulin Y; immunomodulating agent; immunostimulating agent; inactivated vaccine; live vaccine; plant extract; polypeptide antibiotic agent; prebiotic agent; probiotic agent; recombinant vaccine; synbiotic agent; toxoid, agricultural land; alternative medicine; animal food; antibiotic resistance; Article; bacterial infection; biosecurity; infection control; infection prevention; management; multidrug resistant bacterium; nonhuman; phage therapy; ruminant

%D 2023
%T An Overview of Adenovirus Vector-based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G.S.G. Zeedan
%A A.M. Abdalhamed
%A A.M. Naguib
%A S.I.A. Shalaby
%A M.A.M. Awad
%A M.I.A. El Moniem
%N 1
%V 13
%P 12-25
%L eprints814
%X Adenovirus vectors have been employed to develop a vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for curtailing the Covid-19 pandemic spreading. Many different viral vectors have been mainly targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein as an antigen. Spike (S) protein is comprised of S1 and S2 subunits, in which the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of S1 is responsible for recognizing and engaging with its host cellular receptor protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), S2 accounts for membrane fusion of virus and host cell. Chimpanzee adenovirus was also used as a vector vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 (ChAdSARS-CoV-2-S) by intramuscular injection, and intranasal administration has been tested. Adenovirus vector-based vaccines are the most advanced, with several vaccines receiving Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). It was shown that rhesus macaques were protected from SARS-CoV-2 challenge after a month of being vaccinated with ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S. A single intranasal or two intramuscular ChAd-SARSCoV-2-S vaccines could induce humoral antibodies and T cell responses to protect the upper and lower respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2. As the effectiveness was demonstrated in non-human primates, ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-Sa potential option for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. However, detecting novel more transmissible and pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 variants added concerns about the vaccine efficacy and needs monitoring. Moreover, the cause of recently documented rare cases of vaccine indicated immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. This review article provided details for the adenovirus vector vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in humans and tried to provide solutions to the adenovirus vector hemagglutinin issue © 2023, World's Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2023.wvj2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Virology and Infectious diseases units at Parasitology and Animals Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, 33 Bohouth Street, Giza, 12622, Egypt; Virology Department, Central Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt; Tropical Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology-Digestive Endoscopy at Complementary Medicine Department, Medical Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki,33 Bohouth Street, Giza, 12622, Egypt; Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki,33 Bohouth Street, Giza, 12622, Egypt; Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki,Nadi El-Said Street, Giza, Egypt
%K ad 26 cov 2 s; adenovirus vector; angiotensin converting enzyme 2; bnt 162b 2; coronavac; covilo; hemagglutinin; ibacovavec; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; sputnik v vaccine; tozinameran; vaxzevria; virus spike protein; zorecimeran, Adenoviridae; adenovirus infection; Article; chimpanzee; coronavirus disease 2019; drug efficacy; drug safety; hemagglutination; human; immune response; immunogenicity; nonhuman; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; viral tropism; virus strain

%D 2023
%T EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.) LEAF MEAL ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND MEAT ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF CHICKEN
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A F.B.P. Abang
%A I.E. Echeonwu
%A M.U. Amu
%N 1
%V 13
%P 73-78
%L eprints733
%X A study was carried out to determine the productive performance and meat organoleptic properties of finisher broiler fed diets supplemented with graded levels of dried guava leaf meal (DGLM) as a phytogenic feed additive. The study was conducted at the livestock experimental unit of National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria. Two hundred and forty unsexed 5-weeks-old broilers of similar mean live weight were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups with 3 replicates (0, 150g, 300g and 450g of DGLM per 100kg basal diets) over a four weeks finisher period, in completely randomized design. All the diets of iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric and water were served to the birds ad libitum. The results of the finisher phase of the experiment showed that, though the average daily feed intakes of all the treatments were the same, the final body weights of birds fed T4 diets were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed cost/weight gain followed similar trend as in body weight gain. The organoleptic properties (colour, appearance, texture, taste and aroma) of all the treatment groups revealed that DGLM had no adverse effect on broiler meat. The study concluded that the supplementation of DGLM at 300g and 450g/ 100kg enhanced utilization of nutrients in the diets resulting in impressive growth performance, reduced feed cost/weight gain, and high survivability without influencing the organoleptic properties of finisher broiler chickens. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.12
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
%K Broiler Chickens; Guava Leaf Meal; Herbal additive; Organoleptic Properties; Productive Performance

%D 2023
%T EFFECTS OF BIOSECURITY PRACTICES ON THE HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF POULTRY FARMS IN NIGERIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A F.A. Aderemi
%A A. Ayandiji
%A G.O. Adeleke
%N 1
%V 13
%P 10-15
%L eprints734
%X The purpose of the study was to determine how Oyo State, Nigerian biosecurity strategies, affected the poultry health management system. The regional data were collected through a planned investigation. The 120 respondents were selected using random and purposeful sampling approaches. The analysis revealed that 43.3 of poultry farmers were between the ages of 31 and 40; the majority were men; 72.5 were married; 37.5 had been in farming for between 11 and 20 years, and 95.5 had one to six children. Most farmers (75.8) reported that raising poultry was their main source of income; 70.8 stated they got their information from the farmers' association; 95.0 stated burning birds reduced susceptibility to infectious diseases, and nearly all (99.2) stated keeping foot dips in place stopped the spread of infectious diseases. According to the regression analysis, there is a strong correlation between respondents' age, sex, marital status, agricultural experience, family size, source of income, and adoption of biosecurity methods in the research region. The greatest and most affordable way of infection protection can be found in biosecurity. Without appropriate biosecurity measures, no single disease prevention program will succeed. It is can be concluded that the introduction of additional biosecurity measures could be a significant boost to the prevention and spread of poultry diseases in the study area. © 2023,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.2
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Agriculture Programme, Animal Science and Fisheries Management Units, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Animal Genetics Resources Unit, National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
%K Biosecurity strategies; Commercial Farm; Health Management Practices; Infection protection; Poultry

%D 2023
%T DETECTION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED SOYBEAN SEED, SOYBEAN MEAL AND RICE IN KARBALA CITY OF IRAQ
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A K.M. Al-Khafaji
%A A.A.M. Alrashedi
%A W.F. Al-Mosawy
%A H.A. Muhammed
%N 1
%V 13
%P 69-72
%L eprints723
%X Rice and soybean are two high-demanded grains for human foods and animal feeds. The current study aimed as first time in one of Iraqi region to find genetically modified soybean seed, soybean meal and rice grain samples utilizing the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator catalyst like Agrobacterium tumefaciens NOS (ANOS) terminator, in PCR tests. A total of 55 samples of soybeans seed, soybean meal, and rice cereal were collected from the market in Karbala, Iraq. The samples were collected from markets in Karbala city during January-March 2021, and evaluated in the Food Laboratory, College of Al Safwa University of Karbala, Iraq. DNA was isolated from dry vegetable samples. Two genes, including CaMV-35S and NOS terminator, that are routinely used in genetic engineering were employed to evaluate genetically modified crops. The present study revealed CaMV-35S and NOS genes in soybean meals. In conclusion, the obtained results indicated that all rice samples tested with the same primers were genetically unaltered. Whereas, there is genetically alternations in soybean seeds and soybean meal. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.11
%I Scienceline Publication
%O AL Safwa University College, Karbala City, 56001, Iraq; Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Dentistry, University of Karbala, Iraq; Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Karbala, Iraq
%K CaMV-35S; Feedstuff; Genetically modified seeds; NOS terminator; Rice; Soybean meal

%D 2023
%T AVIAN CELLULITIS: A SKIN AFFECTION ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC LOSSES IN BROILER CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A W.A.A. El-Ghany
%N 1
%V 13
%P 34-38
%L eprints728
%X This review was designed for focusing on cellulitis condition in broiler chickens regarding causes, clinical picture, and prevention measures of this condition. Cellulitis is an acute diffuse inflammation of subcutaneous tissues and muscles especially on the skin of thighs and abdomen. This condition is more common in broilers than others and it is usually associated with economic losses. At processing, low grade chicken carcasses and high incidences of condemnation are the sequels of cellulitis. Skin integrity, stocking density, and litter conditions are predisposing factors for induction of cellulitis. However, other infectious bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens are associated with cellulitis. Affected birds display areas of yellow skin along with a plaque of pus underneath the skin and the underlying muscles show hemorrhages. Presence of caseous, yellowish to green, dark red, or brown fetid gangrenous exudate could also be observed in the advanced cellulitis cases. Prevention and control of cellulitis are based on application of hygienic practices, vaccination, antibiotic therapy, genetic selection, and nutrition. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.6
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
%K Avian cellulitis; Broiler; Disorder; Lesions; Skin

%D 2023
%T EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FERMENTED WATER HYACINTH LEAF MEAL ON FEED UTILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF JUVENILE NILE TILAPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Y. Emshaw
%A A. Getahun
%A A. Geremew
%N 1
%V 13
%P 55-62
%L eprints729
%X This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different inclusion levels of water hyacinth leaf meal fermented with Aspergillus niger on feed utilization efficiency and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.). Fermented water hyacinth leaf (FWHL) at 0, 10, 20 and 30 inclusion levels were incorporated into four isonitrogenous (35 CP), and isoenergetic (18 KJ g-1 g) test diets. The fishes were stocked in 80 liters aquarium units, in a closed, recirculating indoor system. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish fingerlings (1.6 g average body weight) twice a day, at 6 of body weight/day, for three months. The study demonstrated that Nile tilapia fed FWHL at levels 30 had a significant negative impact (P<0.05) on weight gain, specific growth rate, feed utilization efficiency, and whole body composition. But, there was no significant change on the performance of Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with 10 and 20 FWHL when compared with the control group. Therefore, supplementation of fermented water hyacinth leaf meal to diets of Nile tilapia is recommended up to 20 because it is cheaper than fish meal and corn. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.9
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Departmernt of Aquatic Biodiversity, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P.O.box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Departmrent of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
%K Body composition; Feed utilization; Growth performance; Nile tilapia; Water hyacinth

%D 2023
%T EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS ON NUTRIENT CONTENTS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF HOG PLUM (Spondias mombin Linn.) LEAF BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A O.O. Ikusika
%A A.A. Mako
%A T. Mpendulo
%N 1
%V 13
%P 46-54
%L eprints725
%X Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of processing method on leaves from Spondias mombin tree as fodder for ruminants in the tropics. The leaves were subjected to three different physical processing methods; T1 control (fresh but air drying), T2 (fresh but soaked in ordinary water for 24 h then air drying), and T3 (fresh but soaked in water at 50oC for 20 min then air drying). Nutrient and secondary metabolites content were determined in experiment 1. In experiment II, the Coefficient of preference (CoP) was determined. In vitro gas production was used to predict metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and methane (CH4) of S. mombin leave with different processing methods in experiment 111. Results revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of S. mombin leaf subjected to different processing methods. The dry matter value was highest in S. mombin leaves soaked in hot water (90.22), and lowest in S. mombin leaves soaked in water at room temperature (85.05). Crude protein was highest in leaf processed with hot water (11.25 ) and lowest in control (9.59 ). No significant variations were observed for minerals and anti-nutrients investigated. The Vitamin content of leaves of S. mombin tree with various processing methods differed significantly except for vitamin E. The preference coefficient value was greater in leaves soaked at 50oC for 20 mins than leaves from the other processing method and control. All leaves of S. mombin tree from all processing methods considered in this study were acceptable to the animals, but leaves soaked in 50oC for 20 mins were most preferred. The in vitro gas production parameters and characteristics were not significantly different. In conclusion, S. mombin leaf subjected to 50 oC for 20 mins is more advantageous as forage in animal nutrition than unprocessed. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.8
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of Agricultural Science Education, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijagun PMB 2118,Ogun State, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
%K In vitro gas production; Nutritional value; Processing method; Ruminant; Spondias mombin leaf

%D 2023
%T FERMENTATION OF BLOOD MEAL ABSORBED BY OIL PALM FRONDS WITH Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AND Lactobacillus plantarum
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Imsya
%A . Riswandi
%A B. Malik
%A . Yakup
%N 1
%V 13
%P 39-45
%L eprints730
%X This study was aimed at improving the efficiency of blood meal (BM) use as feedstuff through the application of agricultural waste absorbance and fermentation technology. Blood was absorbed by oil palm fronds and fermented by using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAF) and Lactobacillus plantarum (BLP) inoculants in 0, 60, and 120 hour incubation times. Quality was assessed by using Van Soest fiber analysis and in vitro digestibility trial on the best fermented product. Results showed that there was significant interaction effect (P<0.05) of inoculant type and fermentation times on the changes in fiber fraction of BM absorbed by oil palm fronds. Inoculant types were found to give significant effects (P<0.05) on ration digestibility rate and in vitro rumen condition characteristics. It was concluded that fermentation of BM absorbed with palm oil fronds with BLP in 120 hours resulted in BM with the best fiber fraction reduction, digestibility rate, and in vitro rumen condition characteristics. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.7
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Palembang, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor, Indonesia
%K Agricultural waste; Digestibility; Feedstuff; Fiber fraction; Rumen condition

%D 2023
%T SYMPTOMATIC REPONIBLE UMBILICAL HERNIA IN THE RABBIT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A I. Lutvikadic
%A N. Spahija
%A A. Maksimović
%N 1
%V 13
%P 30-33
%L eprints732
%X A case of umbilical hernia in a 7-month-old female rabbit was presented to the Surgery Clinic of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo. The owner noticed inappetence and lethargy four days before arrival at the clinic. Clinical parameters on physical examination were within the physiological range. Bruxism and lethargy were noted as signs of discomfort due to gas accumulation in colon. A reponible, nonpainful mass in the umbilical scar area was palpated but intestinal peristalsis was not altered. General anesthesia was induced by intramuscular administration of ketamine with medetomidine and maintained with isoflurane. Surgical treatment of hernia included the peritoneal sac dissection and amputation, repositioning of small intestines, and correction of abdominal wall defect. Intraoperative multimodal analgesia approach was used to reduce inhalant anesthesia requirements and to prevent pain-related and stress-related complications. In this case report we described a surgical and veterinary treatment of the reponible umbilical hernia in a rabbit. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.5
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Clinical Science, Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesia and CPR, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
%K Herniorrhaphy; Rabbit; Umbilical hernia; Veterinary treatment

%D 2023
%T A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF QUAIL OVARY EMBRYOGENESIS (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHTING COLORS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Mafruchati
%A J. Makuwira
%A A.K. Wardhana
%N 1
%V 13
%P 63-68
%L eprints724
%X Quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) is one of the commercial poultry that is being developed and produced more frequently. Various lighting programs (pre-hatching) on Aves have been carried out to provide an increased biological response, including growth, reproduction, and productivity. The addition of light or the lighting program is also a factor in the growth of Aves which directly plays a role in controlling various physiological processes. The purpose of this study was to review embryogenesis development of the Quail ovary under various lighting conditions. A literature search was carried out systematically through the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases using keywords, namely, "embryogenesis development, ovary, quail light color, and lighting”. The articles obtained were selected based on these keywords by setting several inclusion criteria. Papers that do not meet the inclusion criteria are eliminated, and articles that meet the criteria will be analyzed to obtain data. Based on the search results in the databases using predetermined keywords, 500 articles were obtained. All articles were selected based on inclusion criteria and exclusion and obtained as many as 35 articles that met the inclusion criteria. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that giving variations in the colour of lighting for 16 hours affects the development of quail ovaries. Because of the significant effect of lighting and its colour on embryo development, pre-hatch lighting programs should be considered in future studies. © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.10
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,Mulyorejo,C Campus, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 5196,Limbe, Malawi; Faculty of Economic & Business (60286), Universitas Airlangga, Universitas Airlangga,Mulyorejo,B Campus, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
%K Egg; Embryogenesis; Incubation; Lighting; Quail

%D 2023
%T CONTROL OF DIPTERIDS IN A FEEDLOT UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN A FOREST AREA OF CENTER REGION OF CAMEROON
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S.L. Sevidzem
%A K.A. Burinyuy
%A R.M. Nguema
%A J.F. Mavoungou
%N 1
%V 13
%P 23-29
%L eprints726
%X The forest agro-ecological zone of Cameroon is heavily infested with biting dipterids, but no control is ongoing in this part of the country. In the rainy season (May 2022) in a feedlot under construction in Ndogbea village, eight days entomological study consisting of (i) baseline fly collection using five vavoua traps set in all the sides of a one hectare feedlot yard for four days and (ii) installation of deltamethrin impregnated screens set at 1m from trap and their spraying at frequency of two days in four days. About 1368 biting and non-biting dipterids were collected and classified under five important genera namely Musca, Stomoxys, Tabanus, Chrysops, and Glossina. Musca spp. Were more frequent than other species. Only one Glossina fuscipes fuscipes was identified. The vavoua trap (VT4) facing the forest with canopy trees had the highest fly catches. The apparent density (ADT) of all the fly genera dropped from pre-screen installation phase (ADT=86.8flies/trap/day (f/t/d)) to screen installation phase (ADT= 38.2 f/t/d) with overall fly population density reduction rate of 55.99. However, there was no statistically significant difference (Χ2=35.000; df =30; P=0.243) in population density reduction rates of the various fly-groups. In conclusion, five dipterid groups of veterinary and zoonotic importance constituted the fly-vector fauna of Ndogbea village. The presence of deltamethrin impregnated screens contributed to the fly population density reduction rate of 55.99. An integrated approach including: animal spraying, herd hygiene, use of traps and screens is needed to maintain low fly numbers in this feedlot. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.4
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Organisation Pour la Production Laitière et d’Embouche Bovine (PLEB), Adamawa, Cameroon; Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon; Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon; Université Internationale de Libreville (UIL), Gabon; Université Libreville Nord (ULN), Okala, Libreville, Gabon; School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon; Université des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
%K Dipterids; Feedlot; Fly-vector; Forest; Parasite

%D 2023
%T EFFECTS OF CLOVE (Syzygium aromaticum) ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENTS VALUE AND DIGESTIBILITY, BLOOD LIPID PROFILE, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF GROWING RABBITS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M.A.E. Suliman
%A F.G. Ahmed
%A K.F. El-Kholy
%A R.A.E. Mohamed
%A L.F. Abdel-Mawla
%N 1
%V 13
%P 1-9
%L eprints731
%X The current study evaluated the effect of feeding clove (Syzygium aromaticum) as a natural additive on productive performance, digestibility and nutritive value, antioxidant enzymes activities, and immune response of growing rabbits. A total of 48 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 6 weeks were randomly allocated to 4 groups (12 rabbits/group). Clove buds powder (CLP) was supplemented at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 of basal diet. Four tested diets formulated to contain basal diet without CLP (treatment 1, T1), 0.5 CLP (T2), 1 CLP (T3), and 1.5 CLP (T4). The animals were provided pelleted diets and fresh water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The rabbits fed diets containing CLP improved FCR (P=0.007) and consumed (P<0.0001) less than those fed control group. The diet containing 1.5 CLP had the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) value (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed among experimental groups in all nutrients digestibility except CP digestibility significantly (P=0.0261) increased with 0.5 and 1 CLP groups compared to control group. Blood total lipid (TL) was significantly decreased (P<0.009) with increasing the dietary level of CLP, (being 379.17 and 361.11 mg/dl for 1 and 1.5 CLP groups vs. 470.84 for the control group). The catalase and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) concentrations significantly (P<0.0001) increased with CLP groups compared to control group. The immunoglobulins titres (IgG and IgM) improved (P>0.05) with rabbits fed CLP diets when compared to those fed the control diet. In conclusion, using CLP as an alternative feed additive in rabbit’s diets up to 1.5 without any adverse effect on productive performance and vital activities. The CLP inclusion in rabbit diets decreased feed intake (FI), improved FCR and increased profitability, moreover, had a positive effect on antioxidant enzyme activity and immunity (IgG and IgM) titres. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.1
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Utilization of By-product Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Nady El-sead St.,Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt; Rabbits, Turkey and waterfowl Breeding Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Nady El-sead St.,Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
%K Antioxidant status; Clove; Immune; Performance; Rabbits

%D 2023
%T EFFECTS OF GRADED LEVELS OF DIETARY CHROMIUM-YEAST ON RUMEN AND BLOOD METABOLITES, FEED DIGESTIBILITY, AND PERFORMANCE OF GOATS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A W. Suryapratama
%A . Munasik
%A E. Susanti
%A T. Widiyastuti
%A P. Yuwono
%A C.H. Prayitno
%N 1
%V 13
%P 16-22
%L eprints727
%X The study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of Chromium-yeast minerals on consumption, feed digestibility, rumen and blood metabolites, Average Daily Gain (ADG) and body condition score (BCS). The research was conducted at Gunung Tugel Farm, Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. The material used was 24 male Jawarandu goats with an average initial weight of 25 ± 1.23 kg, individual cages, the feed given consisted of elephant grass silage and concentrate. The treatment feed contains chromium-yeast at levels of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/kg. The research method used was experimental using a completely randomized design. There were 4 treatments tested, namely T0 (70 concentrate + 30 elephant grass silage), T1 (70 concentrate + 30 elephant grass silage + 0.5 mg/kg chromium-yeast), T2 (70 concentrate + 30 elephant grass silage + 1 mg/kg chromium-yeast) and T3 (70 concentrate + 30 elephant grass silage + 1.5 mg/kg chromium-yeast). Each treatment was repeated 6 times so there were 24 trials. The further test used is polynomial orthogonal. The variables measured in this study were feed consumption, feed digestibility, rumen metabolite products, daily body weight gain and body condition score. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment had a significant effect on dry matter and organic matter consumption, feed digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and blood glucose 3 h post-feeding, chromium-yeast levels, and had a very significant effect on ADG and BCS. In conclusion, chromium-yeast supplementation was able to improve goat performance with optimal levels ranging from 1.04–1.36 mg/kg of feed. © 2023, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2023.3
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Faculty of Animal Science. Jenderal Soedirman University, Central Java, Purwokerto, Indonesia
%K Body condition score; Chromium-yeast; Daily gain; Goat

%D 2023
%T Carcass and Internal Organs Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Soybean Diet
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E.A. Henry
%A A.A. Adeolu
%A E.P. Chinedu
%A A.O. Victoria
%N 1
%V 13
%P 89-95
%L eprints747
%X Soybean (Glycine max) is a principal vegetable protein source in the animal feed industry in Nigeria, including the poultry feed industry, but because of the fact that it contains various anti-nutritional factors, the raw full-fat cannot be used in poultry nutrition. The present study was carried out to examine the carcass, and internal organ characteristics of broiler chickens fed a soybean diet. A total of eight hundred and four unsexed one-day-old broiler chickens (Arbor Acre) with an average weight of 45 ± 1.1 g were used in 56 days feeding trial to observe the effect of different processing methods of soybean on broiler chicken carcass and organs characteristics including; liver, spleen, lungs, crop, bile, pancreas, heart, intestine and empty gizzard. There were four dietary treatments (T1-T4), each containing soybean meal as the control diet, dried-boiled soybean, roasted soybean and dried-fermented soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times with 67 broiler chickens per replicate, giving 201 broiler chickens per treatment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The starter diet was fed for 4 weeks and the finisher diet for 4 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, 15 broiler chickens were randomly selected for sampling and collecting the data. The weight of the internal organs and carcass characteristics showed no significant difference in the treatment groups, but the fermented method showed the highest value in the live weight (2075.00 g), eviscerated weight (1532.46 g), and breast weight (483.72 g) compared to other carcass parameters in other treatments including the control diet. It is, therefore, concluded that for optimal broiler growth, the fermented processing method of soybean is recommended. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.9
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria; Department of Livestock Improvement Management, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria
%K Broilers chicken; Carcass characteristic; Diet; Internal organ; Processed soybean

%D 2023
%T Effects of Black Pepper, Turmeric, and Fennel on Essential and Non-essential Chemical Contents of Egg
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A L. Samantaray
%A Y. Nayak
%N 1
%V 13
%P 61-70
%L eprints748
%X The use of essential oils (EOs) in animal feeding has gained attention as a potential antibiotic growth promoter replacement over the past two decades. The current study aimed to determine the impact of three feed additives, namely black pepper, turmeric, and fennel, on the productivity of laying hens, the chemical composition, and macro and microelement content in layer eggs. A total of 280 chicks aged 75 days were randomly divided into 7 treatments (5 replicates of 8 chicks). One treatment group was provided as the unsupplemented control. The other six treatment groups, namely D0 (basal diet BD control), D1 (BD + 1% of black pepper), D2 (BD + 1% of turmeric), D3 (BD + 1% of fennel), D4 (BD + 0.5% of black pepper + 0.5% of turmeric), D5 (BD + 0.5% of black pepper + 0.5% of fennel), D6 (BD + 0.5% of turmeric + 0.5% of fennel) were supplemented with varying levels of phytobiotics. The result of the study indicated that the egg weight, Hen-day-production (HDP), egg quality, and haugh unit significantly improved with a combined supplementation of phytobiotics (D4, D5, and D6 diets) when compared with the control. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition of eggs. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis of eggs revealed the presence of 17 significant elements, including phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and bromine. The study findings showed that the combined supplementation of phytobiotics lowered K and Cl, whereas Zn, Ca, S, and Cu contents positively increased in hen eggs by including phytobiotic in the diet. In conclusion, the EOs of phytobiotics as dietary supplementation at 1% and 0.5% could improve the HDP, egg weight, and egg mass, including nutrient elements in the egg. © 2023, Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2023.6
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Department of Zoology, School of Applied Sciences, Jatni, India; Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, Jatni, 752050, India
%K Egg; Essential oil; Hen; Mineral; Phytobiotic

%D 2022
%T Amelioration of Hepatotoxicity by Sodium Butyrate Administration in Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R.M. Ahmed
%A A.K. Mohammed
%N 3
%V 12
%P 323-329
%L eprints790
%X Lead poisoning is a serious environmental issue with life-threatening consequences. Lead poisoning increases the risk of cancers, gastrointestinal disorders, hepatotoxicity, central nervous system diseases, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases in animals and humans. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium butyrate, as an antioxidant, on protecting female adult rats from the harmful effects of lead acetate. A total of 40 adult female albino rats were divided randomly into four equal groups. The first group dealt as the control. The second group received lead acetate at a dose of 200 mg/kg daily orally. The third group received lead acetate at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily orally, and the fourth group received both sodium butyrate and lead acetate orally/day for 35 days. The result indicated that sodium butyrate reduced the concentration of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) which were elevated by lead acetate poising. Moreover, sodium butyrate ameliorates the redux status by decreasing malondialdehyde and increasing total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, sodium butyrate-treated rats showed significant alterations in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and interleukin -10 genes. In conclusion, this study reveals an unrecognized role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and Interleukin-10 signaling after sodium butyrate treatment in regulating the immunopathology that occurs during lead acetate poising. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj41
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10003, Iraq
%K alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; butyric acid; interleukin 10; malonaldehyde; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; dose response; drug effect; drug efficacy; drug mechanism; female; liver toxicity; nonhuman; protein expression; rat; treatment outcome

%D 2022
%T Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Porcine Cysticercosis in Boucle Du Mouhoun Region of Burkina Faso: A Cross-sectional Survey
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A L.D. Dahourou
%A O.B. Gbati
%A K.M. N�da
%A A.S.R. Tapsoba
%A A. Traore
%A A. Millogo
%N 4
%V 12
%P 388-394
%L eprints777
%X Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected tropical zoonosis with economic and public health importance. Cysticercosis is widely present in low-income countries with extensive pig breeding systems and poor human hygiene practices. In Burkina Faso, a study on porcine cysticercosis has been done only in Boulkiemde province. There is a lack of serological data on this disease in other areas, such as Balés province in the Boucle du Mouhoun region. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in Boucle du Mouhoun, Burkina Faso. A total of 373 serum samples were collected from local breed pigs that were randomly selected from four villages in the mentioned region. Data were also collected using a structured questionnaire to determine explanatory factors for the infection. Serum samples were tested using an antigen ELISA test to detect circulating antigens of Tænia solium. The prevalence of the disease was 54.9 (95 CI = 49.8-59.9). Following univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, pigs originating from Kombia were found to be a protective factor (OR=0.54, 95 CI = 0.33-0.89). Male pigs were more likely to be infected than females (OR= 1.7, 95 CI = 1.09-2.64). The prevalence and factors associated with Taenia solium cysticercosis were identified and according to these data, porcine cysticercosis had a high prevalence in this area. Therefore, it is important to implement control actions focusing on disease control and public health for people infected with Taenia solium © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj49
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Environmental Sciences and Rural Development Institute (ISEDR), University of Dedougou, P.O. Box 176, Dedougou, Burkina Faso; Public Health and Environment Department, Inter-States School of Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal; Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé Animales (LABIOSA), Département de Productions Animales, Institut de l�Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Po box 8645 Ouagadougou 04, Burkina Faso; Sourou Sanou Hospital, PO Box 676, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
%K animal experiment; Article; cross-sectional study; cysticercosis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; male; nonhuman; pig breed; risk factor; serology; seroprevalence; sex difference; swine disease; Taenia solium

%D 2022
%T The Expression of Plasma Protein in Bali-polled Bulls Using 1D-SDS-PAGE
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.M. Diansyah
%A M. Yusuf
%A A.L. Toleng
%A M.I.A. Dagong
%A T. Maulana
%N 3
%V 12
%P 316-322
%L eprints789
%X The fertility rate of bulls in a breeding program is not only described by the quantity and quality of semen. Factors, such as the interstice factor of the sperm and the plasma component of semen, affect the fertility rate of bulls. The fertility rate can also be determined by identifying the protein content of semen plasma. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the relationship between seminal plasma protein molecular weight and semen quality of Bali-polled bulls. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Semen Processing, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, the Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia and the Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology Center, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia from November 2021 to January 2022. The samples came from 5 Bali-polled and 5 Bali-horned bulls. Semen collection was conducted twice a week using an artificial vagina. The concentration of seminal plasma protein was determined by the Bradford method of 1D-SDS-PAGE. The study results showed that fresh semen of Bali-polled and Bali-horned bulls was considered a normal category. Seminal plasma proteins of Bali-polled and Bali-horned bulls were classified using 8 bands to categorize molecular weight; 150 kD (IGF-1), 110 kD (A-kinase anchoring protein 3), 93 kD (A-kinase anchoring protein 4), 54-87 kD (Arylsulfatase-a), 44-62 kD (N-Acetyl-�-Guicosaminidase), 44kD (Phosphoglycerate kinase), 15-30 kD (BSP A1/A2, BSP-A3 and BSP-30 BSP1, BSP3, and BSP5) and 12-14 kD (Acidic seminal fluid proteins). The findings indicated that both Bali-polled and Bali-horned bulls could have a high reproductive rate. In conclusion, protein analysis based on molecular weight using 1D-SDS-PAGE can be used as a biomarker for semen quality in Bali-polled bulls. Therefore, evaluating the semen quality with a molecular basis as an additional indicator of superior bull in the selection process is an alternative method. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ40
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Post-Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea Makassar,South Sulawesi90245, Indonesia; Departement of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Tamalanrea Makassar,South Sulawesi90245, Indonesia; Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46,West Java, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
%K A kinase anchoring protein 3; A kinase anchoring protein 4; acidic seminal fluid protein; binder sperm protein 1; binder sperm protein 3; binder sperm protein 5; cerebroside sulfatase; cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase anchoring protein; n acetyl beta glucosaminidase; phosphoglycerate kinase; seminal plasma protein; unclassified drug, Article; bull (bovine); controlled study; male; molecular weight; nonhuman; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; protein expression; semen abnormality; seminal plasma; sperm quality; sperm viability; spermatozoon motility

%D 2022
%T Designing a Recombinant Multi-epitope DNA Vaccine as Candidate for Protection against Pathogenic Leptospira Infection in Animals
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A B. Garba
%A N.I. Dirie
%N 4
%V 12
%P 347-357
%L eprints779
%X Leptospirosis can cause severe disease and probable death in humans. Antigenic epitopes from pathogenic strains of the bacteria have shown potential for serving as vaccine candidates and play a key role in the sensitivity and specificity of immunodiagnostic tests. This in-vitro analysis was undertaken to develop a prototype recombinant DNA vaccine using in-silico epitope prediction method. Epitope prediction software programs predicted the most antigenic linear B-cell epitopes of OmpL1, LipL32, LipL41, Loa22, and LigA. Thirteen epitopes were predicted, connected by the Gly-Ser linker, and synthesized. The purity of the concentrated recombinant multi-epitope protein was assessed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. In-vitro expression on mammalian Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line indicated strong cytoplasmic fluorescence produced based on an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. The green color of the cytoplasm indicates successful transcribed and translated DNA as against the blue-stained nucleus observed in the un-transfected control group based on the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. The findings of the current study showed high antibody binding potentials of the vaccine constructs, which could be used for diagnostic applications or as polyvalent vaccine candidates © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj44
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Institute for Medical Research, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, 2526, Somalia; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, 840212, Nigeria; Department of Urology, Dr. Sumait Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, 2526, Somalia
%K DNA vaccine; epitope; leptospirosis vaccine, Article; B lymphocyte; bacterial gene; cell nucleus; CHO cell line; computer analysis; cytoplasm; DNA transcription; DNA translation; drug binding; drug design; drug purity; fluorescent antibody technique; gel electrophoresis; genetic transcription and translation; immunofluorescence; in vitro study; Leptospira grippotyphosa; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa; Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae; Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai; leptospirosis; LigA gene; LipL32 gene; LipL41 gene; Loa22 gene; nonhuman; OmpL1 gene; protein expression; restriction enzyme digestion; restriction mapping; software; vaccine development

%D 2022
%T Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Maturation Rate, Morphology, and Gene Expression of Vitrified In Vitro Matured Dromedary Camel Oocytes
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A O.M. Kandil
%A F.B. Aboelwafa
%A E.A. Ismail
%A S.M. Kandeel
%A N. Ghanem
%A A.E.-K.G. El-Din
%N 4
%V 12
%P 418-429
%L eprints783
%X In vitro embryo generation, cryopreservation, and embryo transfer are examples of assisted reproductive technologies that can be used to improve camel genetic performance and fertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ascorbic acid supplementation to in vitro maturation media on the maturation rate, morphology, and gene expression of fresh and vitrified in vitro matured dromedary camel oocytes. In the current study, 810 oocytes of excellent and good quality were in vitro matured in maturation medium (TCM-199 + 10 ug/ml follicle stimulated hormone + 10 fetal calf serum + 100 IU/ml Pregnant mare serum + 50 μg/ml gentamycin) without any additives to act as a control group (C) and with 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid group (AA) and incubation in a CO2 incubator (38.5 �C, 5 CO2, 20 O2 and 95 humidity) for 40 hours. In vitro matured dromedary camel oocytes with the first polar body (n = 210) in C group and AA group (n = 250) were placed in basic medium (BM) and then placed in vitrification solution1 (VS1) for one minute, followed by the transfer of oocytes to VS2 (double concentration of VS1, containing 20 Ethyl Glycol (EG) and +20 Dimethyl sulfoxide) for 30 seconds. Oocytes were then loaded into sterile 0.25 ml straws and stored in liquid nitrogen for 7-10 days. The normal fresh and vitrified /thawed in vitro matured dromedary camel oocytes were kept in RNA later at a -80°C freezer for gene expression analysis. The maturation rate of dromedary camel oocytes in the in vitro matured AA group was significantly higher than that of the C group. The percentage of normally recovered vitrified/thawed oocytes was higher in the in vitro matured with ascorbic acid (VAA) than in the control (VC) group. The expression pattern of the SOD1 gene and GDF9 gene was upregulated in fresh AA and VAA groups than in the fresh C and VC groups. The profile of the SOD1 gene was more abundant in the vitrified/thawed oocytes VAA group than in the VC group. All vitrified/thawed groups, whether control or ascorbic acid supplemented, had lower levels of SOD1, GDF9, and BMP15 expression, compared to the fresh groups. In conclusion, the supplementation of the maturation medium with ascorbic acid has an increased maturation rate, and normal morphology of vitrified/ thawed oocytes which was linked with upregulation of SOD1, GDF9 genes expression. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj52
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Veterinary Research Institute National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; Director and supervisor of Accredited (ISO 17025) Embryo and Genetic Resources Conservation Bank in National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt; Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
%K ascorbic acid; bone morphogenetic protein 15; copper zinc superoxide dismutase; dimethyl sulfoxide; ethylene glycol; gentamicin; growth differentiation factor 9; nitrogen, animal cell; Article; BMP15 gene; controlled study; DNA synthesis; dromedary; female; GDF9 gene; gene expression; gene expression profiling; in vitro oocyte maturation; in vitro study; morphology; nonhuman; oocyte; oocyte maturation; oocyte transport; oocyte viability; oocyte vitrification; real time polymerase chain reaction; RNA extraction; SOD1 gene; supplementation; thawing; upregulation

%D 2022
%T The Effects of Antimicrobial Residues on Microbiological Content and the Antibiotic Resistance in Frozen Fish
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Kukhtyn
%A Z. Malimon
%A V. Salata
%A I. Rogalskyy
%A B. Gutyj
%A L. Kladnytska
%A K. Kravcheniuk
%A Y. Horiuk
%N 4
%V 12
%P 374-381
%L eprints780
%X As fish are perishable foods, their storage conditions require appropriate sanitary and temperature regimes. The producers commonly use various antibiotics to stop fish�s microbiological and biochemical processes. The current research aimed to examine antibacterial residues in frozen fish (Argentina, flounder, lackerda, mackerel, capelin, salka, saithe, herring, dorado, and pink salmon) to find their influence on the quantitative content of microorganisms and to determine the sensitivity of isolated psychrotrophic bacteria to antibiotics. A total of 75 samples were collected from the fillets of frozen fish species. These fish were imported from Norway (16 samples), Vietnam (24 samples), Russian Federation (8 samples), China (14 samples), New Zealand (2 samples), Italy (2 samples), United States (4 samples), and United Kingdom (5 samples). The obtained results revealed that aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Spectinomycin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Paromomycin, and Apramycin) were in 45.6 ± 1.4 of frozen fish. The findings indicated the presence of some antibacterial residues (Nalidixic acid, antibiotics: Apramycin, Kanamycin, Tiamulin, and Nafcillin) in frozen fish, the definition of which has not been specified in the EU Regulation. This gives grounds to prohibit the use or develop standards for the maximum permissible concentration of these antibacterial substances in fish. The most common psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from frozen fish without antibacterial residues were highly sensitive to antibiotics, including Penicillin, Tetracycline groups, and Aminoglycosides. Therefore, it can be concluded that the residual levels of various biocides found in fish are a source for the expression of multi-resistance genes, which can be transmitted to consumers in the food chain © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj47
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ruska,56, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine; State Research Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Donetska,30, Kyiv, 02000, Ukraine; Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies named after S. Z. Gzhytskyj, Pekarska,50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine; Main Department of the State Food and Consumer Service in Ternopil region, Mykulynetska,20, Ternopil, 46002, Ukraine; Academician M.F.Gulyi National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroyiv Oborony st.,15, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine; Higher educational institution «Podillia State University», Schevchenko,13, Kamianets-Podilskyi, 32301, Ukraine
%K aminoglycoside antibiotic agent; amoxicillin; ampicillin; antiinfective agent; apramycin; biocide; cefalexin; chlortetracycline; ciprofloxacin; danofloxacin; difloxacin; dihydrostreptomycin; doxycycline; enrofloxacin; flumequine; gentamicin; josamycin; kanamycin; lincomycin; marbofloxacin; nafcillin; nalidixic acid; nordifloxacin; norfloxacin; ostetracycline; oxacillin; oxalic acid; paromomycin; penicillin derivative; penicillin G; penicillin V; spectinomycin; spiramycin; streptomycin; sulfabenzamide; sulfacetamide; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfadimidine; sulfadoxine; sulfaguanidine; sulfamerazine; sulfamethizole; sulfamethoxazole; sulfamethoxypyridazine; sulfamonomethoxine; sulfaphenazole; sulfapyridine; sulfathiazole; sulfinoxolin; tetracycline; tiamulin; trimethoprim; unclassified drug, Acinetobacter; Aeromonas; Alcaligenes; antibacterial residue; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; antimicrobial residue; Article; bacterium isolate; capelin; China; controlled study; dorado; Enterobacter; European Union; fillet (fish); fish; flounder; food contamination; frozen fish; frozen food; gene; gene expression; herring; indicator organism; Italy; lackerda; mackerel; microbial contamination; microorganism; New Zealand; nonhuman; Norway; pink salmon; Pollachius virens; Pseudomonas; quantitative analysis; Russian Federation; salka; salmonine; sampling; sea food; Ukraine; United Kingdom; United States; Viet Nam

%D 2022
%T Immunopathological Assessment of Hydatid Cyst and Cysticercus Tenuicollis Sonicated Protoscoilces Antigens in Mice
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Z.S. Mahdi
%A I.B. Falih
%A H.N. Al-masoudy
%N 4
%V 12
%P 382-387
%L eprints782
%X The present study was designed to investigate the cross-protection (protective immunity) between Hydatid cyst and Bladder worm and evaluate the immunologic response of both humerol and cellular immunity in mice. To achieve these goals, 120 mice were used and equally divided into four groups immunized subcutaneously with 2 doses of antigen at the first and 14 days of the experiment. Mice in the first group (n=30) were immunized with 0.3 ml of hydatid cyst sonicated protoscolex antigen. Those in the second group (n=30) were immunized s/c with 0.3 ml of Cysticercus tenuicollis sonicated protscolex antigen. The third group (n=30) was immunized with 0.3 ml of both antigens (0.15 + 0.15), and the fourth group was a control group in which the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 ml of phosphate buffer solution. At the end of the experiment (30 days), blood samples were taken from the hearts of mice in all groups after being anesthetized by intramuscular injection of Ketamine 60 mg/kg, and Xylazine 12 mg/kg for the assessment of mouse Interleukin-12, IgG, and tumor necrosis alpha levels. The skin test results 24 hours (day 28) post-immunization showed an increase in the skin thickness against both antigens in the treatments, compared to the control. However, there was a decrease at 48 hours (day 29) post-examination in all groups. The results of TNFα titer showed higher titer in the third group, compared to the first, second, and fourth groups. Interleukin 12 concentration showed a higher titer in the third group than in the first, second, and fourth groups. The IgG concentration showed higher titer in the third group compared to the first, second, and fourth groups. In conclusion, immunopathological studies have shown that Ags used in the study, induce humoral and cellular immunity, compared to each Ag alone, and the mixed antigens were much more immunogenic. This cross-reactivity and synergistic interactions between the two parasites may be the cause of their antigenic activities © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj48
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Pathology and Poultry pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10003, Iraq; Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, 56003, Iraq
%K immunoglobulin G; interleukin 12; parasite antigen; tumor necrosis factor, animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antigen expression; Article; blood sampling; cellular immunity; controlled study; cross protection; echinococcosis; female; humoral immunity; immune response; immunopathology; male; mouse; nonhuman; Taenia hydatigena

%D 2022
%T Basic Principles and Applications of Live Cell Microscopy Techniques: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T.A. Mekuria
%A M.Z. Kinde
%N 3
%V 12
%P 339-346
%L eprints786
%X Live cell imaging has provided great benefits in studying multiple processes and molecular interactions within and/or between cells. This review aimed to describe the common live cell microscopy techniques and briefly explain their principles and applications. A wide range of microscopic techniques, from conventional transmitted light to an array of fluorescence microscopy techniques, including advanced super-resolution techniques, can be applied for live-cell imaging. Transmitted light microscopy uses focused transmitted light that goes through a condenser to achieve a very high illumination on the specimen. On the other hand, fluorescence microscopy uses reflected light to capture images of cells or molecules that have been fluorescently dyed. Techniques for transmitted light microscopy are simple to use but have poor resolution. Although the resolution of fluorescent microscopy techniques is only approximately 200-300 nm, this is nevertheless an improvement over conventional transmitted methods. Conventional light microscopy�s resolution was improved by the introduction of the super-resolution microscopy technology family. These methods �break� the diffraction limit, enabling fluorescence imaging with resolutions up to ten times higher than those possible with traditional methods. Each live cell imaging method has advantages and drawbacks. The primary deciding criteria for choosing the type of microscope are the study�s objectives, previous experience, the researcher�s interests, and financial viability. Hence, a thorough understanding of the technique and application of the various live-cell microscopy methods is paramount in life science studies. © 2022,World''s Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ43
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Assosa University, Ethiopia; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
%K fluorescent dye, Article; biomedicine; confocal laser scanning microscopy; darkfield microscopy; differential interference contrast microscopy; economic aspect; financial viability; fluorescence; fluorescence microscopy; human; illumination; image quality; imaging; intermethod comparison; job experience; laser microscopy; live cell imaging; live cell microscopy; microscopy; multiphoton confocal laser scanning microscopy; nonhuman; phase contrast microscopy; research; spinning disk confocal microscopy; stimulated emission depletion microscopy; super resolution microscopy; transmitted light microscopy; wide field fluorescence microscopy

%D 2022
%T Antimicrobial Effects of Selenium and Chitosan Nanoparticles on Raw Milk and Kareish Cheese
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S.N. Mohamed
%A H.A. Mohamed
%A H.A. Elbarbary
%A N.A. EL-Roos
%N 3
%V 12
%P 330-338
%L eprints785
%X The contamination of milk and its dairy products with different microorganisms could cause public health hazards. Antibacterial nanoparticles (NPs) are a novel way to ensure that milk and milk products are safe. The present study investigated the effect of chitosan NPs (CS-NPs) and selenium NPs (Se-NPs) on some microorganisms, which consequently affect raw milk and Kareish cheese. Small-sized nanomaterials of Se-NPs and CS-NPs at the size of approximately 20 nm were used in this study. The samples were 700 ml raw milk and 700g Kareish cheese manufactured from 3000 mg milk. The concentrations of used nanoparticles were 0.5, 1, and 1.5 for Se-NPs and 2.5, 5, and 10 for CS-NPs. They were used to improve the microbial properties of milk and Kareish cheese samples during storage at the refrigerated temperature of 4°C. The aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae count, Staphylococcus count, and mold count were significantly reduced in milk and Kareish cheese samples treated with CS-NPs and Se-NPs. The study has confirmed that CS-NPs and Se-NPs indicated high antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms at all concentrations although CS-NPs were more effective than Se-NPs. It can be concluded that these NPs can be used as preservatives in milk and milk products, such as Kareish cheese. In addition, increasing the concentrations of these NPs by 10 for CS-NPS and 1.5 for Se-NPS boosted their effects. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ42
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Food Hygiene Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt; Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
%K chitosan nanoparticle; selenium nanoparticle, antimicrobial activity; Article; bacterial count; cheese; concentration (parameter); controlled study; cryopreservation; Enterobacteriaceae; food contamination; food storage; microorganism; mold; particle size; raw milk; refrigeration; Staphylococcus; temperature measurement

%D 2022
%T Effects of Tannin-containing Supplement on Enteric Methane Emissions, Total Digestible Nutrient, and Average Daily Gain of Local Indonesian Beef Cattle
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. Ramaiyulis
%A Y. Metri
%A I. Irda
%A D. Kurnia
%A D. Syukriani
%N 4
%V 12
%P 358-362
%L eprints776
%X Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is one of the most critical goals in ruminant nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of concentrate and tannin supplementation on the mitigation of methane gas in Indonesian local beef cattle. The current study was conducted in vivo using 12 Bali cattle using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates. Cattle were fed a basal ration with field grass (control), the addition of concentrate 25 dry matter (DM) ration no tannin as well as tannin supplemented in concentrate at levels of 0.12 and 0.18 of DM concentrate. The concentrate contains 7.5 crude protein and 71.25 total digestible nutrients and tannin supplementation using gambir (Uncaria gambir Indonesia) tannin extract. The parameters measured were apparent digestibility, total digestible nutrients, methane production, and average daily gain. The results showed that concentrate addition significantly increased DM consumption, crude protein digestibility, and total digestible nutrients. Supplementation of 0.18 tannin in concentrate can mitigate 49.7 methane gas production resulting in energy efficiency, which was reflected in the weight gain rate of 0.75 kg/day. In conclusion, present results suggest that the supplementation of 0.18 gambier tannin extract in concentrate could be considered a suitable feed additive to mitigate methane gas production and increase the average daily gain of Indonesian local beef cattle © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj45
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Animal Production, Agricultural Polytechnic of Payakumbuh, Harau,Lima Puluh Kota26271, Indonesia; Agriculture Department, Sekolah Tinggi Haji Agussalim, Bukittinggi, 26117, Indonesia
%K methane; organic matter; protein; tannin, animal experiment; Article; average daily gain; beef cattle; body weight gain; controlled study; dietary supplement; digestion; dry matter; energy; in vivo study; Indonesia; male; methane emission; nonhuman; nutrient; parameters; Uncaria; Uncaria gambir

%D 2022
%T Multiple Drug Resistance Salmonella and Antibiotic Residues in Egyptian Animal Products
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.A. Samy
%A A.A. Arafa
%A R.H. Hedia
%A E.S. Ibrahim
%N 4
%V 12
%P 363-373
%L eprints781
%X Food of animal origin is considered a primary source of foodborne diseases. The misuse of antibiotics to treat and control many bacterial diseases in farm animals has led to multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens in contaminated food that can seriously threaten public health. The present study aimed to highlight the impact of antimicrobial misuse in Egyptian beef meat, poultry, and dairy farms on the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance Salmonella and the detection of antibiotic residues in milk. A total of 1050 samples were collected randomly from poultry (liver, intestinal content, and bone marrow), meat, and milk products from different Egyptian governorates. Salmonellae were isolated from the collected samples and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing through disk diffusion test using the most commonly used seven antibiotics in veterinary fields (cefradine, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and streptomycin). The detection of oxytetracycline residue in milk samples was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Most isolated Salmonellae were multiple drug resistant with an incidence rate of 8.6, 15.4, and 4 from poultry, meat-associated products, and milk-associated products, respectively, from different governorates. Antibiogram test showed that the isolated Salmonella from poultry, meat, and milk samples were resistant to oxytetracycline at 100, 31.4, and 43, to amoxicillin at 73.3, 31, and 50, and to ampicillin 66.6, 50, and 57, respectively. No resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in Salmonella isolates from all samples. Using HPLC, oxytetracycline residues were detected in milk samples. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to the connection between the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in Egypt and the overuse of antimicrobials in poultry, dairy, and meat farms. This connection affects consumer health and increases the likelihood of resistance genes spreading between different bacterial species © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj46
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
%K amoxicillin; ampicillin; antibiotic agent; cefradine; ciprofloxacin; drug residue; erythromycin; oxytetracycline; streptomycin, animal product; antibiotic resistome; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; beef; bone marrow; column chromatography; consumer; controlled study; dairy product; dairying; disk diffusion; drug determination; drug milk level; Egypt; health hazard; high performance liquid chromatography; incidence; intestine tissue; liver tissue; meat; multidrug resistance; nonhuman; poultry product; randomization; residue analysis; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; Salmonella; veterinary medicine

%D 2022
%T Deterioration of Frozen Semen of Bali Cattle after Cooling at 5°C
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.N. Tethool
%A G. Ciptadi
%A S. Wahjuningsih
%A T. Susilawati
%N 4
%V 12
%P 395-404
%L eprints778
%X Frozen semen is produced through several stages, which deteriorate spermatozoa. This research aimed to evaluate the deterioration degree of frozen semen after 5 °C cooling and freezing of Bali cattle. The samples included 10 male Bali cattle with a body weight of 542-668 kg, from which semen was collected once a week for five weeks. The deterioration of each individual�s sperm was determined by observing two distinct straws. The parameters observed included viability, abnormalities, intact plasma membrane, and intact acrosome cap. Initial observations of the parameters were conducted following the addition of semen to diluent A1 (AD) as much as the volume of fresh semen. The semen in the AD group was not cooled and frozen. The A1 semen was then divided into two, namely, those with cooling at 5 °C for 4 hours (PT1) and at 5°C for 22 hours (PT2). The results showed that individual variations in Bali cattle caused significant differences in viability and intact plasma membrane of AD and PT1 groups, while PT2 did not differ in viability and intact plasma membrane spermatozoa. Abnormalities were significantly different between AD and PT2 groups, however PT1 did not differ in abnormalities spermatozoa. Intact acrosomal cap was significantly different in the AD, PT1, and PT2 groups. In conclusion, individual variations, including viability, abnormalities, intact plasma membrane, and acrosome cap of spermatozoa, were better at 4 hours compared to cooling at 5°C for 22 hours. A Cooling time of 4 hours at 5°C can be recommended for frozen semen processing © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj50
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Doctoral Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran,East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Papua University, Jl. Gunung Salju Amban,West Papua, Manokwari, 98314, Indonesia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran,East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
%K acrosome; animal cell; animal experiment; Article; banteng; body weight; cell membrane; cell viability; concentration (parameter); controlled study; cooling; fertilization; freezing; frozen semen; male; nonhuman; sperm preservation; sperm quality; spermatozoon; spermatozoon motility

%D 2022
%T THE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VITRO
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Damayanti
%A H. Sonjaya
%A S. Baco
%A H. Hasbi
%N 6
%V 12
%P 324-332
%L eprints738
%X Antioxidants are molecular compounds that can give their electron structure to free radical molecules without disturbing them and can break the chain of free radical compounds. Antioxidants that can be used include enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Supplementation of antioxidants into maturation mediums or cultures with the right concentration can efficiently improves oocyte maturation, cell division, and embryo quality in bovine. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant supplementation of the maturation medium increase the number of oocytes that reach metaphase II (MII). Furthermore, the supplementation of both antioxidants in maturation and culture mediums are also able to increase cell division and embryo that reaches blastocyst. Non-enzymatic antioxidant supplementation is more effective than enzymatic antioxidants in improving the maturation and division of cells in the production of bovine embryos in vitro. In conclusion, non-enzymatic antioxidant supplementation is more effective in supporting embryonic development in vitro. © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.43
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Graduate School of agriculture Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
%K Bovine; Embryo; Enzymatic antioxidants; Non-enzymatic antioxidants

%D 2022
%T QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE TRAITS CHARACTERISATION OF INDIGENOUS CHICKENS IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V.R. Hlokoe
%A T.L. Tyasi
%N 6
%V 12
%P 333-340
%L eprints739
%X Indigenous poultry production is important to human lives as they alleviate poverty by providing an affordable source of animal proteins. Besides, it serves as the easiest source of income for rural farmers in developing countries. The current review was conducted to evaluate the research findings of indigenous chickens’ quantitative and qualitative traits characterisations in Southern African countries. Quantitative and qualitative traits characterisation is the first step for genetic improvement in livestock. The documents used in the review were attained from different search engines, most of which were published lately (after 2010). Potchefstroom Koekoek, Venda, Naked Neck, Ovambo, Boschveld and Tswana indigenous chicken breeds in the Southern African countries were characterised. The studies suggest that there are variations in quantitative traits including live weight, egg weight, wing length, comb length and shank length and qualitative traits including feather color, comb type, comb color and eggshell color of indigenous chickens of Southern African countries. The single red comb types and red wattles were observed in most indigenous chicken breeds in Southern African countries. The present review concludes that the characterisation of quantitative and qualitative traits assists greatly in the differentiation and identification of indigenous chicken breeds. © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.44
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106,Sovenga,Limpopo0727, South Africa
%K Breed; Characterisation; Chickens; Qualitative traits; Quantitative traits

%D 2022
%T MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBIT RAISED AT DIFFERENT AREAS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Setiaji
%A S. Sutopo
%A D.A. Lestari
%A E. Kurnianto
%A M.E. Novianti
%N 6
%V 12
%P 350-355
%L eprints737
%X The study aimed to morphometric characterization the New Zealand White (NZW) doe at three different areas. The materials used were 295 heads of NZW doe rabbits from 29 farms located at different areas. Twelve morphometric characteristics consist of body weight, eight body measurements, and three-body indices. Data analysis was performed by Mixed model, Pearson’s correlation, Principal component, and Canonical discriminant procedures. The most of parameters showed significant differences among areas. The heaviest body weight (4.71 kg) was observed in low-land and the lightest in medium land (3.54 kg). Most of the morphometric characters showed positive correlations with each other. Results of principal component show that the body indices of NZW doe raised in three different areas were similar. Canonical discriminant analysis showed that low-land was more favorable than high-land and medium land. In conclusion, The variation in size difference for morphometric characters of female New Zealand white rabbit could be explained by body index and thoracic index. The morphometric characteristics of New Zealand white doe raised in low-land area were superior to those raised in high-land and medium land areas. © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.46
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Central Java, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
%K Body index; Eigenvalues; Least-square means; Phenotypic correlation; Thoracic index

%D 2022
%T THE POTENTIAL OF SEED GERMINATION INHIBITION TEST FOR EARLY PREGNANCY DETECTION AND IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF CATTLE IN ZAMBIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A P.C. Sianangama
%A M. Mtonga
%A S.J. Harrison
%A R. Abigaba
%N 6
%V 12
%P 356-362
%L eprints740
%X Early pregnancy diagnosis is an important management practice for reducing calving interval, increasing cattle reproductive efficiency, and the overall herd productivity. This study was undertaken to assess the viability of seed germination inhibition technique (Punyakoti test) for early pregnancy detection in cattle under the tropical rearing conditions. Twenty-four randomly selected cows were used for the experiment. Urine samples were collected and subjected to Punyakoti test, using maize seeds, within 6 hours of collection. Descriptive statistics employing means and standard error were used to analyse data, also, inferential statistics including analysis of variance and t-tests were employed to ascertain differences between the variables under study. Urine from pregnant cows had the highest (80.03±3.99) inhibitory effect while the distilled water group had the least (7.50±3.81) mean seed germination inhibition. The means of germinated maize seeds in pregnant and non-pregnant cow urine treatment groups were significantly different. The means of germinated maize seeds in unstripped and stripped pregnant cow urine were significantly different, while the mean shoot length values for the same treatments were not significantly different. Urine from 42 days’ pregnant cows had the highest germination inhibition (80.21±3.59) while the least (25.00±4.35) was observed on day 10. The Punyakoti test reliably detected pregnancy starting from 26 days after insemination. In conclusion, this technique can be used for detecting pregnancy as early 26 days after insemination. The potential role of steroids and involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in seed germination inhibition requires further investigation. © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.47
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
%K Abscisic acid; Cattle; Maize; Pregnancy detection; Punyakoti test

%D 2022
%T EFFECTS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF TURMERIC AND BLACK CUMIN POWDER ON PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF NATIVE CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Fx Suwarta
%A C.L. Suryani
%A N. Astuti
%A L. Amin
%N 6
%V 12
%P 390-397
%L eprints741
%X This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of a mixture of turmeric and black cumin powder on the production performance, blood parameters, and quality of native chicken eggs. Ninety-six female native chickens aged 17 weeks were randomly allocated in a completely randomized design into four treatments. The four treatments were differentiated based on the level of supplementation of a mixture of turmeric (TP) and black cumin powder (BCP), namely T0: Control (without a mixture of TP and BCP); T1: (2.5 g TP + 2.5 g BCP)/kg ration; T2: (5 g TP + 5 g BCP)/kg ration and T3: (7.5 g TP + 7.5 g BCP)/kg ration. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, using 8 native chickens. The variables measured were blood parameters including Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, total red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), blood cholesterol and triglycerides; and also, the performance variables of feed consumption, egg production (HDA), body weight at 34 weeks, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk color index, cholesterol, LDL and HDL of yolks. The Data were collected for 16 weeks and analyzed by variance analysis. The results showed that supplementation with a mixture of TP and BCP increased feed consumption; HDA; body weight; egg mass; shell weight, thickness, and yolk color (P<0.05). Egg weight and yolk weight were not significantly different. TP + BCP supplementation significantly reduced feed conversion, cholesterol level, HDL, and LDL. Increased TBCP supplementation increased Hb, hematocrit, red blood cells and white blood cells and significantly decreased cholesterol, lipoproteins, and triglycerides in the blood (P<0.05). It was concluded that TBCP mixture supplementation could improve production performance, some of blood parameters, and quality of native chicken eggs. © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.51
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Animal Husbandry Study Program, Faculty of Agroindustry, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta, Jl. Wates KM 10, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Food Technology Study Program, Faculty of Agroindustry, Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta, Jl. Wates KM 10, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
%K Black cumin; Native chicken; Performance; Turmeric; Yolk

%D 2022
%T NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF Pentas schimperiana AS LIVESTOCK FEED AND POTENTIAL PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A T. Woretaw
%A N. Beyero
%N 6
%V 12
%P 341-349
%L eprints735
%X Pentas schimperiana is locally available and dominantly used as a dairy cattle feed in the Dawuro zone's Maraka district, Ethiopia. There is some information about its utilization practice, however, data on its nutritional benefit is limited. This research aimed to examine the chemical content and digestibility of P. schimperiana for use as cattle feed during the dry season. For this study, a 2×2 factorial design with two agro-ecologies (midland and highland) and two seasons (wet and dry) was used for this study. P. schimperiana leaves, twigs and stems were gathered and processed for laboratory analysis from two agro-ecologies and two seasons. The chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and in sacco degradability of the samples were determined after incubation at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Effective degradability (ED) and Potential degradation (PD) were computed. The collected data were subjected to an Analysis of Variance and the means that had significant deference, the mean separation was performed by Tukey with alpha level of 0.05. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (87.41) and crude protein (CP) (17.39) were significantly higher in highland. Digestible crude protein (DCP) was significantly larger in dry than in the wet season with the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreased. During the wet season, potential degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) of DM were highest in the highland with a decrease in leg time, which was related to the low content of ADF, ADL, NDF, tannin, and high CP in vegetative stages of P. schimperiana. The result indicates that P. schimperiana might be used as supplementary feeds to enhance utilization of low-quality feed resources and improve the performance of ruminants during the dry season when feed is scarce. © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.45
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal and Range Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O.Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
%K Chemical composition; Degradability; Digestibility; Pentas schimperiana; Tannin

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF FEEDING SAGE MEAL TO WEANED AWASSI MALE LAMBS ON BODY PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Al Hanna
%N 5
%V 12
%P 314-323
%L eprints713
%X An experiment was conducted for 8 weeks on 15 Awassi lambs using sage dry meal. Animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control group meal (CGM: 0 sage; Salvia officinalis), experimental group meal 1 (EGM1: 1 sage) and experimental group meal 3 (EGM3: 3 sage) by 5 heads. Feed intake at the 8th week increased proportionally with live body weight (LBW). Cumulative live body weight gain increased slightly more in EGM3 after the 5th week to attain 10.7 Kg at 8th week. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was most effective and attained 3.83 ± 0.97 in EGM3 vs 4.14 ± 0.53 and 4.15 ± 0.64 in CGM and EGM1, respectively. After cooling, luminance ranged between 45.41 ± 2.97 in CGM and 47.28 ± 5.63 in EGM1 whereas in EGM3 it was 47.28 ± 5.63. Redness, a*, after cooling was lowest in EGM3 (20.15 ± 3.29) followed by CGM (22.61 ± 3.41) and EGM1 (24.97 ± 1.24). Yellowness b* after 1 month of freezing is positively correlated with the achieved results after 24 h of cooling. The least losses in water after cooling was in EGM3 attaining 11.39 ± 2.39. Meat of CGM loses more water after cooking (30.30 ± 6.52) than other groups. Furthermore, after 24 hours of cooling, the most tender meat was in EGM1 (4.87 ± 0.44mm) in comparison to CGM (3.3 ± 0.64mm), whereas EGM3 occupied the 1st place in cooked meat tenderness after 1 month of freezing (5.4 ± 0.8mm). It is concluded and recommended to use rations containing sage meal in the daily feeding of Awassi sheep © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.42
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Lebanon
%K Awassi lambs; Feeding; Meat quality; Performance; Sage dry meal

%D 2022
%T TRENDS ESTIMATION IN ANNUAL NUMBERS OF MERINO SHEEP AND WOOL PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA, FROM 1980 TO 2017
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A L. Bila
%A T.L. Tyasi
%A Z.P. Khetsha
%N 5
%V 12
%P 255-260
%L eprints718
%X The economic important value of wool in South Africa is influenced by many characteristics that meet processor capacities and consumers� preference. The study was conducted to characterize the trends of annual Merino sheep numbers, wool sales and wool auction price in South Africa, from 1980 to 2017. The data from year 1980 to 2017 was retrieved from the abstract of agricultural statistics which was published by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DLRRD) in 2020 was used. Trends were analysed using the differences and percentage change between numbers of years in each independent variable (annual number of Merino sheep, wool sales and wool auction price). The findings indicated that there was a trend in annual number of Merino sheep, wool sales and wool auction prices. In annual numbers of Merino sheep, the highest decrease was observed from 1992 to 1993 (-1878) by 11.2 percent () while the huge increase was observed from 1999 to 2000 (+1177) by 10.6. In wool sales, the findings showed that there was an increase (+5.4) from 1980 to 1982 with 7.7 while there was a decrease (-4.7) from 1982 to 1983 by 6.2. In wool auction price, the highest increase was observed from 1986 to 1987 (+250903) by 77.2. Regression findings indicated that all the predicted regression models were statistically significant at P < 0.01. However, the results suggest that quadratic (R2 = 90) was the best fit model to predict the relationship between number of years and annual Merino sheep numbers. This study suggests that there was a trend in annual numbers of Merino sheep, wool sales and wool auction prices in South Africa from 1980 and 2017. Moreover, this study might help Merino sheep farmers to recognise the trends that might be helpful in planning for annual wool productions © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.34
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Potchefstroom College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Private Bag X1292, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; School of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga,Limpopo, 0727, South Africa; Central University of Technology, Free State, Department of Agriculture, Private Bag X 20539, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
%K Exponential; Linear; Logarithmic; Quadratic; Sheep.

%D 2022
%T CONNECTION BETWEEN GENE MARKERS WITH MILK PRODUCTION TRAITS OF UKRAINIAN DAIRY COWS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Y. Gritsienko
%A M. Gill
%A O. Karatieievа
%N 5
%V 12
%P 302-313
%L eprints715
%X The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the genotyping of cows of Ukrainian dairy breeds for the presented loci capa-casein gene (CSN3), thyroglobulin (TG-5) gene, leptin (LEP), pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit-1), and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and to test their association with milk production. The influence of the genotype on milk yield, fat and protein content in the milk of cows of Ukrainian selection has been established. The highest levels of milk productivity traits were expected from animals with the CT genotype for the LEP gene, AA for the CSN3 gene, CC for the TG5 gene, and AA and BB for the Pit-1 gene. But at the same time, milk obtained from cows with CSN3 BB genotype were characterized by the best cheese suitability. The effect of the homo or heterozygous state of BLG on the signs of milk production was less noticeable, and the homozygous TT genotype for the TG5 gene was not found in any of the studied breeds. The results obtained can be used in the practical work of breeding farms along with traditional methods of selection, control and preservation of the genetic diversity of specific herds at an optimal level © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.41
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Mykolaiv Research and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Mykolaiv, 54003, Ukraine; Mykolaiv National Agrarian University, Mykolaiv, 54010, Ukraine
%K Beta-lactoglobulin; Capa-casein; Leptin; Marker genes; Pituitary transcription factor; Polymorphism; Thyroglobulin

%D 2022
%T BULL SPERM AND SEMINAL PLASMA PROTEINS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH FERTILITY: A REVIEW
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H. Iskandar
%A H. Sonjaya
%A R.I. Arifiantini
%A H. Hasbi
%N 5
%V 12
%P 292-301
%L eprints714
%X The efficiency of artificial insemination (AI) is greatly influenced by the quality of semen. Spermatozoa and seminal plasma are found in semen, which play a role in the reproductive process and its ability to fertilize an egg and maintain the development of an embryo. Various factors will determine the fertility capacity of a sperm, both from the intrinsic factors of the sperm and the plasma component of the semen. Seminal plasma proteins are crucial for maintaining the stability of the membrane, viability, motility of spermatozoa, acrosome reactions, maintaining osmotic pressure and helping the fertilization process. Good quality semen will support the fertilization process. The purpose of this scoping review is to increase our understanding of protein from sperm and seminal plasma of bulls and their relationship with fertility. The sperm proteins that were significantly correlated with fertility were Outer Dense Fiber protein 2 (ODF2), Protamine (PRM), Testis specific histine 2B (TH2B), Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP4), and Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex core protein 2 (UQCRSC2). Meanwhile, the seminal plasma proteins positively correlated with fertility were Osteopontin (OPN), Phospholipasea 2 (PLA2), P25b, Acidic seminal fluid proteins (aSFP), Alpha-L-fucosidase (a-L-fucosidase), and Binder of sperm (BSPs) © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.40
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Agricultural Science Study Program, Graduate School Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Division of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
%K Bovine; Fertility; Semen; Seminal plasma protein; Sperm protein

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF STRAIN AND AGE OF LAYER CHICKENS ON PROXIMATE CONTENTS OF EGG YOLK AND ALBUMEN
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A F. Kruenti
%A J.K. Hagan
%A S.A. Ofori
%A V.K. Lamptey
%A S. Adu
%N 5
%V 12
%P 272-278
%L eprints716
%X This research assessed the effects of strain and age on the proximate compositions of egg yolk and albumen of the domestic chicken. A total of 504 eggs were used in a 3 X 3 factorial experiment involving the Lohmann white, Lohmann brown and White Leghorn which were 31, 40 and 53 weeks old using a completely randomised design (CRD). Data obtained were subjected to the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. Differences in means were separated using the Tukey pairwise comparisons method at 5 level of significance. The results show that, eggs from the Lohmann layers have significantly more protein but lower fat content in the yolk than the White leghorn; while albumen protein was slightly higher in the White leghorn with lower albumen fat in the white strains than the Lohmann brown. Protein content of egg yolk significantly increased as the birds advanced in age but albumen protein was not affected largely by layers� age. Yolk fat significantly decreased as the birds grew but albumen fat was not substantially affected by age of the hens. There was significant effect of strain by age interaction on yolk and albumen protein contents but not on their fat content across the chicken groups. There are variations in the proximate contents of egg yolk and albumen of layer chickens by virtue of their genetic constitution and ages; so, eggs must be produced from the best strains at the appropriate hen-ages to make their nutrient contents meet the needs of specific consumers and products © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.37
%O Farm Animal Technology Development Division, CSIR-Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
%K Genetic constitution; Lohmann brown; Lohmann white; Variations; White leghorn

%D 2022
%T ADOPTING BIOSECURITY MEASURES IN CATTLE BREEDING SYSTEMS IN INDONESIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V.S. Lestari
%A D.P. Rahardja
%A S.N. Sirajuddin
%A A.R. Altawaha
%N 5
%V 12
%P 279-283
%L eprints717
%X The study aimed to analyze the barriers to implementing biosecurity measures. Biosecurity refers to a collection of procedures designed to keep disease from spreading beyond the farm. Isolation, sanitation, and cage traffic control are all biosecurity strategies. At 2021, this study was carried out in Selli village, Bengo subdistrict, Bone regency, South Sulawesi province. Bone Regency is noted for being the largest livestock supplier in the province of South Sulawesi. A total of 35 people were chosen to be observed and questioned with the help of a questionnaire. The information gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results revealed that only 2.86 percent and 28.57 percent of respondents used quarantine or provided fences or barriers as isolation or segregation methods. Farm visitors were not provided with sanitary facilities. Everyone entering or exiting the cage was not subject to traffic control. The absence of information was the first roadblock to biosecurity adoption (65.71 percent). Then came a lack of time (31.43 percent) and a hefty price (2.86 percent). Therefore, training and extension should be provided by the Animal Hsubandary Services and Private Sectors © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.38
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10,South Sulawesi, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
%K Adopting; Beef; Biosecurity measures; Cattle breeding; Smallholder farmers

%D 2022
%T VALUE-ADDED ANALYSIS OF THE MEAT AGROINDUSTRY IN INDONESIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H.Y. Sikone
%A B. Hartono
%A . Suyadi
%A H.D. Utami
%A B.A. Nugroho
%N 5
%V 12
%P 266-271
%L eprints720
%X This study analyzes the added value of processing fresh beef into beef jerky, shredded beef, and se'i (smoked beef) products in Kefamenanu. The research was conducted in February and March 2021. The research method used was the survey method. Data was collected from cattle slaughterers (butchers) in abattoirs (n = 7), meat retailers (n = 13), and MSMEs in the meat processing industry (n = 15) and consumers (n = 90). The sample was selected through a purposive sampling method, with the criteria for selecting a sample of MSMEs in the processing industry as follows: 1) entrepreneurs have beef jerky, shredded beef, and se'i (smoked beef); 2) entrepreneurs who have sold their products in the past year and their three products are circulating in the market; 3) entrepreneurs produce these three products sustainably. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the added values of beef jerky, shredded, and se'i (smoked beef) products were calculated using the Hayami method. The results showed that each processing of one kilogram of fresh beef could produce 0.70 kg (shredded), 0.73 kg (jerky), and 0.68 kg (se'i). The added value obtained is USD 3,56 for shredded products, USD 4,03 for jerky products, and USD 2,91 for se'i products. The profit from shredded beef is USD 3,34, with beef jerky of USD 3,80 and se'i (smoked beef) of USD 2,64. © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.36
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Study Program of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Timor, North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, 85614, Indonesia; Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University, East Java, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
%K Beef fresh; Beef product; Farm management; Meat processing; Se'i; Value added.

%D 2022
%T CURRENT ATTITUDES AND SELF-RATED ABILITIES TOWARD PAIN ASSESSMENT OF HORSE OWNERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A N. Spahija
%A I. Lutvikadi�
%A A. �oso
%A S. Filipovi�
%A A. Maksimovi�
%N 5
%V 12
%P 261-265
%L eprints721
%X Over the past decades, recognised importance of prompt and valid pain recognition and quantification in veterinary medicine significantly increased interest in investigating attitudes and self-rated abilities of veterinarians towards pain assessment. However, giving that the owners are the ones who decide when to call the veterinarian, it is also essential to investigate their attitudes and knowledge regarding pain recognition and management. This is the first research investigating horse owners� attitudes and self-rated abilities towards pain assessment and management in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The participants were invited via email or social media with attached link to online questionnaire created using the Google Forms platform. Surveyed population included adult sport or pleasure horse owners, and horse caretakers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Study response rate was 33.33 (40 respondents). The questionnaire consisted of sections asking about respondents� demographic data, general pain assessment and management, and attitudes towards pain assessment done by veterinarians compared with theirs. Study respondents considered their abilities for pain recognition and quantification as sufficient and sufficient/moderate, even though most of them were unfamiliar with pain scales, and only negligible number use them. This study indicates the need and importance of owners' education concerning pain recognition and quantification in horses, and their more effective communication with veterinarians. © 2022,Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.35
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Veterinary faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
%K Horse; Pain quantification; Pain recognition; Pain scales; Questionnaire.

%D 2022
%T PROFITABILITY OF DIETS, NUTRITIVE VALUE, PERFORMANCE AND CECAL ACTIVITY OF GROWING RABBITS FED BEAN VEIN HAY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M.A.E. Suliman
%A D.M. Saber
%A M.A. El-Manylawi
%A M.R. Ibrahim
%N 5
%V 12
%P 284-291
%L eprints719
%X A feeding trail was conducted to study effect of bean viens hay (BVH) on the growing rabbit�s performance, nutritive value and cecum activity and economic return of experimental diets that. Seventy two New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (6 week of age) were divided into 6 groups and were fed 6 experimental diets inclusion BVH and Galzym® enzyme contains cellulase, xylanase, lipase, amylase, protease, pectinase, arabinase, phytase, α-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase additives. Group 1 fed negative control (basal diet without both BVH and Galzym®) and group 2 fed positive control diets (basal diet without BVH and with Galzym®). The 3rd and 4th groups fed 25 BVH substitution of clover hay without Galzym® (T3) and with Galzym® (T4). The 5th and 6th group�s rabbits fed 50 BVH substitution of clover hay without Galzym® (T5) and with Galzym® (T6). The crude fiber, NDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose were higher in BVH than those in clover hay while, CP and digestible energy (Kcal/kg) were lower in BVH than those in clover hay. Results of interaction between BVH and Galzym® additives (treatment effect) had significant (P<0.05) effect on rabbits productive performance, all nutrients digestibility except EE and DCP, blood biochemical (TP, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, cholesterol, ALT, and urea), and cecum activity (TVFA�s and NH3). Moreover, main effect of BVH was significantly (P<0.05) improved of rabbits productive performance, nutrients digestibility (DM, OM, CP, CF, and NFE), blood constituents (TP, albumin, globulin, and ALT), and TVFA�s in cecum. Enzyme main effect decreased (P<0.05) FI and formation of NH3 in rabbit�s cecum. In conclusion, the dietary BVH improved the productive performance of growing rabbits without negative effect on health status. Enzyme addition increases the BVH utilization and diets profitability © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.39
%I Scienceline Publication
%O By-product Research Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Nady El-sead St., Dokki,Giza, 12618, Egypt; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Gammaa St., Giza, 12613, Egypt
%K Bean vine hay; Cecum activity; Cost; Digestibility; Rabbit

%D 2022
%T Impact of Colchicine on Histology of Testis in Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R.A. Abdullah
%A H.K. Ismail
%A A.-H.A. Ghanim
%N 3
%V 12
%P 250-259
%L eprints660
%X Colchicine is a drug widely used for the management of many disorders, such as acute gout and Behçet’s disease. It is also prescribed for the treatment of pericarditis, atrial fibrillation coronary artery diseases, and secondary amyloidosis. In case this drug is used at the early stages of coronavirus infection, its anti-inflammatory properties may reduce the severe inflammatory reactions related to a cytokine storm by affecting the inflammasome. The purpose of the present study was to determine the toxicity of Colchicine on testis in rats from different age groups for 10 days. A total of 27 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The rats in group I (control group) were administered distilled water by oral gavage. Group II consisted of young rats (5-6 months old) who orally received Colchicine 3 mg/kg body weight. Group III entailed rats of 14-16 months who were orally administered colchicine 3 mg/kg body weight. The testis of the treated groups was dissected and examined for histological changes and morphometrical analysis. The obtained results indicated that high doses of Colchicine (3 mg/kg body weight) could induce tissue damage to the testis, including degeneration and necrosis of both Sertoli and Leydig cells with irregular divisions of germinal epithelium, even when it was used for short periods (10 days). In the elderly treated rats, there were severe tissue damages, including degeneration and necrosis of germinal epithelium with irregular divisions of germ cells, necrosis of Sertoli and Leydig cells with sloughing of germinal epithelium toward the lumen of the tubule. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more studies to investigate the side effect of Colchicine as it is excessively used in the management of coronavirus. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq; Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
%K colchicine; inflammasome, analysis of variance; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; Article; body weight; cell degeneration; controlled study; cytokine storm; drug tissue level; germ cell; germ layer; histology; histopathology; Leydig cell; male; necrosis; nonhuman; rat; Sertoli cell; spermatid; spermatocyte; testis

%D 2022
%T Improving Bacterial, Oxidative, and Sensory Quality of Meat Steaks Using Cumin, Garlic, and Thyme Essential Oils
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T.S. Atia
%A E.A. Moustafa
%A S.I. Ibrahim
%N 3
%V 12
%P 274-283
%L eprints661
%X The meat industry increasingly considers meat shelf life as a critical problem. Some essential oils contain antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics that help to keep meat safe. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the preservation benefits, including antibacterial and antioxidant properties, of cumin, garlic, and thyme essential oils at 1 on chilled beef meat steaks, as well as their effects on pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and related sensory aspects (color, odor, appearance, consistency, and overall acceptability). The results of the current study showed that pretreating beef meat steaks with EOs of cumin, garlic, and thyme at a concentration of 1 effectively reduced levels of APC, coliform count, staph aureus count, TVBN, and TBA while extending shelf life to 12, 15, and 18 days when stored at 4°C. In terms of antibacterial and antioxidant properties, shelf life, and sensory quality on beef meat steaks, the thyme essential oil group outperformed cumin and garlic essential oils. The current study introduced an effective natural preservative alternative that could replace undesirable synthetic substances in the future while also lowering antibiotic resistance © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Helwan University Students Hospital, Egypt; Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
%K Coliforms; Cumin; Garlic; Preservation; Shelf life; Thyme

%D 2022
%T Phytochemical and Antibacterial Effects of Leaf Extract from Mangrove Plant (Avicennia Marina) on Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Shrimps
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A . Azis
%A Gazali Salim
%A Agus Indarjo
%A Lukman Yudho Prakoso
%A Retno Hartati
%A G. S. Achmad Daengs
%A . Meiryani
%A La Ode Muhammad Aslan
%A Julian Ransangan
%A . Rozi
%N 3
%V 12
%P 260-265
%L eprints722
%X Recently, there has been a tremendous increase in the studies addressing the application of bioactive compounds from the natural ecosystem, particularly for medical purposes. Hence, the present study investigated the antibacterial properties of the secondary metabolites possibly contained in the leaves of Avicennia marina (A. marina) for possible prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus), a devastating bacterial pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. In the current study, secondary metabolites were extracted from the leaves of mangrove plant using ethanol extraction method. The ethanolic extracts were then subjected to phytochemical and antibacterial activity tests. The results from the phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the ethanolic extract from the mangrove plant contained varying amounts of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids. However, the number of flavonoids and alkaloids seemed to be higher than the other metabolites. The antibacterial activity analysis through the agar diffusion method has shown that different concentrations (50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm) of the ethanolic extract of A. marina inhibited the V. parahaemolyticus. At 300 ppm, the plant extract exhibited 17.3 antibacterial effectiveness, compared to the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol. The findings indicated that the secondary metabolites of A. marina have the potential that can be developed as an alternative treatment for aquatic animal diseases in the future. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj32
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Aquaculture; Bioactive compounds; Mangrove ecosystem; Treatment

%D 2022
%T Improved Dot-ELISA Assay Using Purified Sheep Coenurus cerebralis Antigenic Fractions for the Diagnosis of Zoonotic Coenurosis
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D.M.H. El Akkad
%A R.M. Ramadan
%A H.M. Auda
%A Y.N.A. El-Hafez
%A M.M. El-Bahy
%A S. Abdel-Radi
%N 3
%V 12
%P 237-249
%L eprints658
%X Clinicians face significant problems in the diagnosis of zoonotic coenurosis. The current study aimed to develop an improved dot-Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) for the diagnosis of zoonotic coenurosis using sheep Coenurus cerebralis scolices purified antigen (CcS-Ag) and to compare the obtained results with those of indirect ELISA and Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique (EITB). Sera were collected from humans and sheep infected or suspected of infection with Coenurus cerebralis, control cases, and cases infected with other parasites. The CcS-Ag was proved to be the most specific antigen. This antigen was fractionated, and its specific polypeptides against anti-C. cerebralis antibodies (ACc-Ab) were identified using EITB. Fractions at the molecular weight (MW) of 48 and 58 kDa were proved as the only specific ones, eluted from the gel and concentrated, then dotted on the NC sheet as pooled antigen before its evaluation in the diagnosis of infection using dot-ELISA. Dot-ELISA demonstrated absolute 100 sensitivity and 100 specificity as recorded by EITB, compared to both fractions on a nitrocellulose (NC) sheet using surgically proved infected human or sheep sera as a gold standard. Diagnosis by ELISA using crude CcS-Ag revealed similar sensitivity but lower specificity (75). The diagnostic accuracy of dot-ELISA was proved by comparing its results with postmortem data obtained post slaughtering of 20 suspected sheep and patients investigated by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In conclusion, the selection of specific fractions after EITB to be used in dot-ELISA improved the diagnostic value of the test as a diagnostic tool gathering the benefits of ELISA and EITB. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt
%K Antigen; Coenurus cerebralis; Dot-elisa; Human; Scolices; Sheep

%D 2022
%T Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine against Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. El Sayed Ali Abodalal
%A M.A. Abdrabo
%A L.M. Omar
%N 3
%V 12
%P 266-273
%L eprints663
%X Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a fatal threat to rabbits that causes sustainability problems and substantial economic losses. The aim of the current study was to compare the immuno-enhancing effects of a bivalent inactivated rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide with an inactivated RHDV vaccine with an aluminum hydroxide gel. Montanide incomplete seppic adjuvant 71 VG was prepared as an oil emulsion, and several batches adjuvanted with an aluminum hydroxide gel were prepared. Then, 250 New Zealand rabbits aged 6 weeks were randomly allocated to three groups. Group 1 was subjected to the bivalent inactivated RHDV adjuvanted with an aluminum hydroxide gel, Group 2 received the oil-emulsion vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide, and Group 3 was left unvaccinated as a negative control group. Efficacy was determined using a hemagglutination inhibition test, and resistance was determined using virulent RHDVa and RHDV2. The clinical signs included sudden death, nervous manifestations, aimless running, lateral recumbence, and crying before death. The mortality rates were recorded at 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after vaccination. In addition, blood samples were collected on the first day as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks post-vaccination (WPV), and 2, 3, 4 month post-vaccination (MPV) until 12 MPV. Serological analysis indicated that the bivalent inactivated RHDV oil-emulsion vaccine was more effective than the bivalent inactivated RHDV aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, resulting in improved immune responses and longer-lasting protective immunological responses in vaccinated rabbits. The bivalent inactivated RHDV oil-emulsion vaccine was also sterile and safe and helped the protection of the rabbits against RHDVa and RHDV2, hence reducing the time and effort required during the vaccination process and reducing the levels of discomfort for the rabbits. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj33
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Newcastle Disease Department, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Abbasia, Egypt; Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Abbasia, Egypt
%K Immunity; Inactivated vaccine; Oil emulsion; Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus

%D 2022
%T Use of Inactivated Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as an Immunostimulant with Pneumobac Vaccine
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W.S.A.A. El-Moneim
%A M.M. Mohamed
%A M.M.S. Khedr
%A E.M. EL-Rawy
%A A. Mwafy
%N 3
%V 12
%P 304-310
%L eprints787
%X Sheep breeders in Egypt suffer from pneumonic pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella trehalosi, Pasteurella multocida, and Mannheimia haemolytica. The disease is responsible for significant economic losses in the sheep industry according to the high mortality rate and reduced carcass values. Pneumobac® is the primary vaccine in Egypt used to control pasteurellosis in sheep. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the nonspecific immune stimulating impact of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis against Pasteurella in sheep vaccinated with Pneumobac®. Nine sheep were classified into three groups, each with three animals. The sheep in the first and second groups were inoculated with the inactivated culture of Pneumobac® and a combined inactivated culture of Pneumobac® with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis bacterin, respectively. The third group was nonvaccinated and kept in control. Indirect haemagglutination test (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure the humoral immune response to the produced vaccines. The results of the present study confirmed that the antibodies titer against Pasteurella multocida type A, D, and B6, Pasteurella trehalosi type T, and Mannheimia haemolytica type A significantly increased in sheep vaccinated with a combined vaccine (Pneumobac® and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis bacterin), compared to those vaccinated with Pneumobac® alone. It was concluded that the addition of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis bacterin to inactivated Pneumobac® vaccine could increase the immune response against pneumonic pasteurellosis. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ38
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
%K bacterial vaccine; Pasteurella vaccine; pneumobac; unclassified drug, animal experiment; Article; controlled study; Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; hemagglutination test; humoral immunity; infant; Mannheimia haemolytica; nonhuman; Pasteurella; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurella trehalosi; pneumonic pasteurellosis; sheep; vaccination

%D 2022
%T Effect of Gadolinium Orthovanadate Nanoparticles on Male Rabbits� Reproductive Performance under Oxidative Stress
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A V. Koshevoy
%A S. Naumenko
%A P. Skliarov
%A K. Syniahovska
%A G. Vikulina
%A V. Klochkov
%A S. Yefimova
%N 3
%V 12
%P 296-303
%L eprints788
%X Oxidative stress as a leading factor of male infertility requires correction with modern pharmacological agents, particularly redox-active nanoparticles, to improve sperm quality and hormonal balance. The current experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of orthovanadate nanoparticles of rare earth elements, particularly Gadolinium, with pronounced redox properties on the reproductive function of male rabbits under oxidative stress. A total of 36 mature male Hyla rabbits were divided into three groups of intact control (n = 12) and two experimental groups, including rabbits ubder oxidative stress (n = 12), induced by the introduction of tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, and those under oxidative stress plus hydrosol of gadolinium orthovanadate nanoparticles (NPs, n = 12) intake for 14 days. There were four rabbits per three replicates in each group. Animals of all groups were kept on the same diet and had free access to water. The use of NPs led to an improvement in sperm quality indicators. There was an improvement in motility and ejaculate volume indicators (by 14.6 and 39.2, respectively), a reduction of the content of morphologically abnormal sperm by 26.7; normalization of sex hormones, an increase in the level of total testosterone (by 113) with a decrease in 17-β-estradiol (by 16.5). This sex hormones improvement led to an increase in the androgen saturation of the rabbit�s body (free androgen index at the end of the experiment was 36.5). The obtained changes were accompanied by a decrease in the oxidative load, as evidenced by a reduced content of diene conjugates and thio-barbituric acid-reactive compounds in the blood serum of rabbits by 30.4 and 26.8, compared to the control. At the same time, there was an increase in the antioxidant potential, especially its glutathione link � the activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (by 42.5 and 34.2, respectively), and the content of reduced glutathione increased by 62.3, compared to the indicators before the introduction of NPs. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of using gadolinium orthovanadate NPs to correct the reproductive function of males under oxidative stress. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproductology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State Biotechnological University, 44 Alchevskich Str., Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine; Department of Surgery and Obstetrics of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dnipro State Agrarian and Economics University, 25 Serhii Efremov str., Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine; Department of Nanostructured Materials named after Y.V. Malyukin, Institute of Scintillation Materials of NAS of Ukraine, 60 Nauky ave., Kharkiv, 61072, Ukraine
%K alkadiene; estradiol; gadolinium; gadolinium orthovanadate; glutathione; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; nanoparticle; retinol; sex hormone; tert butyl hydroperoxide; testosterone; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; unclassified drug, adult; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Article; biological activity; blood level; cell structure; controlled study; drug efficacy; estradiol blood level; experimental study; free androgen index; gender; hormone blood level; Hyla; Leporidae; male; male genital system; male infertility; nonhuman; oxidative stress; reproduction; sperm quality; spermatozoon motility; testosterone blood level

%D 2022
%T Canine Dystocia: The Risk Factors and Treatment Methods in Dogs of Hanoi, Vietnam
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S.T. Long
%A N.T.T. Hien
%A P.T. Hang
%A N.T. Hoai
%A P.X. Bach
%N 3
%V 12
%P 290-295
%L eprints659
%X Dystocia is a common disorder that can cause harmful health risks to bitch and puppies. The aim of the current study was to evaluate some risk factors related to canine dystocia and the application of treatment methods to 612 diagnosed cases in Gaia Pets Clinic and Resort, Hanoi, Vietnam, from December 2013 to May 2020. The investigated factors comprised age, parity and breed size, and litter size, as well as fetal sex in relation to the proportion of dystocia in female canines. Dystocia was frequently observed in female dogs aged 1-3 years, with rates of 76.1. The highest proportion of dystocia was found in the first litter group (80.21). The incidence of dystocia increased as the weight of the dog decreased, and it was prevalent in the small breed (61.93). Dystocia risk decreased as the litter size increased. The interventions used in this study were medical treatment with the hormone oxytocin (1.8), surgical management with cesarean section (86.11), and a combination of oxytocin and cesarean section (12.09), with the success rates of each treatment method as 100, 98.86, and 100, respectively. Some risk factors, such as age, parity, breed size, and litter size identified in the present research, could be used as prognostic indicators in the veterinary practice to optimize the survival rate of female dogs and puppies. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj36
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Veterinay Faculty, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Trau Quy,Gia Lam, 100000, Viet Nam; Biodiversity Conservation and Tropical Disease Research Institute, No. 37-38,Lane 1,F361,An Duong street, Tay Ho district,Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
%K Age; Breed; Dystocia; Fetus sex; Litter size; Parities

%D 2022
%T Effect of the Sublethal Dose of Lead Acetate on Malondialdehyde, Dopamine, and Neuroglobin Concentrations in Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.J. Nawfal
%A B.N. Al-Okaily
%N 3
%V 12
%P 311-315
%L eprints784
%X Lead can have detrimental behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects on the body. The current experiment was designed to estimate the sublethal dose of lead acetate that induce oxidative stress on the central nervous system (CNS) in adult using the probit analysis. Moreover, the current study examined the dose-response curve by successive doses of lead acetate on some parameters related to oxidative stress for 28 days. A total of 36 adult male rats were randomly selected and divided equally into six experimental groups and treated for 28 days. Rats in the control group received distilled sterile water, and those in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 were gavaged with 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg/kg of lead acetate, respectively. The result indicated a positive correlation between the successive doses of lead acetate. Malondialdehyde concentration decreased dopamine and neuroglobin by increasing the dose of lead acetate in experimental groups (G3, G4, and G5), compared to the control group. In conclusion, exposure to the sublethal dose of 16 mg/kg of lead acetate significantly alters the levels of the neurotransmitters and increases the production of oxidative stress in the CNS tissue. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ39
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, College of Medicine, University of Fallujah, Anbar31020, Iraq; Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10053, Iraq
%K distilled water; dopamine; lead acetate; malonaldehyde; neuroglobin; neurotransmitter; sterile water, adult; animal experiment; Article; blood sampling; central nervous system; controlled study; dopamine blood level; exposure; male; nonhuman; oxidative stress; protein blood level; rat; sublethal dose

%D 2022
%T Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Nikkhah
%A M. Alimirzaei
%N 3
%V 12
%P 230-236
%L eprints662
%X Diarrhea is the most perturbing disease in dairy and beef industries worldwide, leading to significant rates of morbidity and mortality as well as economic losses. The objective of this review article was to delineate the pathophysiology and practical biology of colisepticemia in neonatal calves. Preventive and therapeutic protocols were also presented and discussed from a new integrative perspective. Notably, the situation can be the most deleterious in case diarrhea turns into septicemia. Under such circumstances, the mortality rate may be remarkably high and hard to control. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an invasive and opportunistic bacteria causing severe diarrhea (colibacillosis) and colisepticemia in newborn calves. Colisepticemia is commonly prevalent in 2-5 days old calves, and colostral immunity is considered the first defensive line against E. coli infection. In addition to colostrum feeding quality and management, other management factors, such as dry cow nutrition and welfare, newborn calf welfare and nutrition, housing system, sanitation protocols, as well as early identification and treatment of sick calves, are important in preventing colisepticemia. In conclusion, understanding the mechanism of action and transmission routes of pathogenic E. coli will provide scientific and practical insight to plan preventive and therapeutic protocols decisively and successfully. © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Chief Highly Distinguished Professor and Nutritional Scientist, National Elites Foundation, Iran; Behroozi Dairy Complex, Tehran, Iran
%K Diarrhea; Mortality; Newborn calf; Pragmatic prevention; Septicemia

%D 2022
%T Comparative Analysis of One-step and Two-step Dilution on Quality of Frozen Semen in Kintamani Dogs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I.N. Sulabda
%A A.A.G.O. Dharmayudha
%A I.K. Puja
%N 3
%V 12
%P 284-289
%L eprints657
%X Preservation of sperm by freezing allows breeding dogs that are separated over long distances. To increase the fertility of frozen and then thawed spermatozoa, they must be able to survive the process. The current study aimed to evaluate the sperm motility and DNA integrity of Kintamani dogs extended in extenders with one-step and two-step dilution techniques. Ejaculates collected from four dogs were used in the current study. The semen was divided into two equal parts and diluted with extenders using two different dilution techniques, namely One-step dilution in Tris egg yolk containing 7 glycerol, and a two-step dilution technique diluted in an initial 2:1 with an extender, containing 20 egg yolk without glycerol. The same volume of the second extender was added, including 14 glycerol. The sample was loaded into 0.25 ml straws, cooled to 4°C for 4 hours, equilibrated, and then plunged into the liquid nitrogen. The sperm motility was evaluated using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA), and DNA integrity was assessed using Acridine Orange (AO) stained. Results showed that the sperm motility of Kintamani dogs in extenders using two-step dilution was significantly higher compared to the one-step dilution technique. In addition, the obtained results indicated that two types of dilution steps in Kintamani dog semen were not detrimental to the sperm DNA integrity during the freezing process. In conclusion, extenders with two types of dilution techniques could maintain sperm motility above 30, and no difference between one and two steps dilution was detected © Nikkhah A and Alimirzaei M (2022). Colibacillosis and Colisepeticemia in Newborn Calves: Towards Pragmatic Treatment and Prevention. World Vet. J., 12 (3): 230-236. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2022.wvj29
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj35
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia; Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia; Veterinary Genetics and Reproduction Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
%K Dilution techniques; Dna integrity; Egg yolk; Kintamani dog; Motility

%D 2022
%T PERFORMANCE OF BLACKHEAD OGADEN SHEEP FED DIFFERENT GRASSES (Chloris gayana, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum maximum AND Cynodon dactylon) BASAL DIETS AND THE SAME CONCENTRATE MIXTURE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Ahmed
%A G. Animut
%A G. Hassen
%A K. Abdimahad
%N 4
%V 12
%P 222-231
%L eprints618
%X A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding Rhodes grass (RG; Chloris gayana) as
treatment 1 (T1), elephant grass (EG; Pennisetum purpureum as T2), guinea grass (GG; Panicum maximum as
T3) and bermuda grass (BG; Cynodon dactylon as T4) supplemented with a similar amount of concentrate
mixture (CM; wheat bran (WB) and Noug seed cake (NSC) at 67:33 ratio) on performance and economy of
fattening of Blackhead Ogaden sheep. The study consisted of a feeding and digestibility trials of 90 and 7
days long, respectively. Twenty-four intact yearling Blackhead Ogaden sheep with an initial body weight (BW)
of 15.83±0.04 kg (mean±SD) were used in a randomized complete block design based on their initial BW
with four treatments and six replications. All animals received 300 g dry matter (DM) of CM. Nutrient
concentration of RG, EG, GG, BG, NSC and WB were 5.5, 8.8, 7.6, 7.9, 24.3 and 14.0% crude protein (CP), and
83.3, 74.5, 75.4, 81.5, 39.0 and 45% neutral detergent fiber, respectively on DM basis. Intake of DM was
696, 700, 719 and 716 g/day (SEM = 0.004) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and was lowest for T1 and
highest for T3. The CP intake was also lowest for T1 (89 g/day), and similar among the other 3 treatments
(99-103 g/day). Digestibility of CP and organic matter were highest for T2, intermediate for T3 and T4 and
lowest for T1. Average daily gain was in the order of T2 > T3 = T4 > T1 (27, 63, 50 and 45 g/day (SEM = 13.1)
for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively); whereas hot carcass weight did not significantly differ among treatments
(5.7, 6.4, 6.1 and 6.3 kg (SEM = 0.36) for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). Total return, net income and
marginal rate of return were all in the order of T2 > T4 > T3 > T1. Therefore, based on biological performance
as well as economic return, sheep fed elephant grass perform better. However, variations in performance and
economic return among the four grass species needs to be taken cautiously as part of the difference might
have attributed to differences in the stage of maturity of the grasses up on harvest for feeding the lambs.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.30
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Blackhead Ogaden sheep, Digestibility, Feed intake, Performance, Weight gain

%D 2022
%T THE SPREADING AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WATER MOULD Saprolegnia parasitica IN AL-DIWANIYAH RIVER OF IRAQ
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. M. A. Al-Zamili
%A M. K. Aboud
%N 4
%V 12
%P 194-199
%L eprints619
%X The water mold Saprolegnia parasitica is a chief species of oomycetes that affects a wide
range of plant, natural ecosystems, fish and the aquaculture industry. The current study aimed to
investigate the isolation and identification of some aquatic fungi like Saprolegnia spp. and also molecular
characterization of Saprolegnia parasitica in the water of Al-Diwaniyah river of Iraq using the baiting
method for isolation and PCR polymerase chain reaction for molecular diagnosis of fungi. A total of 60
samples were taken from three study sites of river: 25 samples of Al-Shafi’iah city bridge (Najaf road) as
first site (S1); 25 samples of Hawly Al-Jamiah road bridge, Umm Al-Khail area, as second site (S2); and 10
samples of Al-Orouba bridge as the third site (S3). Molecular diagnosis was carried out by PCR examination
using primers for the rDNA gene and its presence in Saprolegnia parasitica, as DNA was obtained at a
concentration of 685.4-99.4 μg/μl and a purity of 1.92-1.8. The samples from the first site gave the
highest number of 18 isolates (45%), followed by samples from the second site with 14 isolates (35%). The
samples from the third site showed a number of 10 isolates (20%). The species S. parasitica was more
visible during February 2020 with a number of 17 isolates, and less visible in April 2021, with a number of
3 isolates. In conclusion, the variation in the presence of the types of infectious aquatic fungi
Saprolegnia spp. in the Al-Diwaniyah river of Iraq in different sites and months of 2021 showed a
high percentage of isolates for Al-Shafi’iah city bridge (Najaf road) site and the highest number of
Saprolegnia parasitica in February 2020. There is a need for further examination of oomycetes in
different sites of rivers of Iraq in different months.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.26
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Aquatic fungi, Fish, Fungal disease, Molecular characterization, Saprolegnia parasitica

%D 2022
%T DETERMINING THE RADIUM CONCENTRATION IN VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN Al-NAJAF, IRAQ
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. J. Azeez
%A A. A. Marzaali
%A A. A. Abojassim
%A H. A. A. B. Mraity
%A M. D. Shareef
%A H. Alsafi
%N 4
%V 12
%P 217-221
%L eprints623
%X Amount of pollution radiation in foodstuffs and feedstuffs are very necessary to measure because it is a direct contact with human and animal health. Therefore, the present investigation is useful for the health and environmental data base. The study included measurement of effective radium-226 content (CRa) in some chosen samples of vegetables and fruits (local and imported) in Najaf governorate. The CRa were measured in samples of vegetables and fruits using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (LR-115 Type II). Also, the annual effective dose (AED) associated with the exposure due to annual intake of 226Ra were calculated from ingestion of vegetables and fruits samples for adults. The results were revealed that the average value of CRa in vegetables and fruits samples in the present study was 3.98±1.08 Bq/kg and 1.73±0.11 Bq/kg, respectively. While, the average of AED (mSv/y) for vegetables and fruits samples was 0.067±0.018 and 0.082±0.005, respectively. Also, the results showed that the average value of AED from fruits consumption is larger than in vegetables, but the result is not significant. All results of the CRa and AED of the studied samples had been compared with the worldwide reported value (median). Accordingly, it was found that all findings were lower than that of the recommended limits of the UNSCEAR 2000. Finally, based on present investigations, no health risk expected when considering eating vegetables and fruits of Al-Najaf of Iraq.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.29
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Alpha emitters, Food contamination, Radium-226, Herbal samples, Al-Najaf.

%D 2022
%T NUTRIENT CONTENT AND QUALITY OF SOYBEAN MEAL WASTE FERMENTED BY Aspergillus ficuum AND Neurospora crassa
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Ciptaan
%A M. Mirnawati
%A Q. Aini
%A M. Makmur
%N 4
%V 12
%P 240-245
%L eprints628
%X Present research aimed to increase soybean meal waste quality and nutrient by fermentation using different ratio of mixed fungus inoculum (Aspergillus ficuum and Neurospora crassa) and fermentation time. The primary materials were soybean meal waste (SMW), fungus Aspergillus ficuum and Neurospora crassa. The experiment applied a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 3 × 3 factorial pattern and three replications. Two treatments were given in this study, factor A (combination of A. ficuum and N. crassa), comprising of A1 (3:1), A2 (3:2), and A3 (3:3). Factor B (fermentation time) comprising of B1 (5 days), B2 (7 days), and B3 (9 days). The variance analysis exposed a highly significant interaction between factor A and factor B, and those factors also exposed a highly significant effect. The correlation between SMW crude protein and broiler nitrogen retention showed a positive trend, contrary SMW crude fiber content negatively affected crude fiber digestibility. In conclusion, the combination of A. ficuum and N. crassa (3:2) and seven days fermentation period showed optimal results as seen from 28.25% crude protein, 13.77% crude fibre, 61.16 nitrogen retention and 58.76% crude fibre digestibility of fermented SMW.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.32
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Aspergillus ficuum, Crude protein, Digestibility, Fermentation, Neurospora crassa.

%D 2022
%T BREEDING PRACTICES AND TRAITS PREFERENCE IN DAIRY CATTLE IN GEDEO AGROFORESTRY OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. Haile
%A B. Tesfahun
%N 4
%V 12
%P 246-254
%L eprints636
%X The study was conducted to identify breeding practices and traits preferences of the dairy cattle producers in the southern part of Ethiopia. Representative sample households were selected by SRS (Simple Random Sampling) techniques. A cross-sectional survey with a structured questionnaire was used to collect the data on the purpose of keeping dairy cattle, herd composition, source of dairy cattle, trait preference, and breeding practices performed by the farmers. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 27, and chi-square was used to compare categorical variables. The herd composition of the Bule district is significantly different from the rest of the districts in the mean number of calves, heifers, and bulls. The Yirgachefe district significantly differs in the mean number of cows compared to other districts. The breed preference of most farmers (81.67%) is cross-bred bulls (Jersey and Holstein Frisian). There are not enough bulls on the farms; only 21.7% of them have a breeding bull, and the primary sources of bulls in the study community are the grazing areas and the neighbors. Respondents preferred artificial insemination (96.1%) to natural mating. Milk yield, appearance, and genotype were important traits in selecting a dam, whereas genotype, appearance, and fast growth rate were the most preferred traits in sire ranking. The farmers' breeding objectives were to improve milk production and increase cash income. Therefore, establishing a village-based mating program for the genetic improvement of dairy cattle in the study area is recommended to overcome the shortage of bulls.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.33
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Artificial Insemination, Breeding, Genetic improvement, Selection criteria, Sire.

%D 2022
%T BREEDING STRATEGIES OF SIMIEN SHEEP IN SIMIEN MOUNTAIN REGION OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A T. Mulat
%A Y. Dagnew
%A K. Desalegn
%N 4
%V 12
%P 187-193
%L eprints640
%X This study was conducted to characterize the existing sheep breeding strategies as an essential step in designing a breeding program for linking sheep production in the Simien mountain region of Ethiopia. Interview with sheep keepers, direct ranking method of traits, and field observations were carried out in selected districts of Simien mountain region. Sheep kept mainly as a source of income, saving and meat with an index value of 0.27, 0.21, and 0.20 in the Beyeda district whereas the corresponding value for Janamora was 0.26, 0.22, and 0.19, respectively. Mean sheep flock sizes were 14.9 and 16.2 in Beyeda and Janamora districts of Ethiopia. Natural and uncontrolled breeding was common in the Simien mountain region of Ethiopia. Coat color, body conformation, and fast growth rate were important traits in selecting breeding rams in both study districts. Coat color and appearance were selection criteria for breeding ewes in both study districts. It is observed that Simien sheep is highly valued for its tasty meat and produce under low input conditions. However, the survival of Simien sheep is endangered due to uncontrolled breeding, intervention failures in livelihood, and market-oriented agricultural systems. In conclusion, the main breeding objective for sheep production have been defined as increasing meat production and marketed animals and this is driven by market demands. Compared with other local sheep types, Simien was rated highly by both producers and consumers in their tasty meat. These characteristics make the Simien sheep economically more important. Yet Simien sheep need to be conserved as they could serve as a source of safe and tasty products for consumption.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.25
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Breeding practice, Livestock population, Mountain region, Sheep flocks, Simien sheep.

%D 2022
%T INCOME ANALYSIS ON BROILER CHICKEN FARMING IN PARTNERSHIP SYSTEM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN TANRALILI DISTRICT, INDONESIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Nurlaelah
%A . Harnianti
%A A. Asnawi
%A S. N. Sirajuddin
%N 4
%V 12
%P 210-216
%L eprints641
%X This study was aimed to determine the income of farmers who carry out a partnership system during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lekopancing Village, Tanralili District, Maros Regency. The research was conducted on March to April 2021. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. The sample in this study were farmers who partnered with the X’s company were 2 farmers, the Y’s company were 12 farmers and the Z’s company were 8 breeder. Data was collected through interviews with the help of a questionnaire as the research instrument. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted to the incomes of farmers who partnered with companies X, Y, and Z, other than that it influence price fluctuations. The income earned by farmers with partnership patterns on a business scale of 3000 tail is the highest breeder who partners with PT. Z was USD 1,564.63 and USD 0.52/tail/period. As for the business scale of 4000, the highest is PT. Y of USD 2,285.97 and USD 0.76/tail/period.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.28
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Agricultural management, Broiler chicken, Income, Partnership system, Poultry farming.

%D 2022
%T APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR ANIMAL RECORDING (ICAR) METHODOLOGY IN DAIRY HERD MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH OF RUSSIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Oleinik
%A V. Skripkin
%A A. Ershov
%A S. Shlykov
%A R. Omarov
%N 4
%V 12
%P 232-239
%L eprints642
%X This experiment was conducted to determine the advantages of introducing modern innovative approaches to dairy herd management based on the study and implementation of the methodological of International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR). This research shows the main directions for introduction to new breeding and the technological model of interaction with breeding farms for breeding dairy cattle. This interaction occurs through the services provision for breeding farms, the control-assistant and expert-boniter services, as well as laboratories for selection control of milk quality and genetic control. The tasks of the control-assistant service included participation in the control milking of cows and individual milk samples picking from each cow and its delivery to the laboratory in a chilled form. Using as the example dairy herd of the black and white breed by studying the dynamics of somatic cells has been showing the effectiveness of different methods for assessing the quality of milk. Implementation of the milk quality regular monitoring during 1-2 months allows bringing the main parameters of milk quality in line with the requirements of national and international ICAR standards. The cow's conformation assessment by animals' linear assessment allows revealing the bull’s prepotent abilities and choosing the right strategy for improving the cow's conformation in the herd. Genetic well-being assessment of cows makes it possible to exclude unwanted individuals with genetic abnormalities and use only healthy animals in breeding. The research purpose was studying the possibility of applying the ICAR method in Russian breeding livestock to improve the dairy herd management system. The research results showed that Implementation of individual veterinary measures for two months allowed reducing the average somatic cell count by 1.85 times and reaching the level recommended by ICAR. The spread of individual indicators also significantly decreased. Therefore, Using the individual monitoring of dairy raw materials quality assessment makes it possible to study the influence of para-typical (climatic) factors on the content of dairy components, as well as to stabilize the quality parameters in terms of the level of somatic cells not higher than 200 thousand cells/cm3.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.31
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Breeding, Dairy cattle breeding, Dairy herd, Genetic resources, Milk quality.

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTED COCOA POD HUSK MEAL ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RABBITS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A P. O. Ozung
%A K. U. Anoh
%A D. A. Alawa
%A E. I. Evans
%A O. O. O. Kennedy
%A J. A. Ubua
%N 4
%V 12
%P 200-209
%L eprints643
%X This study determined the dietary effect of cocoa pod husk meal (CPHM) on the reproductive performance of rabbits. Twelve iso-nitrogenous (16.05% CP) and iso–caloric (2500.12 Kcal kg-1 ME) diets were formulated. The CPHM was included at 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5% levels for T1, T2, T3, and T4 raw; T5, T6, T7, T8 fermented and T9, T10, T11, T12 hot–water treated CPHM. Sixty weaned rabbits between 5 and 6 weeks old of both sexes (30 males and 30 females) with mean initial body weight of 606.42±1.30g were used. The rabbits were randomly distributed using a completely randomized design (CRD). The animals were crossed at maturity for reproductive performance evaluation. Total protein concentrations of reproductive parts were determined. Result showed no significant dietary effect on reproductive performance. The 37.5% level recorded zero pregnancy in the raw and hot–water groups. Average gestation period ranged between 30 and 31 days. Average litter size at birth ranged 1 – 4 kittens. Average weaning weight ranged between 475 and 580.25g with the least weight in the raw group. Milk yield ranged between 205.46 and 262.94g. The sperm volume and gonadal sperm reserve recorded significant effect (P<0.05). In the raw and hot–water groups, the sperm volume decreased marginally. The protein concentration in the testes recorded higher significant (P<0.05) values in the control diet and the least value in raw group. The study concluded that fermented CPHM diets performed best at 37.5% level in terms of reproductive performance of rabbits.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.27
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cocoa, Gonadal sperm reserve, Kindling, Milking, Sperm volume.

%D 2022
%T EDIBLE COATINGS AND THE NEED FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS WITH FOCUS ON DAIRY PRODUCTS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A N. S. Richard
%N 4
%V 12
%P 173-178
%L eprints644
%X Natural polymers are non-toxic, affordable, and abundantly accessible; hence they're often used in edible coatings. Covering vegetables with edible coatings that include antimicrobials, browning inhibitors, and nutraceuticals is a unique way to increase their nutritional value. Natural polymers are non-toxic, affordable, and abundantly accessible; hence they're often used in edible coatings. Covering vegetables with edible coatings that include antimicrobials, browning inhibitors, and nutraceuticals is a unique way to increase their nutritional value. Most edible coatings employ non-toxic, inexpensive, readily accessible natural polymers. Using biodegradable synthetic polymers and liquid and solid lipids, nano systems may be built at room temperature. To minimise food waste, edible food packaging utilises high-quality, low-impact packaging materials. Dairy consumer goods are among the industries targeted by the attack. Polymer nanocomposites, a kind of nano reinforcement, may act as a small gas barrier by increasing the difficulty of passing through the material. To put it simply, we now have the ability to accurately estimate the shelf life of our products thanks to developments in packaging technology, as well as biodegradable packaging and several other advantages. Packaging nanotechnology applications are categorised by their principal function. In conclusion, biodegradable synthetic polymers and liquid and solid lipids may also be used to create nano systems at ambient temperature. It is argued that recent advances in the usage of nano systems such nanoparticles, nanotubes, composites, and emulsions, are reviewed critically in this study. For food preservation purposes, nano dispersions may be supported by polymers, although the main focus of this article was on providing information on nano systems and how they can be used in various food substrates.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.23
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Biodegradable, Dairy products, Edible coating, Food industry, Nanotechnology.

%D 2022
%T A RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL TO PREDICT THE PROFITABILITY OF RAISING SMALL-SCALE FREE RANGE DOMESTIC PIGEON
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A P. Samanta
%A N. Akter
%A S. Islam
%A S. Islam
%A E. Hossain
%N 4
%V 12
%P 179-186
%L eprints645
%X The study aimed to investigate the comparative profitability of raising different breeds of small- scale free range domestic pigeon in the Chattogram metropolitan area of Bangladesh. A cross-sectional survey was carried out for a period of three months from July to September 2021 using a structured questionnaire. Results indicated that there were no differences among the performance parameters of the non-descriptive, Gola and Giribaz breeds of pigeon. However, the non-descriptive breeds produced more eggs and thus squabs per year than the Gola and Giribaz. Similarly, the average pause size, feed supply per day and market age were lower in the local breeds compared with Gola and Giribaz. Hatchability percentage of the local breed was higher than the other breeds. Average mortality was moderately higher in the Giribaz. The average flock size was 4.9±0.70 pair. The average annual egg and squab productions were 20.6±1.10 and 10.7±1.00 pairs, respectively. The average daily feed supply was 37.8±1.5 g/bird. The average clutch and pause sizes were 2.0 and 17.3 day, respectively. Average market age, hatchability and mortality were 30.6±0.90 day, 51.4±2.20% and 7.6±1.6%, respectively. Mean feed and housing cost were 1008±24.7 and 443±42.8 Bangladeshi taka (BDT) per pair/year, respectively. Mean market price per pair adult and per squab was BDT 365±18.6 and 130±4.9, respectively. Flock size and pause size had strong positive and negative correlations with annual squab production. There were no significant differences between the net profit of the farms rearing different breeds of pigeon. However, farms raising local breeds had the highest annual net profit (BDT 823/pair) compared with other farms raising Giribaz (BDT 478/pair) and Gola breeds (BDT 319.70/pair). Principal component analysis identified annual egg production and feed cost as the principal eigenvector determining net profit. It was concluded that despite marginal profit, small-scale free range domestic pigeon farming was economically viable for the subsistence of the rural livelihoods.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.24
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Free range, Giribaz, Gola, Pigeon, Profitability.

%D 2022
%T Detection of Molecular Diversity in Novel Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains Isolated from Bull Semen Associated with Histopathological Findings
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Y.G.M. Abd El-Hafeiz
%A R.S. El-Mohamady
%A T.S. Behour
%A A.M.S. Azab
%A M.M.A. Assi
%A M.R. Badr
%A R.A. Dohreig
%A I.M. Gamal
%A H.M. Hassan
%N 2
%V 12
%P 164-174
%L eprints677
%X Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most common viral pathogens affecting the cattle industry worldwide. The present study aimed to molecularly characterize BVDV isolates that are currently circulating in breeding bulls farmed with cattle suffering from reproductive disorders, and also to assess the consequences of BVDV infection on bulls’ semen quality and conception, and its pathological effects on the structure of testicular tissue and spermatozoa. For this purpose, semen, serum, and testicular samples were collected from four breeding bulls in four private dairy farms in the governorates of Kafr-El Sheik, Beni-Suef, Giza, and Assuit, in Egypt from April 2019 to May 2020. An evaluation of sperm abnormalities was carried out by assessing the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes where severe damage and abnormalities were found. Ultrastructure analysis of the spermatozoa by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a swollen plasma membrane with segmented outer acrosomal membrane of spermatozoa and vacuolar degenerated mitochondria. Histopathological examination of testicular and epididymal tissues indicated moderate to severe degenerative effects of virus infection on seminiferous tubules with hypospermatogenesis. By detection of virus antigen in the serum samples using ELISA, bulls were identified as persistently infected with BVDV. Virus isolation revealed four noncytopathic (NCP- BVDV) strains that were confirmed by fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) and amplification of the 5′ untranslated genomic region (5’UTR) and molecularly typed by amplification of the Erns glycoprotein region. Isolates’ Phylogenetic analysis revealed two subgenotypes: BVDV-1b (Genbank accession numbers; LC634512, LC634513, LC634515) and BVDV-1d (LC634516). According to the knowledge of the authors of the present study, the circulation of the BVDV-1d subgenotype is not reported in Egypt. Therefore, it would be of great importance to track circulating strains in specific countries for successful vaccination programs or accurate diagnostic tests, and this necessitates regular updates. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Viral Diseases Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Haram, Giza, 12556, Egypt; Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Haram, Giza, 12556, Egypt; Reproductive Pathology Department, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Haram, Giza, 12556, Egypt; Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer Department, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Haram, Giza, 12556, Egypt; Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute (ARRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Haram, Giza, 12556, Egypt
%K Bvdv; Isolation; Sperm abnormalities; Spermatozoa ultrastructure; Testicular histopathology

%D 2022
%T Effect of Labazyme on Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters, and Economic Efficiency of Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.S. Abdulwahid
%A A.B. Mohammed
%A S.M. Raouf
%A T.K.H. Aljumaily
%N 2
%V 12
%P 156-163
%L eprints681
%X Enzymes have a significant positive effect on nutrient digestion, feed efficiency, and growth rate of poultry. The current experiment aimed to determine the optimal dosage levels of Labazyme as feed additives. A total of 240 oneday-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four groups with three replicates. The feeding experiment was carried out from hatching to day 42 of age. Three experimental groups contained Labazyme at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/kg of the total diet. The control group received a basal diet. Growth performance, European performance efficiency index (EPEI), production index (PI), biochemical and lipid profiles, as well as antioxidant parameters were then measured. The results showed that chickens fed Labazyme supplementation (1 and 1.5 mg/kg) had a higher growth performance than those in the control group. Nonetheless, there was a significant difference between the Labazyme and the control group in terms of feed intake. In addition, Labazyme groups had a significantly positive effect on broiler economic scores. The EPEI and PI of the Labazyme-fed chickens were both higher than the control. There was a non-significant difference in total protein, albumin, globulin, and uric acid. The serum glucose level of the chickens fed Labazyme (1 and 1.5 mg/kg) was lower, compared to the control group. In contrast, chickens that consumed a diet supplemented with Labazyme 1 and 1.5 mg/kg indicated lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein levels in broilers, compared to the control group. Serum high-density lipoprotein levels were improved and more pronounced in chickens fed Labazyme, compared to the control group. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that supplementation of Labazyme could help the improvement of growth performance, lipid profile, and profitability of broiler chickens. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Tikrit, 34001, Iraq
%K Broiler; Labazyme; Lipid profiles; Production index

%D 2022
%T Nutritional Content of Adult Norway Rats for Small Carnivores’ Feeding
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N.M.B. Delboy
%N 2
%V 12
%P 141-150
%L eprints678
%X Rats are the natural diet of many free-ranging carnivores. They are also fed to small carnivore mammals, raptor birds, and reptiles in captivity as a sole or partial diet, however, little is known about the nutrients that a rat can provide as animal feed. This study aimed to determine the nutritional content of the whole captive-bred Norway rats. A total of 12 randomly selected weaned male and female Wistar Norway rats were fed ad libitum with a local dry dog food diet. The rats were weighed weekly until an average weight of 300 g was reached. Biochemical and mineral analyses were carried out for each rat. The results of the study showed significant differences between male and female rats in terms of growth rate, crude protein, total fat, and calcium concentrations. Males presented a faster growth rate and reached the desired weight in around half the time (6 weeks), compared to females (13 weeks). Moreover, males had a higher percentage of crude protein (23.57) on a fed matter basis, calcium (2.61), and phosphorus (0.98). Females showed higher total fat (13.92) and lower crude protein (19.49), calcium (0.54), and phosphorus (0.47), compared to males. The results of this research may be used to determine whether a whole rat can provide all the necessary nutrients to carnivore animals commonly kept in captivity. Psirisn fisniser indicated that rats could provide the necessary nutrients, however, if given as a sole diet, they could not be enough to supply the nutritional requirements of animals in the long term. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj18
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala, Ciudad Universitaria, 11 Avenida, Zona 12, Ciudad de Guatemala, 01012, Guatemala
%K Carnivore nutrition; Norway rats; Nutritional Content; Wistar rat

%D 2022
%T The Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Feed Supplementation on Productive and Physiological Performance of Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.M. El-Kaiaty
%A A.-E.-R.M. Atta
%A D.T. Dawa
%A T.R. El-sayed
%N 2
%V 12
%P 133-140
%L eprints666
%X A total of 450 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of a partially black soldier fly (BSF), BSF Powder (BSFP), BSF Puré (BSFPr), and BSF frozen whole larvae (BSFL) on the growth performance, blood parameters, humoral immune response, and intestinal bacterial count of broiler chickens. The chickens were reared from day 1 to 35 and assigned to the control and 9 dietary groups with different forms of BSF (3 replicates per group with 15 chicks). Black soldier fly was included at levels of 2, 4, and 6 for BSFP, BSFPr, and BSFL, respectively, in the starter and growing diets. The results indicated similar body weight, weight gain, and the growth rate in chickens fed 4 BSFP, and 2 BSFPr during the experiment. There was a marked difference in blood parameters due to the different BSF forms and included percentages. The humoral immunity antibody titers against the Newcastle disease virus fluctuated among the experimental groups of different ages. Finally, it could be concluded that the BSF can be incorporated at a level of 4 in the form of powder and Puré in a broiler diet which seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results in growth performance, blood parameters, immunity, and bacteriological examination. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Al-Qalubia, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
%K Black soldier fly; Black solidier fly powder; Humoral immune response; Insects; Soybean substitution

%D 2022
%T Bats and Antibiotic Resistance: A Culprit or a Victim?
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Garces
%N 2
%V 12
%P 221-229
%L eprints665
%X In the last decades, the increase of antimicrobial resistance bacteria has become a concern for public health. Bats’ ability to fly, form colonies for a long lifespan, and inhabit a variety of diverse ecological niches make them successful species in terms of adaptation and distribution on earth. Moreover, these characteristics let them act as the potential natural reservoir of numerous zoonotic pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Bat bacteriome knowledge is still very scarce, but a few studies have indicated that bats are hosts of antimicrobial resistance and play an important role in the dispersion of resistance in the environment. Moreover, bats are vulnerable to acquiring these pathogens since they sometimes live in close contact with humans and domestic animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to compile the latest studies that describe the presence of antibiotic-resistant in bats. Based on the papers analyzed for this review, it is possible to conclude that bats are hosts of pathogenic bacteria that carry numerous antibiotic resistance. Extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus which nowadays days are a great public health concern, have already been reported in these animals, with some isolated strains being of Human origin. Although not completely understood regarding the dynamics and transmission routes, bats seem to have an important role in the dissemination and acquisition of antibiotic resistance in the environment. They can be contaminated by bacteria with antibiotic resistance and disperse through the environment. However, they also can be the host of bacteria that carry antibiotic resistance. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O INNO - Veterinary Laboratory, R. Cândido de Sousa 15, Braga, 4710-503, Portugal; Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, CRL -CESPU, R. Central Dada Gandra, R. Central Dada Gandra,1317, Gandra, 4585-116, Portugal; CITAB - University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal
%K Antibiotic-resistant; Bacteria; Bat; Chiropters; Zoonoses

%D 2022
%T Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Diarrheic Sheep
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Hafez
%N 2
%V 12
%P 187-197
%L eprints679
%X One of the important agents causing gastroenteritis worldwide is Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). The current study aimed to detect five virulence genes (flaA, virB11, ciaB, iam, and dnaJ) and two antibiotic resistance genes (gyrA and tetO) in C. jejuni obtained from sheep stool. The virulence genes were detected by PCR in 64 C. jejuni strains. The phenotypic resistance to five selected antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin, and Tetracycline) was screened with the microdilution method. The isolates with antibiograms were tested for detection of gyrA and tetO genes via PCR using specific primers. The virulence genes flaA (32) and dnaJ (29) had the highest prevalence. The tested isolates of C. jejuni revealed high resistance to both quinolone (68.3) and tetracycline groups (48.4) with an increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance of gyrA and tetO genes. Gentamycin and erythromycin offered better alternative drugs for the treatment of campylobacteriosis. To generalize the findings, extensive profiling that involves more virulence genes is required in several strains of Campylobacter. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Animal Health, Infectious Diseases Unit, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
%K Antibiotic resistance; Campylobacter jejuni; Sheep; Virulence genes

%D 2022
%T The Transmission Pattern of Amoebiasis in Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S.A. Jilo
%A M.A. Kadir
%A J.A. Hussein
%A S.P. Nair
%N 2
%V 12
%P 203-213
%L eprints664
%X Amoebiasis is a primarily zoonotic disease, mainly transferred through the fecal-oral route and waterborne. Amoebiasis is still a big challenge for human and animal health and is a major cause of diarrhea in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of the disease in humans, dogs, and the occurrence of the parasite in water bodies. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts of the Bale zone in southeastern Ethiopia. Pet owners were selected randomly. Socio-demographic data were collected using a questionnaire and fecal samples were used to perform microscopic examination. A total of 383 fecal samples of humans, 383 fecal samples of dogs, and 58 water samples were studied from December 2019 to July 2020. Of 383 humans, 179 were males and 186 were females, while 94 individuals were grouped as children younger than 8 years, 164 were grouped as youth within the age range of 8-18 years, and 125 were grouped as adults who were older than 18 years. Of 383 local breeds, dogs were grouped as 87 puppies younger than one year, 192 young dogs with the age range of 1-2 years, and 104 adult dogs who were older than 2 years. Fecal samples were taken from 173 male and 210 female dogs. The water samples were taken randomly from the water sources (river, lake, pond, or water tank) at different sites where dogs and humans can easily contact water to use for different purposes. Of the total samples, 70 humans (18.3), 63 dogs (16.5), and 16 water samples (27.6) were contaminated with the parasite. The major risk factors for the transmissions of parasites were contaminated drinking water, large family size, open-air defecation, and improper handwashing. The present study revealed that the human reservoir was a major risk factor for the spread and transmission of amoebiasis in dogs. The high prevalence of the disease might be due to open-air defecation, unhygienic health practices, domestic animals inside the houses, and using local water bodies as a drinking sourc © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
%K Amoeba; Dog; Human; Transmission; Water

%D 2022
%T Identification of Blood-sucking Flies of Bats in Lombok Island, Indonesia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A K. Kholik
%A C.D. Atma
%A N.S.I. Ningtyas
%N 2
%V 12
%P 151-155
%L eprints684
%X Bats and blood-sucking bat flies have an important role in transmitting several hemoparasites. Bat flies have been identified as vectors transmitting hemoparasites from wild bats. The purpose of the present study was to identify bats and their blood-sucking flies as vectors of hemoparasites in bat caves located at Lombok Island, Indonesia. In the course of the study, a survey was conducted on three bat caves from September to December 2018. The bats were captured by a net trap and the species of bats and bat flies were identified. A total of 66 captured bats were identified as Hipposideros species (n = 28), Eonycteris spelaea (n = 23), and Taphozouss species (n = 15). The blood-sucking flies were identified as Eucampsipoda sundaica on Eonycteris spelaea, and Stylidia cf. euxesta, Brachytarsina species, Raymondia species, and Megastrebla nigriceps on Hipposideros species. The results showed that five species of blood-sucking flies were present in captured bats. The bat and blood-sucking flies can influence the transmission of Polychromophilus species, Babesia species, Plasmodium species, and Trypanosoma species to humans and other hosts. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj19
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, 83125, Indonesia
%K animal experiment; article; Babesia; blood parasite; cave; Indonesia; nonhuman; Plasmodium; sucking; Trypanosoma

%D 2022
%T Diagnosis and Control of Peste des Petits Ruminants Disease in Small Ruminants: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M.A. Mahmoud
%A A.A. Ghazy
%A R.M. Shaapan
%N 2
%V 12
%P 214-220
%L eprints668
%X Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an acute highly contagious febrile disease of sheep and goats characterized by erosive and necrotizing stomatitis and associated with severe pneumo-enteritis and bronchopneumonia ended by recovery or death. The aim of the present study was to throw light on the diagnosis and control of PPR. Diagnosis of PPR depends on clinical signs, pathological lesions, and specific detection of the viral antigen, viral genome, or specific antibodies by serological tests and nucleic acid-based assays. The most commonly used diagnostic techniques are cell culture isolation, agar gel immunodiffusion, hemagglutination tests, immunocapture ELISA, and competitive ELISA. In addition to the abovementioned techniques, virus neutralization tests and reverse transcriptase PCR are used. Peste des Petits Ruminants is characterized by high fever associated with watery nasal and ocular discharges, mucopurulent stomatitis, and broncho-pneumonia. Moreover, severe bloody diarrhea and the disease associated with high levels of mortality reached up to 90. The diagnosis of viral diseases is important in determining the control strategies. Therefore, it can be concluded that recent diagnostic tools are urgently needed not only for the diagnosis but also for following-up combating programs and control of viral diseases. Early and rapid complete identification of infectious viral agents in small ruminants as well as in the surrounding environment is recommended for effective control of PPR. The control program depends mainly on vaccination, hygiene and sanitation measures, and effective quarantine measures. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki,Giza, 12622, Egypt; Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Dokki,Giza, 12622, Egypt
%K Control; Dairy ruminants; Diagnosis; Goat; Peste des petits; Sheep

%D 2022
%T Forage for Pre-weaning Calves: An Update
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Nikkhah
%A M. Alimirzaei
%N 2
%V 12
%P 123-127
%L eprints667
%X Forage nutrition for pre-weaning calves hosts numerous practical questions and on-farm challenges. The present review article aimed to update and address the biological consequences of forage provision to pre-weaned dairy calves. Health, nutrient intake (milk plus solid feed), and rumen development are the most important factors related to calf growth in pre and post-weaning periods. A growing body of evidence suggests that the health and growth performance of dairy calves in the pre-weaning period are associated with their later performance as dairy cows. It seems that starter feeding strategies, including grain type, processing method, feed texture, and forage inclusion during the critical pre-weaning period may have profound effects on rumen function and calf performance. It is well understood that grain fermentation by-products are essential for increased growth and absorptive capacity of the rumen papillae. Forage provision as a part of a starter diet has been a topic of recent research. The rumen pH is the main factor altering the fate of fermentation and eventually animal health. In the pre-weaned calf, two major hypotheses exist regarding forage feeding. The first hypothesis describes that the rumen is not completely developed in pre-weaned calves and forage provision during this period might increase gut fill, and hence, decrease starter intake. It is believed that depressed starter intake may limit energy intake and finally suppress calf growth rate. The second hypothesis indicates that the rumen pH may decline as calves age and starter intake increases. Accordingly, forage inclusion in calf starter diets could prevent further rumen pH decline and subsequent negative consequences while improving starter intake and calf growth. Research data regarding these hypotheses are controversial. Many factors, such as milk feeding method, grain, forage type, and experimental conditions could affect calf responses to dietary forage. The current review focused on the biological consequence of forage provision to young calves to provide a practical framework for better use of forages in pre-weaned calves feeding programs © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Chief Highly Distinguished Professor and Nutritional Scientist, National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran; Behroozi Dairy Complex, Tehran, Iran
%K animal health; article; calf (bovine); caloric intake; dairy cattle; feeding behavior; fermentation; food intake; forage; gastrointestinal tract; grain; growth rate; milk; nonhuman; nutrient intake; nutrition; pH; rumen; weaning

%D 2022
%T The Use of Soft Contact Bandage Lenses for Corneal Ulcer in Dogs and Cats: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. Pratumjorn
%A N. Pumipuntu
%A R. Kusolsongkhrokul
%A A. Lorsirigool
%N 2
%V 12
%P 128-132
%L eprints683
%X A corneal ulcer is the characteristic of the destruction of the corneal epithelium layer and loss of the stroma layer at various depths. At present time, soft bandage contact lenses are used in many countries for corneal ulcers in dogs and cats to protect their cornea, increase contact time with topical eyes solutions, and support corneal reepithelialization. This article aimed to review information on the use of soft contact bandage lenses to treat corneal ulcers in dogs and cats interms of their efficacy and precaution. The results of the present review have revealed that soft contact bandage lenses are used to protect the cornea, enhance contact time with topical eye treatments, reduce median healing time, and provide comfort in dogs and cats with corneal ulcers. In the case of serious infections and dry eyes, soft contact bandage lenses are not recommended. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj16
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand; One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand; Pak Chong Animal Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30130, Thailand; TerdThai Love Pet Clinic, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand; Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
%K Corneal ulcer; Incidence; Soft contact bandage lenses; Treatment

%D 2022
%T Effect of Oral Administration of Honey on Hematobiochemical Parameters of Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I.N. Suartha
%A L.M. Sudimartini
%A P.D. Jayanti
%A N.P.A.D. Wijayanti
%N 2
%V 12
%P 197-202
%L eprints682
%X Honey from Trigona species is widely used as herbal medicine in humans due to its antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant effects as well as the potential to increase body resistance and boost blood formation. The current study aimed to determine the hemato-biochemical profile of dogs with atopic dermatitis treated with Trigona honey. The hematology profile included the measurement of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte index, as well as blood biochemical parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and blood sugar. A total of 12 local dogs aged 4 months old were divided into two treatment groups, namely the control group (G1) and treatment with liquid Trigona honey at a dosage of 5 ml/dog/day (G2) for 35 days. Then, blood was collected and tested for routine and chemical blood assay. The results showed that the administration of fresh Trigona honey (5 ml/day for 5 weeks) exhibited a significant increase in most of hematological variables of dogs with atopic dermatitis, compared to G1. The results of blood biochemical profiles (AST, ALT, and blood glucose) remained unaffected by the treatment of Trigona honey. It can be concluded that honey from Trigona spp. was safe to be given to the dogs with dermatitis and no adverse physiological effects were observed during the present study. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Veterinary Clinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman, Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
%K Blood; Dermatitis; Dog; Hemato-biochemical; Trigona species honey

%D 2022
%T Parascaris equorum in Horses of Payakumbuh City, West Sumatra, Indonesia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A E. Zelpina
%A S. Sujatmiko
%A P.S. Noor
%A D. Lefiana
%N 2
%V 12
%P 181-185
%L eprints680
%X Parascaris equorum is a species of the Ascarididae family which belongs to the phylum nematoda (roundworms) and is a type of parasite that affects equine health, performance, and production. The current study was carried out from April to August 2021 to determine the prevalence of equine Parascaris equorum in horses residing in Payakumbuh City, Indonesia. A total number of 128 fecal samples from horses were examined in the current study. Coprological examination was performed for the detection of Parascaris equorum eggs inside the amassed samples. The overall occurrence of Parascaris equorum was 14.06 (18 out of 128). The prevalence rates of sub-districts differed with the highest in East at 18.18 (8/44), followed by North, South, and West at 16.66 (6/36), 14.06 (2/22), and 7.7 (2/26), respectively. The obtained results indicated a significant difference in the prevalence rate of Parascaris equorum between males and females as well as those horses aged<5 years (26.22) and > 5 years (3). Therefore, it is critical to not only enhance horse health management, maintenance, and health but also to provide anti-parasitic medications on a regular basis. © 2022
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj23
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Veterinary Paramedics, Agricultural State Polytechnic of Payakumbuh, West Sumatra, 26271, Indonesia
%K Gastrointestinal nematode; Horse; Parascaris equorum; Prevalence

%D 2022
%T MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN IN SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Z. Balcha
%A M. Baye
%A W. Masho
%A Z. Admasu
%N 3
%V 12
%P 132-146
%L eprints624
%X Morphological and morphometric characterization of indigenous chicken ecotypes were carried out in West-Omo zone of Southwest Ethiopia. Nine qualitative and fifteen quantitative traits were observed/ measured from 660 matured chickens of both sexes. The data was analysed using SPSS version 21 and SAS version 9.1. Majority of the qualitative and quantitative traits were significantly influenced by sex and agro-ecological zones. The predominant plumage color, feather distribution, shank color, skin color, ear-lobe color, eye color, head shape, comb type, and feather morphology were red (38.4%), normal (96.2%), yellow (45%), white (48.8%), red (42.1%), red (28.6%), flat plain (94.4%), single (64.7%) and normal (100%). The body weight of matured male chickens in highland, mid-altitude and lowland agro-ecologies was 2.1±0.02 kg, 2.2±0.05 kg, and 2.0±0.03 kg, respectively, while females weighed 1.4±0.01 kg, 1.5±0.00 kg, and 1.4±0.01 kg in highland, mid-altitude, and lowland agro-ecologies, respectively. Males were also superior to females in terms of body length (BL) values of 42.0 ± 0.19cm and 37.7 ± 0.06cm, respectively. The prediction of body weight could be based on regression equation y = -1.02 + 0.10 CC (chest circumference) for male and y= -1.26 + 0.07BL of hen in highland altitude, y = -1.06+ 0.11 CC of male and y= -0.78+ 0.05 BL of hen in mid-altitude and similarly y = -0.90 +0.10 CC in lowland male and y= -1.33 + 0.07 BL of lowland hen. Therefore, chest circumference for males and body length for females were the best variables to predict the body weight of chickens than other variables. The current finding shows there was heterogeneity in a population of indigenous chickens in the studied agro-ecology. This gives an opportunity for genetic improvement of indigenous chickens within a population.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.18
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Genetic improvement; Indigenous chicken; Morphological; Morphometric; West-Omo zone.

%D 2022
%T THE EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTED DRIED FENNEL AND ROSEMARY ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CAECAL MICROFLORA OF GROWING RABBITS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Benlemlih
%A A. Barchan
%A A. Aarab
%A M. Bakkali
%A A. Arakrak
%A A. Laglaoui
%N 3
%V 12
%P 126-131
%L eprints626
%X The objective of this study is to evaluate the possible effect of fennel and rosemary dietary supplements on the performance of rabbits. Therefore fifty-six weaned rabbits (40 days old) from white New Zealand breed were divided into two groups and submitted to the following dietary treatments: A) control diet and B) FR diet consisted of 2.5% Foeniculum vulgare seeds (fennel) and Rosmarinus officinalis leaves (Rosmary) as powder mixed by control diet for thirty days. The growth rate, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, and mortality were not influenced by dietary fennel and rosemary supplementation. The antimicrobial effect of fennel and rosemary (2.5%) was not observed against E. coli in the caecum of the rabbit treated. The essential oils of Foeniculum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis are predominantly composed by Trans Anethole and 1-8 cineole successively. Low antibacterial activity was observed with two essential oils against the strain tested in this study. The addition of the 2.5% combination of fennel and rosemary in rabbit feed did not influence the zootechnical parameters of the rabbits
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.17
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Caecal microflora, Fennel, Growth parameters, Rabbit, Rosemary.

%D 2022
%T EVALUATION OF AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF MATURE COCONUT WATER SUPPLEMENTS ON Cyrtosperma merkusii ROOT MEAL INCLUDED DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Cordova
%N 3
%V 12
%P 117-125
%L eprints629
%X The simultaneous degradation of essential nutrients is the major drawback in detoxifying anti-nutrient toxic substances of root meal-based diets. An ameliorative dietary supplement for root meal-based diets without undergoing thorough detoxification is proposed. Therefore, this trial aims to determine the effects of mature coconut water (MCW) against the anti-nutritional factors (ANF)-containing C. merkusii root meal diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and organoleptic traits of broiler chickens. Cobb 500 (n=160) day-old (male) grouped into the standard diet (commercial maize-soybean) or ANF (15% raw C. merkusii + 85% commercial maize-soybean) diet group, and the birds every group further allocated into 0, 5, 10, and 15% MCW water treatment groups (n=5) with four replications. The trial lasted for 20 D (8 to 28 D of age). In the ANF diet, treatment with MCW significantly differs on feed conversion ratio (FCR). The 5-15% MCW treated chickens were more feed-efficient than the 0% MCW treatment. MCW treatments were not significant on body weight, weight gain, survival, carcass component, and organoleptic traits of broiler chickens under the standard or the ANF diets. However, significant diet*water interactions were observed on BW and dress weight, and significant gizzard weight due to diets. In general, the improved FCR may be the ameliorative effect of mature coconut water against ANF on raw C. merkusii root meal inclusion (15% + 85%) in the standard diets.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.16
%K Ameliorative effect, Anti-nutritional factor, Cocos nucifera, Cyrtosperma merkusii, Root meal.

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF DIFFERENT UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS SOURCES ON IN VITRO FERMENTABILITY AND DIGESTIBILITY OF RATION IN DAIRY CATTLE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. Despal
%A D. Irmadani
%A I. G. Permana
%A R. Zahera
%A N. Nuraina
%N 3
%V 12
%P 154-159
%L eprints630
%X Supplementation of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) such as canola, soybean, and palm oils improved the quality of milk fatty acids. However, the unprotected unsaturated oil might impair rumen fermentation, feed, and fiber digestibility. A study was conducted to determine the best type of oil supplementation (factor A) including canola (A1), soybean (A2), or palm (A3) and level oil supplementation (factor B) including B0 = 0%, B1 = 1%, B2 = 2% or B3 = 3%) on the in-vitro feed fermentation and digestibility. The study used a 3 x 4 factorial block design. Two-stages were used to measure the pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoal number, dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) digestibility. The results showed that oil type did not significantly influence the fermentability (pH, NH3, VFAs, and protozoa) and feed's digestibility (DMD, OMD, NDFD, and ADFD) but oil level influence the fermentability and digestibility significantly. In addition, an increase above 1% in oil levels reduced protein fermentability, protozoal number, DMD, and OMD, but increased VFA. It is concluded that the addition of unprotected canola, soybean, or palm oil in dairy cattle ration could be applied in a concentration not more than 1%.
Keywords: Canola oil, Milk fatty acid, Palm oil, Ration, Soybean oil.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.20
%K Canola oil, Milk fatty acid, Palm oil, Ration, Soybean oil.

%D 2022
%T AVIAN BORDETELLOSIS: A SIGNIFICANT BACTERIAL RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF TURKEYS (Meleagris gallopavo)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 3
%V 12
%P 103-110
%L eprints631
%X This review was designed to spotlight on avian bordetellosis regarding the bacterium pathogenesis, susceptibility, transmission, pathology, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention and control measures. Bordetellosis (moreover called turkey coryza) is a contagious bacterial upper respiratory disease of poultry, especially turkey poults. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality with terrible economic losses for turkeys industry. Bordetellosis is caused by Bordetella avium (B. avium) bacterium which colonizes and destructs the cilia of the respiratory tract. Concurrent infection during bordetellosis outbreaks is common and contributes to the poor performance of B. avium-infected flocks. Domesticated and wild birds are susceptible to bordetellosis. All ages can get infection with bordetellosis, however, young ages are more susceptible than adult. Infection and transmission of B. avium occurs through aerosol, water, and reservoirs, but not vertically. The clinical picture of bordetellosis is usually upper respiratory, except in complications with other bacteria or stressors, the infection extends to the lower respiratory tract. The bacterium is isolated aerobically on 10% sheep blood agar and appears as Gram negative bacilli. Endotoxin, tracheal cytotoxin, heat-labile dermonecrotic toxin, and osteotoxin are produced by B. avium. Antibiotic treatment of B. avium shows variable results and it is usually ineffective. Different types of living and inactivated vaccines are used to prevent bordetellosis.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.14
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Bordetella avium, Diagnosis, Domesticated birds, Pathogenesis, Turkey coryza.

%D 2022
%T ZOO-TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS DAIRY COWS UNDER SMALL HOLDER FARMERS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HAWELLA-TULLA DISTRICT, ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Endale
%N 3
%V 12
%P 111-116
%L eprints633
%X Ethiopia's dairy production system is predominantly extensive, with poor cattle performance constrained by a variety of factors such as poor genetics, low reproductive performance, and poor quality of feed, among others. So far, little work aimed at increasing dairy production has been undertaken. The objective of the study was to characterize the zoo-technical performance of indigenous dairy cows under small holder farmer management system. The study was undertaken in Hawella-Tulla district, Sidama Region; Sothern Ethiopia from November 2020 to March 2021. From three peasant associations (PA), 180 smallholder dairy farmers who owned local cows were selected using a simple random selection technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The majority of farmers (75%) practiced in mixed crop-livestock farming primarily produce milk for income generation. Farmers hold an average of 1.95±0.063 local lactating cows. The productive performance of the indigenous cow mean of daily milk yield was 1.53±0.09 liters and 6.5±0.89 months of lactation length. The mean age at first service (AFS) was 38.5 ± 2.71 months, Age at first calving (AFC) was 45.3±2.82 months, calving interval (CI) was 20.08±0.9 months, and number of services per conception (NSPC) was 2.5 ±0.63. It can be concluded that the zoo-technical performance of local cows was very low. Therefore, planned technical and institutional intervention to improve the feeding system, provide better health management, genetic improvement of local breeds through crossbreeding and synchronization should be carried out  for the betterment performance of local cows.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.15
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Breeding, Calving, Indigenous cows, Smallholder system, Zoo-technical performance.

%D 2022
%T MOLYBDENUM SUPPLEMENTATION OF FAT-TAILED EWES DIETS IN AN ARID REGION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. S. Gayirbegov
%A D. B. Mandzhiev
%A T. B. Tyurbeev
%N 3
%V 12
%P 160-164
%L eprints635
%X The study aimed to establish the normal molybdenum requirements for open ewes of meat-and-fat breeds in arid climatic conditions. The study was carried out in the production conditions of the Buddha farm of the Republic of Kalmykia (Russia). The norm has been established based on a detailed study of the molybdenum content in organs and tissues and the degree of its absorption from the diet, considering the endogenous losses. It has been established that the norm of molybdenum is 4.5 mg per head per day, 2.8 mg per 1 kg of dry matter of the diet and 0.80 mg per 1 kg of live weight of a single ewe. Recommendations have been made to solve the problem of molybdenum deficiency in the diet of open ewes of meat-and-fat breeds in arid climatic conditions of Republic of Kalmykia.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.21
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Open ewes, Norm, Element, Concentration, Kalmyk breed

%D 2022
%T THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FEEDING LEVELS AND ADEQUACY ON THE MEAT QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF CROSS-BRED BULLS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. A. Velmatov
%A T. N. Tishkina
%A N. N. Neyaskin
%A A. P. Velmatov
%N 3
%V 12
%P 147-153
%L eprints654
%X The study aimed to determine the effect of the level and adequacy of feeding on the dynamics of live weight and meat productivity of Simmental × Holstein bulls with a close blood relationship (87.5%) for the Holstein breed. Three groups of bulls with 87.5% Holstein heredity in the genotype were formed, out of which two groups were experimental and one group served as a control group. The bulls of the control group received a diet compiled according to detailed standards, and their analogs from the experimental groups had a diet exceeding the norm by 10 and 20% respectively. During the entire growing period, the bulls of the 1st experimental group consumed 3,564 energetic feed units and 362.5 kg of digestible protein, the 2nd consumed 3,875 and 394.3 kg, and the control group 3,245 and 329.9 kg, respectively. In terms of carcass yield, bulls of the first and second experimental groups outperformed the ones from the control group by 2.41 and 3.92%. With an increase in the level of feeding in experimental bulls, fat deposition accelerated; thus, the meat of bulls of the experimental groups contained 2.13% and 2.54% more fat than in animals of the control group. At the same time, the protein content in the meat of experimental bulls decreased by 0.15 and 0.22% in comparison with the control group. The energy value of 1 kg of meat of experimental bulls was higher by 0.77-0.90 MJ. It can be concluded that a possible increase in the meat productivity of bulls-crossbreeds of the Holstein breed with a close blood relationship and the determination of planned indicators of animal growth should be taken into account when developing breeding programs.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.19
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Breed, Bulls, Carcass yield, Genotype, Live weight.

%D 2022
%T Microbiological Evaluation and Molecular Discrimination of Milk Samples from Humans and Different Animals
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.S.M. Abuelnaga
%A N.S. Ata
%A K.A.E.-H.A. El-Razik
%A R.H. Hedia
%A M.M.H. Soliman
%A M.M. Kandil
%A E.A.-E. Elgabry
%A A.A. Arafa
%N 1
%V 12
%P 09-18
%L eprints691
%X Milk is a highly nutritious food and it is important to be free of any pathogenic microbes that could be transmitted to humans and affect public health. A total of 145 milk samples were collected from humans and different animal species (cow, buffalo, ewe, goat, camel, mare, and donkey) and underwent physical examination (color, odor, and taste), chemical analysis for its components (water, total salt, fat, protein, lactose, and ash), and finally microbiological (bacteriological and mycological) examinations. Standard plate count, preliminary incubation count, lab pasteurized count, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus species, Salmonella species, yeast, and mold counts were measured. PCR test was performed to differentiate milk from different sources (animals and humans) by producing a specific band for each milk type. The results of the physical examination of different kinds of milk showed different grades of white color with the characteristic odor and taste of each milk type. Chemical examination revealed that the highest water content was in donkey milk and the lowest was in buffalo milk while total solids indicated the highest content in sheep milk and the lowest in donkey milk. The microbiological analysis presented that the standard plate count results were the highest in the milk obtained from sheep and camel, while donkey milk was the least in this regard. Yeast counts were the highest in buffalo milk but cow milk was the highest in mold counts. PCR results of milk types using species-specific primers and DNA template extracted from milk somatic cells revealed a specific band for each milk type as 157, 195, 225, 242, 274, and 711 base pair (bp) for goat, human, sheep, buffalo, cattle milk, and camel milk, respectively. It was concluded that more restrictions must be applied to decrease milk contamination as high microbial counts detected in the present study can affect milk quality, public health, and the dairy industry. PCR used in the current work for milk discrimination used milk somatic cells specifically mitochondrial cytochrome b gene which exhibited high specificity in the PCR reactions and this could be served as a cheap and simple method, compared to other types of PCR. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt; Department of Animal Reproduction, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
%K cytochrome b, agar gel electrophoresis; animal experiment; Article; bacterial count; bacterial load; bacterium isolation; buffalo; buffalo milk; camel; camel milk; Cattle milk; colony forming unit; contamination; controlled study; cow milk; dairy industry; DNA extraction; DNA template; donkey; donkey milk; Escherichia coli; Fungal count; fungal examination; gene; goat; goat milk; horse; human; lab pasteurized count; microbiological examination; milk; nonhuman; odor; physical examination; polymerase chain reaction; public health; sheep; sheep milk; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; taste; yeast

%D 2022
%T Heterogeneity of Yersinia ruckeri Isolated from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Infected with Enteric Red Mouth Disease
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. Aflakian
%A H. Nikoueian
%A H. Salimizand
%A M. Rad
%A A.R. Zomorodi
%N 1
%V 12
%P 19-27
%L eprints690
%X Regarding the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance as a global menace, typing procedures are of great importance in epidemiological surveys. In the current study, interspecies differences of Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri) isolates were detected by antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and molecular traits to determine the relationship between isolates. The current study was conducted on 27 Y. ruckeri isolates collected from 40 infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with clinical enteric red mouth disease in Mashhad, Iran. Interspecies differences of all isolates were detected by antimicrobial susceptibility profiling using disk diffusion method, Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic PCR (REP-PCR), Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR), and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR) to determine the relationship between isolates. Simpson's diversity index was calculated for each typing technique. The most phenotype resistant was against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and lincomycin. Furthermore, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed the highest activity (100) against isolates. According to the results, the highest diversity index was observed in the REP-PCR method (D = 0.91). In conclusion, REP-PCR can be a powerful technique for epidemiological studies. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
%K ampicillin; cefalotin; chloramphenicol; ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin; gentamicin; lincomycin; lincomycin plus spectinomycin; oxytetracycline; RNA 16S; sulfamerazine plus trimethoprim, antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bacterium isolate; dispersity; enteric redmouth disease; enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction; Escherichia coli; gel electrophoresis; molecular typing; nonhuman; Oncorhynchus mykiss; phylogenetic tree; random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction; repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction; Simpson index; Yersinia ruckeri; yersiniosis

%D 2022
%T The Impact of Camel Leukocytes Fixation on Cell Count and Monoclonal Antibodies Reactivity in Flow Cytometry
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H. Almohammed
%A G.A. Alhafiz
%A F.H. Alghatam
%A J. Hussen
%N 1
%V 12
%P 74-80
%L eprints676
%X Immunophenotyping of separated leukocytes is a common technique used to evaluate the changes in cellular immunity during clinical studies. For fixed cells or blood specimens infected with hazardous pathogens, cell fixation is performed before immunofluorescence. The impact of camel leukocytes fixation before staining on the reactivity of cell surface markers with monoclonal antibodies has not been investigated so far. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to compare cell staining of fixed and unfixed camel leukocytes with monoclonal antibodies to several cell surface antigens. Leukocytes were separated from camel blood and were fixed with paraformaldehyde (PFA) or left without fixation. Cells were labeled with monoclonal antibodies to several leukocyte antigens and the expression pattern of the antigens was compared between fixed and non-fixed cells using flow cytometry. The mean fluorescence intensity of each cell marker was calculated and compared between fixed and unfixed cells. Leukocyte fixation with PFA changed the binding activity of the monoclonal antibodies to CD163 and WC1 markedly, making it unable to stain any cell population. Although the cell staining efficacy of other molecules (such as CD14, CD172a, MHCII, CD11a, CD18, CD44, and CD45) was reduced, they were still able to define the target cells. The fixation-induced changes in the expression density of the analyzed monocytic markers may, however, lead to the misinterpretation of immunophenotyping studies of fixed monocytes or macrophages. Collectively, the obtained results indicated significant changes in the staining efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against several cell surface antigens of camel leukocytes, which should be considered when PFA-fixed cellular targets on camel leukocytes are to be analyzed. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
%K CD14 antigen; CD163 antigen; monoclonal antibody; paraformaldehyde, animal experiment; Article; autofluorescence; autofluorescence imaging; binding affinity; cell count; cell population; clinical article; dromedary; eosinophil; flow cytometry; fluorescence intensity; human; immunophenotyping; leukocyte; macrophage; monocyte; mononuclear cell; neutrophil; nonhuman; target cell

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF PHYTO-ANTIOXIDANT (BAOBAB FRUIT PULP MEAL) ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF RABBIT DOES DURING HEAT STRESS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A K. U. Anoh
%A J. N. Paul
%A U. M. Amu
%N 2
%V 12
%P 89-96
%L eprints620
%X A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of a phyto-antioxidant (baobab fruit pulp
meal; BFPM) on the reproductive performance of heat-stressed rabbits does. A total of 50 New Zealand
White crosses adult rabbit does of 12 months old were used in the present study. The rabbits were
randomly allotted into five experimental treatment groups, with ten rabbits per treatment in a
completely randomized design. The rabbits were fed diets supplemented with graded levels (0.0%,
2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% and 5.5%) of BFPM. Parameters monitored were thyroxin and progesterone secretion,
serum metabolites, reproductive traits, and physiological performance of the kitten. Initial thyroxin,
progesterone, and serum metabolite levels were low in all the treatment groups, and significantly
increased during and after pregnancy. BFPM significantly improved litter size and weight of litter and
reduced rectal temperature of the kitten. Gestation period, kit weight at weaning, weight gain, and
heart rates of kitten did not show any significant difference. It was concluded that reproductive
performance of does during heat stress is enhanced by the supplementation of phyto-antioxidants and
performance was higher in 5.5% inclusion level of BFPM.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.12
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Antioxidant, Gestation, Heat stress, Rabbit, Reproductive hormones.

%D 2022
%T Evaluation of Histopathological Changes in Cantang Groupers’ Brain and Gill Infected with Streptococcus Iniae
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. Avrilia
%A H. Suprapto
%A B.S. Rahardja
%N 1
%V 12
%P 87-94
%L eprints687
%X Cantang hybrid grouper is the result of hybridization between female Macan grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and male Kertang grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Hybrid fish have better performance in terms of growth, resistance to diseases, and tolerance to environmental factors, compared to the parents. One of the diseases that can attack fish is an infection induced by Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), which is quite a dangerous bacterium since it can cause mass death of fish. The present study aimed to investigate the pathological changes of the brain and gill of Cantang hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Epinephelus lanceolatus) infected with S. iniae. A total of 180 groupers from the Management Unit of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Situbondo, Indonesia, were included in the current study with a length of 7 cm. The experimental study was conducted using a complete randomized design, including three treatments and three repetitions for each one (n = 20). The main parameters to observe the histopathological changes in the fish internal organs, namely the gill and the brain at the beginning and the end of the study. Moreover, the supporting parameter was the water quality which included the temperature, oxygen content, pH, and salinity. Several observations including the pathogenicity test, Lethal Dosage 50 test, observation of clinical symptoms, and observation of histopathology were done during the treatment. The obtained results were indicative of the histopathology damages in the brain and gill tissues of the Cantag hybrid groupers infected with S. iniae. Different scores of lesions, infiltration, congestion, and degeneration were indicated in the brain tissue. Furthermore, the gill damages consisted of hyperemia, congestion, and infiltration. In conclusion, Cantang hybrid groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Epinephelus lanceolatus) infected with S. iniae indicated the clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology, and histopathological changes. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ12
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, East Java, Surabaya, Indonesia
%K Bacteria; Epinephelus fuscoguttatus; Epinephelus lanceolatus; Histopatology; Streptococcus iniae

%D 2022
%T NEW METHODS FOR DETOXIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS AND MYCOTOXINS IN DAIRY COWS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V. A. Baryshev
%A O. S. Popova
%A V. S. Ponamarev
%N 2
%V 12
%P 81-88
%L eprints625
%X Among the many environmental and industrial factors that adversely affect the soil, the pollution with heavy metals and mycotoxins occupies a special place in livestock breeding. This study aimed to demonstrate methods of treating and pharmacological correction of a toxic state intensified by heavy metals and mycotoxins in cattle using native drug as mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive. A total of 20 highly productive Holstein cows aged 3-4 years were divided into 2 groups, based on clinical and biochemical parameters. The experimental group (n=10) fed a diet supplemented with 4% sorption complex and a drug based on Silybum marianum and ursodeoxycholic acid as a hepatoprotector named “Hepaton-vet”. The control group (n=10) was injected with a complex of sorbents (consisting of perlite, vermiculite, and polyphepan in equal proportions) at a dose of 4% of the daily intake of food, and the rest of the treatment was carried out with the help of daily infusion therapy. So in the feed samples, only the T-2 and Deoxynivalenol (DON) indicators exceeded the normal value by 1.66% and, 3%, respectively. Thus, the practical efficiency concerning T-2, aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol were to 100%, 86%, 18%, respectively. Cadmium in compound feed was lower by 44%, in comparison with the maximum permissible concentration, followed by 53.3% in hay and 78% in silage. The amount of lead in compound feed and silage was 78%, and it was 35% in the hay. In conclusion, the use of a complex of sorbents, together with newly developed component “Hepaton-vet”, led to positive results, allowing for the identification of several effects that influenced the metabolic processes in the liver, which was confirmed by the results of morpho-biochemical blood tests and clinical diagnostics of the animals' condition.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.11
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cattle, Heavy metals, Mycotoxins, Silage, Sorption complex.

%D 2022
%T Human and Canine Leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and Risk Factors
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Dahmani
%A N.A. Ouchene-Khelifi
%A N. Ouchene
%N 1
%V 12
%P 51-59
%L eprints673
%X Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis disease caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the sandflies. It is ranked among the 20 major neglected tropical diseases. Algeria is classified as one of the most affected countries by cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide. This study was conducted in the Medea region, north-central Algeria, to investigate human and canine leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of human leishmaniasis was conducted on patients with symptoms suggestive of leishmaniasis. The presence of wet or dry lesions, number, location, duration, and travel history were recorded for each patient. Confirmation of the disease was performed by histopathological test. Canine leishmaniasis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination in 175 male Sloughi dogs. Symptoms included skin ulcerations, lymphadenopathy, dermatitis with alopecia, weight loss, and ocular or nasal lesions. A total of 1070 cases of human leishmaniasis were investigated, including 1067 (99.72) cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 3 (0.28) cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Of the 1067 human cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, 59.51 and 40.49 were male and female, respectively. For visceral leishmaniasis, all cases were male. Persons aged less than 10 years were more infected than those over 10 years of age. Chahbounia region was found to be the most infected area, compared to other regions. The highest number of human leishmaniasis cases was recorded during November (462 cases). Human cutaneous leishmaniasis was the most frequent (81.38) among the other human pathologies in the study area; followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (14.8). All Sloughi dogs were diagnosed with leishmaniasis of which the most common symptoms included lymph node hypertrophy, emaciation, skin lesions, fever, epistaxis, alopecia, ocular lesions, anemia, onychogryphosis, chemosis, and the less common symptoms are: fever, diarrhea, and splenomegaly. The Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were present especially in the periphery of the lands next to the valley of Chahbounia city. Leishmaniasis remains present in the region, constituting a public health menace. The union of veterinary and public services is necessary to eradicate the disease by controlling the vector and the reservoirs of the parasite. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj7
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Road of Soumaa,BP 270, Blida, 09000, Algeria; PADESCA laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Mentouri Brothers, Road of Guelma,Constantine 1, El Khroub, 25100, Algeria
%K alopecia; anemia; Article; epistaxis; eye injury; fever; histopathology; human; hypertrophy; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; lung tuberculosis; Meriones; nonhuman; Psammomys obesus; risk factor; skin biopsy; skin defect; skin ulcer; zoonosis

%D 2022
%T In vitro Anthelmintic Efficacy of Nano-encapsulated Bromelain against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Goats in Kenya
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A.R. Daiba
%A J.M. Kagira
%A M. Ngotho
%A J. Kimotho
%A N. Maina
%N 1
%V 12
%P 95-104
%L eprints688
%X Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) significantly affect goats’ productivity, and thus farmers carry out regular deworming to manage the infections. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of current drugs call for the development of alternatives, including medicinal plant extracts. The current study aimed to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of chitosan encapsulated bromelain (EB) against a selected range of GIN affecting goats in Kenya. Bromelain was extracted using standard laboratory methods from peels of ripe pineapples and thereafter encapsulated with chitosan. The GIN eggs were isolated from goat feces using the flotation method and were then subjected to PCR to identify the species. Adult worms were collected from the gastrointestinal tract of goats slaughtered at the nearby Ruiru abattoir. The PCR showed the extracted strongyle eggs consisted of 7 species of nematodes, including Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp., Nematodirus filicollis, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Trichostrongylus axei. The in vitro assays showed that chitosan EB had an IC50 of 0.184 mg/mL, 0.116 mg/mL, and 0.141 mg/mL for the egg hatch inhibition, larval, and adult mortality assays, respectively. In all the assays, EB indicated better activity than non-encapsulated bromelain. The EB affected the eggs and worms through softening and embrittling the cuticle and shell as well as damaging the blastomeres and causing the death of the growing embryo. According to the results of the current study, EB has high anthelmintic activity on a large range of GIN and has the potential to contribute to the management of these parasites of small ruminants. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan-African University of Institute of Basic Science, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Innovation and Technology Transfer Division, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
%K Anthelmintic activity; Bromelain; Chitosan; Goats; Nano-encapsulation; Nematodes

%D 2022
%T Effects of Nano Zinc on Growth Performance, Health Status, and Cecal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella Kentucky
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. El-Shenawy
%A A.A. Salim
%A M.Y. Gouda
%N 1
%V 12
%P 105-122
%L eprints686
%X Public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of inorganic zinc oxide (ZnO) by different levels of zinc nanoparticles on growth performance, blood serum biochemical changes, immune response, cecal microbiota, and some internal organs histopathology of Salmonella Kentucky (SK) challenged broiler chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old broiler chicks were used in the present experiment. The chicks were randomly allotted into six equal groups (30 chicks/group), with 3 subgroups containing 10 chicks as a replicate. The first group fed on the basal diet supplemented by 100 mg ZnO/kg diet, while the second and the third groups fed on the basal diet with replacement of ZnO by 100 and 50 mg of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs)/kg diet, respectively. Moreover, the fourth, fifth, and sixth groups fed as the first three groups with SK challenge on the third day of age. Results showed that supplementation of 100 mg ZnONPs/kg diet instead of ZnO reduced the severity of the clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, mortality, and SK fecal shedding of SK challenged chicks. Replacement of ZnO by 100 or 50 of ZnONPs increased cecal total bacterial counts and lactobacillus bacterial count while reducing total coliform counts. On the other hand, the SK challenge increased cecal total bacterial counts and lactobacillus bacterial counts, compared to the broiler chicks group fed on the diet without SK challenge. The SK challenge with inorganic zinc addition reduced body gain and feed conversion ratio, while 100 or 50 mg ZnONPs/kg diet supplementation instead of ZnO improved growth performance, feed efficiency parameters. It was observed that the replacement of inorganic zinc (serum ZnO) by 100 mg /kg diet significantly increased lysosomal and phagocytic activity by about 261.5 and 17.9, respectively. Moreover, 100 or 50 of ZnONPs instead of inorganic zinc significantly ZnONPs increased liver, spleen, and thymus gland relative weights of SK-challenged broiler chickens, compared to broiler chickens group fed on the same diet without challenge or compared to chicks group fed on ZnO supplemented diet with SK challenge, while replacement of inorganic zinc (ZnO) by 100 or 50mg ZnONPs/kg diet reduced the adverse effect. © 2022. World''s Veterinary Journal.All Rights Reserved
%R 10.54203/SCIL.2022.WVJ14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Unit of Biochemistry, Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, and Toxicology-Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr ElSheikh Branch, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt; Poultry diseases Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr ElSheikh Branch, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt; Unit of pathology Animal Health Research Institute, Kafr ElSheikh Branch, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
%K Broiler chicken; Growth performance; Immune response; Nano zinc particles; Salmonella challenge

%D 2022
%T Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19–associated acute respiratory distress syndrome
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ravshan Alievich IBADOV
%A Sardor Khamdamovich IBRAGIMOV
%A Hilola Pulatovna ALIMOVA
%A Bakhodir Burxonovich BURKHONOV
%A Raufbek Ravshanovich IBADOV
%N 02
%V 12
%P 27-33
%L eprints579
%X Aim. The aim was to analyze the results of intensive care for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using optimized tactical aspects of respiratory support. Methods. In this prospective study, the comparison group included 436 consecutive patients admitted to the ICU of "A-block Zangiota-1" in the period from January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021 (taking into account the representativeness of the main group), whose the therapeutic and tactical aspects of management were based on the first own experience with results analysis across organizational and therapeutic approaches. The main group included 288 patients admitted from July 1, 2021 to October 1, 2021, whose therapeutic and tactical aspects of management were developed on the basis of a fundamental revision of the differential diagnosis, pathomorphological classification and respiratory mechanics of COVID-19 associated ARDS, as well as taking into account the influence of risk factors for the severe course of the disease and various methods and technologies of respiratory support. Accordingly, adapted and optimized respiratory therapy standards have been applied in main group. Results. The frequency of intubations and transfers to mechanical ventilation had no statistical difference between the groups (p=0.362). In the main group, cases of tracheostomy (73.8%) were significantly (p<0.001) more than the comparison group (14.5%). In the comparison group, the proportion of patients with severe ARDS decreased from 29.6% to 23.8% (p=0.067), and in the main group from 31.0% to 17.0% (p<0.001). The average duration of treatment of patients in the ICU was 22 (from 7 to 32) days in the comparison group and 17 (from 9 to 27) days in the main group (p<0.05). The frequency of deaths in COVID-19 associated ARDS was 11.1% in the main group, which was significantly lower (p=0.036) than the comparison group (16.7%). Among patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (intubation and tracheostomy), the mortality rate was 96.0% in the comparison group and 76.2% in the main group of patients (p = 0.003). Conclusion. Providing respiratory support for COVID-19 associated ARDS, taking into account the individual characteristics of respiratory mechanics, can improve the results of treatment of patients with an increase in the oxygenation index, a decrease in the proportion of cases of severe ARDS, and reduce the mortality rate and the length of stay of patients in the ICU.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2022.4
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome, Respiratory support, Intensive care outcomes, Comparative analysis

%D 2022
%T A Retrospective Report of Viral and Bacterial Diseases in Livestock, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I.F. Jaja
%A P. Wanga-Ungeviwa
%A E.O. Njoga
%N 1
%V 12
%P 34-42
%L eprints675
%X Livestock disease, particularly viral and bacterial disease, impedes livestock farming productivity and reduces available food in the current system, leading to food insecurity and economic losses. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of viral and bacterial disease in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A retrospective data of livestock diseases in the Eastern Cape Province from 2013 to 2018 was obtained from veterinary records in the Department of Rural and Agrarian Reform (DrDAR), Bisho South Africa database, decoded, analyzed, and interpreted. The result revealed a significant association between local municipality, season, year, and livestock species. The highest prevalence of disease was found in the Lukhanji (29.4) and Mbhashe (17.5), while bacterial diseases were more prevalent in Nelson Mandela Bay (27.7) and Raymond Mhlaba (34.9) municipalities. More diseases were in autumn (53.8) and spring (58.5). The highest proportions of bacterial and viral diseases were in caprine (97.2) and bovine (41.4). Odds of disease occurrence were the highest in Intsika yethu local municipality (OR = 3.279, 95 CI = 0.043-263.6) in autumn (OR = 2.131, 95 CI = 0.815-5.569), and in bovine (OR = 58.825, 95 CI = 16.283-205.591). The results necessitate veterinary authorities to strengthen preventative program activities to mitigate livestock diseases in study area. © 2022, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa; Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
%K animal disease; Article; bacterial infection; farming system; geographic distribution; global positioning system; livestock; nonhuman; virus infection

%D 2022
%T Nutritional status of patients according to the stage of chronic renal failure
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Toyadala Hortense LENGANI
%A Gaoussou SANOU
%A Sibiri BOUGMA
%A Yamkaye Aicha SAWADOGO
%A Souleymane ZIO
%A Hama BA-FATOUMATA
%A Gerard COULIBALY
%A Aly SAVADOGO
%N 02
%V 12
%P 34-47
%L eprints580
%X Introduction. In Burkina Faso, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem due to its increasing prevalence, severity and the high cost of treatment. Aim. The aim of this study was to describe nutritional status of subjects diagnosed with severe and moderate stages of chronic renal insufficiency, followed in nephrology consultation at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital Center (YO-UHC) of Ouagadougou. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of eight months and included 75 patients in total. The social-demographic parameters were determined on the basis of the patients' declaration and the use of their medical records. Biological parameters were collected from the results of laboratory examinations performed by each patient.  The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by the anthropometric method. Finally, all patients were asked about their dietary habits and lifestyle using the 24-hour recall method. Results.  Our results revealed a male predominance, out of the total number of patients included. The percentage of men and women was 54.70% and 45.30% respectively with a sex (male/female) ratio of 1.20. The average of Body Mass Index was 24.79 Kg/m2. The percentage of overweight and obesity of women was 64.71% compared to 26.83% for men. The proportion of women with severe chronic kidney disease (58.82%) was twice as high as that of men (29.27%), (P<0.05). The average waist circumference of the subjects aged 30-39 years was significantly lower than that of the subjects aged 60-85 years. So, average hip circumference was 93.77 cm, with a significant difference according to sex (P<0.05). The prevalence of hyperglycaemia and diabetes increased with age. Hyperglycaemia in the 40-49 age group was increased significantly from 16.67% to 26.67% in the 70-85 age group (P<0.05). Diabetes in the 50-59 age group was 10% and doubled in the 70-85 age group (P<0.05). A percentage of 67.99% of the patients had a history of hypertension in either first-degree relatives or collaterals. The highest proportion was found in the hypertensive collaterals (37.33%; P=0.059). This study revealed a low level of physical activity among all patients. Only 38.67% of the patients practiced regular physical activity. There was no significant association between the level of physical activity and the stage of renal failure. Conclusion. Knowledge of nutritional status is a crucial part of better nutritional management of CKD patients. Finally, previous studies on the dietary habits of patients suffering from CKD will allow a better understanding of their nutritional status for a better management according to the stage of progression of the disease.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2022.5
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Nutritional status, Chronic kidney disease, Stage of Chronic renal failure, Patient, Burkina Faso

%D 2022
%T Incidence of Clinical Signs in Poisoned Pets of Thailand: A Retrospective Study
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Lorsirigool
%A Y. Sudjaroen
%A N. Kulnides
%N 1
%V 12
%P 28-33
%L eprints672
%X Clinical signs appear immediately or gradually in poisoned pets. Poisonous agents in pets, especially dogs and cats, have been reported to include human medications (acetaminophen), pesticides (organophosphate and carbamate), insecticides for veterinary use (ivermectin), and food (methylxanthines). The current study investigated the incidence of poisoning in dogs and cats residing in Rayong and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces as well as Bangkok, Thailand, during 2016-2020. The study found a total of 102 poisoned cases of dog and cat, including 58 dogs (56.86) and 44 cats (43.14). The poisoned dogs included 39 males (67.24) and 19 females (32.26), while poisoned cats consisted of 29 males (65.91) and 15 females (34.09). Poisoning was highly diagnosed in mixed breed dogs and domestic short-haired cats. The average age of poisoned dogs and cats was reported as 3.67 ± 1.92 and 3.02 ± 1.72 years, respectively. The most common poisonous agents found in dogs and cats were organophosphate-carbamate groups and acetaminophen. Tachycardia, hypersalivation, dyspnea, and facial swelling were the most common clinical signs observed in poisoned dogs and cats. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O TerdThai Love Pet Clinic, Thonburi,Bangkok, 10600, Thailand; Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University10300, Thailand
%K amitraz; bufotoxin; carbamic acid; fipronil; ibuprofen; ivermectin; methylxanthine; organophosphate; paraquat; pyrethrin; pyrethroid; rodenticide; unclassified drug, animal experiment; animal model; Article; ataxia; blindness; bloody diarrhea; cat; controlled study; cyanosis; depression; diarrhea; dog; dyspnea; female; fever; hematemesis; hematuria; hypersalivation; hypothermia; intoxication; jaundice; male; mydriasis; nonhuman; retrospective study; seizure; swelling; tachycardia; tachypnea; Thailand; veterinary clinic; vomiting

%D 2022
%T The Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Miana Plant Flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. on Serum Lipid Profile and Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M.E. Mahata
%A M. Weni
%A Y. Gusnanda
%A T. Ohnuma
%A Y. Rizal
%N 1
%V 12
%P 43-50
%L eprints671
%X Miana plant (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. contains active compounds (such as steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins) which can have several health benefits, including lowering cholesterol LDL and triglyceride as well as increasing feed consumption, body weight, and carcass weight of broilers. Therefore, the current experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Miana plant flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. in the diet on blood serum lipid profiles and physiological organs of broilers. The experiment was performed on 100 day-old broiler chickens from strain Arbor Acres CP-707. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with five different levels of Miana plant flour (0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5) in broiler's diets as treatment, and each treatment was repeated four times. The diet was arranged iso-protein (21) and iso-energy (2900 kcal/kg). The serum lipid profile measurement included the analysis of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Physiological organ analysis entailed the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of parts of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers. The results showed that the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet could significantly affect total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL in the serum of broiler chickens, and it affected duodenum length significantly. Furthermore, the inclusion of Miana plant flour in the broiler's diet had an insignificant effect on the percentage of liver weight, pancreas weight, gizzard weight, small intestine weight, and length of each part of the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) on broilers. In conclusion, the inclusion of Miana plant flour as much as 12.5 in broiler's diets reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, and increased the HDL and duodenum length without adverse effects on the other physiological organs of broiler chickens. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj6
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O Nutrition and Feed Technology Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia; Department of Advanced Biosciences, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
%K cholesterol; high density lipoprotein; low density lipoprotein; tannin derivative; triacylglycerol, animal experiment; Article; diet; duodenum; flour; high density lipoprotein cholesterol level; ileum; jejunum; lipid fingerprinting; liver weight; low density lipoprotein cholesterol level; male; miana plant flour; nonhuman; organ weight; Plectranthus scutellarioides; small intestine; total cholesterol level; triacylglycerol blood level

%D 2022
%T THE IMPACT OF STABLE FLIES (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) ON SMALL STOCK PRODUCTION IN BODIBENG, BOTHATOGO AND SEHITHWA IN THE NORTH WEST DISTRICT, BOTSWANA; A SURVEY STUDY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A J. C. Moreki
%A K. Tjinyeka
%A J. Makore
%A K. Tlotleng
%A M. I. Moseki
%N 2
%V 12
%P 73-80
%L eprints639
%X Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is a globally recognized livestock pest of economic importance, which also attacks wild animals, pets and humans. These flies frequently feed on the forelegs of animals and can cause significant production losses and severe animal health and welfare concerns. This study investigated the impact of stable flies on small stock (sheep and goats) production and documented control measures adopted by farmers in Sehithwa, Bodibeng and Bothatogo villages in the North West District of Botswana. Simple Random Sampling was used to select 90 respondents in the study area. Data on demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, marital and educational status of the respondents), control measures against stable flies, time stable flies appeared, factors contributing to abundance of stable flies, and the role of government and private sector in the control of stable flies were collected and analysed using SAS. The Chi-square test of goodness of fit was used to show the unequal distribution of the frequencies of respondents among the categories for each variable. Results showed that wood smoking (53.33%) was the common control measure against stable flies followed by migration to unaffected areas (35.55%) and dipping (11.11%). Feeding activity of stable flies reached its peak in the evening (58.89%) followed by morning (31.11%), afternoon (6.67%) and the least was night (3.33%). Eighty-seven percent of respondents mentioned that stable fly contributed to poverty, starvation (16.67%) and loss of income (13.33%). It is concluded that stable flies affect livestock productivity and people’ livelihood; hence the need to adopt effective control measures. Control measures against these flies will be more effective when applied in the evening and morning.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.10
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Control measures, Economic losses, Livestock pest, Small stock, Stable flies.

%D 2022
%T Prediction of Postpartum Vaginal Discharge Duration in Sows
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N.H. Nam
%A B.T.A. Dao
%A P. Sukon
%N 1
%V 12
%P 60-65
%L eprints670
%X Prolonged farrowing duration increases stillbirth in piglets and affects maternal health leading to a decrease in the reproductive performance of the sow. The present study aimed to predict the duration of postpartum vaginal discharge (PVD, day) in sows. Data were collected from 204 mixed parity Landrace X Yorkshire sows in a swine farm in Bacninh province, Vietnam. Parity, gestation length, litter size, number of dead-born piglets (NDB), farrowing duration (FD, h), and manual extraction (ME) were recorded. Postpartum vaginal discharge was monitored twice a day until no discharge was detected in two successive observations. Linear regression analysis was used to build the model that best predicted the duration of postpartum vaginal discharge. Results showed that the average duration of postpartum vaginal discharge was 3.3 ± 1.6 days. The final multiple linear regression selected manual extraction, farrowing duration, and the number of dead-born piglets as the most significant factors for the prediction of postpartum vaginal discharge duration. All of these three factors were positively associated with PVD. This study indicated that the duration of postpartum vaginal discharge can be predicted. Shortening the farrowing duration, which may reduce the NBD, lowering the rate of manual extraction can be some of the approaches to decrease the duration of postpartum vaginal discharge. Moreover, the results of this study suggested that suitable postpartum treatments such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs, and care should be provided to the sows with a high risk of prolonged postpartum vaginal discharge to shorten this period. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj8
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Viet Nam; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand; Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
%K antibiotic agent; antiinflammatory agent; oxytocin, animal food; Article; birth; incidence; information processing; lactation; Landrace pig; linear regression analysis; litter size; maternal welfare; milk; multiple linear regression analysis; nonhuman; observational study; parity; piglet; prediction; pregnancy; reproduction; sow (swine); stillbirth; swelling; univariate analysis; vaccination; vaginal secretion; vulva; Yorkshire pig

%D 2022
%T The Detrimental Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Infertility of Humans and Laboratory Animals: A Review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Nyandra
%A I.G. Widhiantara
%A P.A. Wiradana
%N 1
%V 12
%P 01-08
%L eprints689
%X In recent decades, the decline in human fertility has become a major concern. However, unhealthy lifestyle practices, such as the use of addictive substances that contribute to infertility persist in society. Therefore, the current study reviewed the literature addressing the effects of alcohol consumption patterns on male and female fertility. Although alcohol intake is socially accepted, its detrimental influence on male and female fertility rates has been regularly observed in recent years. The findings have revealed that abstinence from chronic alcohol intake did not recover the testes from the negative effects of alcohol. Heavy drinking, defined as 8 or more glasses per week for a woman or 15 or more drinks per week for a man might impair female reproductive function. In conclusion, the implementation of an in vivo evidence strategy ranging from animal studies to preclinical ones has indicated that alcohol intake may be related to negative effects on reproductive parameters in both males and females. The present review deserves to be highlighted since it is significant for those who lead an unhealthy lifestyle, such as those who use alcohol. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj1
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Study Program of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Universitas Dhyana Pura, Bali Province, Badung, 80361, Indonesia; Study Program of Biology, Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Universitas Dhyana Pura, Bali Province, Badung, 80361, Indonesia
%K alcohol consumption; Article; experimental animal; female fertility; health care planning; human; infertility; lifestyle; male fertility; nonhuman; pregnancy; reproduction; sperm quality; unhealthy lifestyle

%D 2022
%T Relationship between Plastron Color and Nutrition in Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A P.M. Parés-Casanova
%A A. Martínez-Silvestre
%N 1
%V 12
%P 81-86
%L eprints669
%X Body coloration of emydids can be triggered by different types of factors. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the changes in plastron color of Florida Red-bellied Turtle Pseudemys nelsoni (P. nelsoni Carr, 1938), an emydid of North America. In the current study, 15 (3 males and 12 females) fresh corpses of captive-reared adult specimens of P. nelsoni were analyzed using digital images as well as applying geometric morphometrics and color photo processing techniques. Plastron color had no relationship with size nor fluctuating asymmetry, which could be considered as a negative proxy for stress. Moreover, there were no significant differences between males and females in this regard. It can be suggested that reddish on plastron for P. nelsoni was highly related to feeding, compared to other external factors, such as age, size, or stress. In wild P. nelsoni populations, reddish plastral coloration was related to body size probably due to ontogenetic differences in the diet, as juveniles are omnivorous. Since adults are herbivores, reddish fading observed in the samples of the current study would be a mere expression of unnatural colors, which can probably be linked to unbalanced feeding. The results of the current research could contribute to the understanding of the ways color changes appear in captive turtles in response to differences in dietary access to carotenoids. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj11
%I Scienceline Publication
%O CRARC, Catalonia Reptiles and Amphibians Rescue Center, Masquefa,Catalonia, Spain
%K adult; animal shell; Article; body size; color; female; male; morphometry; nonhuman; nutrition; plastron color; Pseudemys nelsoni; sex difference; turtle

%D 2022
%T Using Morphological Traits to Predict Body Weight of Dorper Sheep Lambs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A L.J. Selala
%A T.L. Tyasi
%N 1
%V 12
%P 66-73
%L eprints674
%X The Dorper sheep are known to be a fast-growing breed with a very good body conformation that produces high-quality carcass. The recent study was conducted to determine the relationship between body weight (BW) and morphological traits, such as heart girth (HG), rump height (RH), body length (BL), withers height (WH), and sternum height (SH). A total of 51 Dorper sheep lambs (29 female and 22 male lambs) were used as experimental animals. The data was collected 24 hours after birth. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and simple regression to attain the objectives. The obtained results indicated that BW had a positively high statistically correlation with HG (r = 0.81), RH (r = 0.766), BL (r = 0.893), WH (r = 0.874), and SH (r = 0.618) in female Dorper sheep lambs. Furthermore, results showed that BW had a positively high statistically significant association with HG (r = 0.886), RH (r = 0.590), BL (r = 0.900), WH (r = 0.613), and SH (r = 0.707) in male Dorper sheep lambs. Simple regression models for morphological traits indicated that BL had the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.80) and the lowest mean square error (MSE = 2.83) in female Dorper sheep lambs, and also the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.81) and mean square error (MSE = 1.07) in male Dorper sheep lambs. In conclusion, the findings indicated that improving HG, RH, BL, WH, and SH might result in the enhancement of BW in Dorper sheep lambs. Simple regression results suggested that BL could be selected as a facilitating factor in the breeding programs to improve the BW of Dorper sheep lambs at birth. © 2022, World’s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.54203/scil.2022.wvj9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%O School of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106,Sovenga 0727,Limpopo, South Africa
%K adult; animal experiment; animal model; article; body height; body weight; breeding; controlled study; Dorper sheep; female; heart; lamb; male; mean squared error; morphological trait; nonhuman; regression model; sternum

%D 2022
%T NUTRITIONAL ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCT QUALITY OF POULTRY HUSBANDRY UNDER HEAT STRESS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. R. A. Shah
%A I. S. Çetingül
%N 2
%V 12
%P 53-65
%L eprints646
%X The objective of this review is to explore the nutritional additives to combat heat stress in high production targeted fowls.  Many diseases and stress dynamics are liable for heavy mortality nowadays. High production targets and heat stress initiate free radical injuries and gastrointestinal oxidative insults resulting in poor bioavailability and feed efficiency. Accordingly, the quality of the eggs and meat is compromised along with the bird’s health. Dietary schemes and relevant feed formulation with the provision of vital elements like selenium, zinc, calcium, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, electrolytes, essential amino acids, and plant extracts can conflict with all sorts of stress in birds and improve the immune system. The occurrence of many contagious diseases, nervous ailments, and metabolic syndromes can be decreased via appropriate feeding routines. It will not only control the bird’s health but also increase the quality and market value of the products and consumer satisfaction. Scientists have struggled to prevent immuno-depression, egg and meat quality impairments by dietary influences. Poultry welfare is facing many problems currently which should be properly coped with innovative nutritional maneuvers. This review anticipates illuminating the probable nutritional approaches to manage stress in poultry birds.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.8
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Heat stress, Poultry, Electrolytes, Phytogenic, Product quality

%D 2022
%T DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR THE RAPID DETECTION OF netB GENE IN CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. H. Soo
%A J. W. H. Tan
%A H. C. Ong
%N 2
%V 12
%P 66-72
%L eprints647
%X Necrotic enteritis (NE) has a huge economic impact in the poultry industry. Numerous studies have shown that necrotic enteritis toxin B (netB) is a key virulence factor in Clostridium perfringens strains that cause NE in chickens. Early detection of netB in C. perfringens is important to circumvent the spread of NE. In this study, we developed a novel combinatorial approach involving (i) a commercial 2-step DNA extraction kit and (ii) a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the detection of netB-positive C. perfringens in fecal samples. Melt curve analysis and specificity test demonstrated 100% specificity without any cross-reactivity in other bacterial species with a limit of detection of 102 cfu/g. Field validation was subsequently conducted on nine fecal composites collected from different layer houses at two commercial farms, leading to successful detection of four netB positive samples. The study presented a rapid diagnostic qPCR assay involving a 2-step DNA extraction protocol to screen for C. perfringens carrying netB gene in chicken fecal samples.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.9
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Clostridium perfringens; Necrotic enteritis; netB gene; Poultry; Real-time PCR

%D 2022
%T NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND IN SITU DEGRADABILITY OF SELECTED FORAGES, BROWSE TREES AND AGRO INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Terefe
%A M. Faji
%A G. Mengistu
%V 12
%P 97-102
%L eprints651
%X The in situ dry matter and crude protein degradability of grasses, legumes, browse trees and agro industrial by products was evaluated by the fistulated bulls (Boran × Holstein-Friesian with mean body weight 580 kg and age= 29±3 months). The lower (P < 0.05) crude protein content was reported in bracharia grasses than the other grasses. The higher (P < 0.05) washing loss in bracharia and Rhodes grasses and the better (P < 0.05) potential and effective degradability for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was observed in desho grass compared with other grasses. The content of crude protein, relative feed value and potential DM degradability were higher (P < 0.05) in Sesbania than Pigeon pea and tree lucerne. Potential and effective DM degradability was better (P < 0.05) in tree lucerne than the other browses. Acacia nilotica and Wanza (Cordia africana) had the greater (P < 0.05) washes loss, potential and effective degradability for dry matter and crude protein than the other browse trees. Cactus and Shola had the highest (P < 0.05) undegradable protein than Acacia nilotica and Wanza. The two energy source feeds (maize and wheat bran) had the greater (P < 0.05) potential and effective dry matter degradability than the other by products. The rumen undegradable protein was higher in vetch than lablab. The in situ dry matter degradability values obtained in this study can be useful to identifying the best materials used ruminant feeds.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2022.13
%I Scienceline Publication
%K By-products, Dry matter, Forage, Rumen degradability, Bulls.

%D 2022
%T THE EFFECT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF KAFKAS UNIVERSITY OF TURKEY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Aydin
%A P. A. Demir
%N 1
%V 12
%P 37-45
%L eprints622
%X The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about some changes in consumption preferences and nutritional habits as well as lifestyles of individuals, such as education, working system, and social relationships, especially due to having to stay at home. In this study, the change in animal food consumption dispositions of students who had to stay at home during the pandemic and received online education was examined compared to the pre-pandemic period. In the study, since face-to-face teaching-learning activities were suspended, an online questionnaire was used to collect the study data from a total of 380 students registered at Kafkas University. The average monthly income of the participants and the share they allocated to the total food and animal products expenditures in the budget were determined as 539.64±21.00$, 132.73±5.08$, and 62.18±2.67$, respectively. Although the annual chicken meat consumption amount did not change according to the income levels of the students, it was determined that the consumption of animal products, such as beef, mutton-lamb, milk-yogurt, cheese, and eggs increased as the income level increased. During the pandemic period, the food consumption of 55.3% of the participants and the animal products consumption of 35.8% increased. On the other hand, it was determined that the consumption of food and animal products increased as the income level increased during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. During the pandemic period, it was determined that red meat and salami-sausages consumption of 31.8% of the students decreased by 37.90% and 42.15%, respectively, but that the chicken meat consumption of 31.3% of the students and milk and dairy products consumption of 37.9% increased by 31.02% and 39.17%, respectively. As a result, it was determined that there were significant changes in the nutritional habits of the students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it was determined that there were significant increases in the consumption of animal products other than red meat. The primary reason why red meat consumption did not increase is thought to be due to the high price of the product compared to consumers’ income levels.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.6
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Animal Products, Consumption, COVID-19, Meat, Pandemic.

%D 2022
%T PECAN SHELLING BY-PRODUCT AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CORN IN SWINE DIETS: PERFORMANCE, DIETARY ENERGETICS AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A L. Buenabad
%A E. Saenz
%A N. Arce
%A J. Gonzalez
%A J. A. Martinez
%A A. Corral
%N 1
%V 12
%P 01-06
%L eprints627
%X The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pecan shelling by-product (PSB) grindings as partial replacement for corn in swine diets and its exerting effect on sows’ performance. Seventeen pregnant sows (210 kg of initial body weight) were used in a 14-d trial to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of corn with PSB on performance, dietary energetics, and safety. Treatments consisted of corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 0 or 10% of PSB in the diet, where the later replaced 0 or 16% of corn (as-fed basis). Ether extract (EE) content on PSB averaged 185 g/kg. Treatments including PSB had 1.9 times the EE compared to the treatment with only corn-soybean meal. Replacement of 16% of corn with PSB increased the estimated digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of the diet by 218 and 230 kcal/kg compared to control diet (90% DM basis), respectively. The higher predicted DE or ME intake for sow fed on PSB diet were 500 or 529 kcal/day compared to control diet, respectively; however, no differences on average daily gain (0.52 kg/d) between dietary treatments were observed. Neither was feed refusal for any dietary treatment nor difference on finishing their respective feed allowance. Sows consumed pecan shell at level of 0.75 g/kg of body weight daily, approximately. Intestinal activity was not affected by PSB consumption and fecal score averaged 3.0. Partial replacement of corn with PSB increased the estimated DE and ME for gestating diets by 7%, without influencing performance and intestinal function. The pecan shelling by-product supplementation at 10% inclusion level into a corn-soybean meal-based diet does not affect performance and its addition to the diet contributes to a more sustainable use of locally available feedstock in swine feeding.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.1
%I Scienceline Publication
%K By-product, Corn-soybean meal, Pecan; Pigs, Sows diet.

%D 2022
%T Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of
chronic lymphoid hemopathies observed at the
National Reference University Hospital Center (CHU-
RN) of N'Djamena
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Mbanga DJIMADOUM
%A Bessimbaye NADLAOU
%A Lopiagoto Kemteud BLAISE
%A Choua OUCHEMI
%A Mouanodji MBAISSOUROUM
%N 1
%V 12
%P 18-26
%L eprints578
%X Aim. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic profile of
chronic lymphoid hemopathies (CLH) and the viral factors linked to the genesis of HLCs at
the CHU-RN of Ndjamena in Chad. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study over two
and a half years, from October 2017 to March 2020 at the Hematology Unit of the National
Reference University Hospital Center (CHU-RN) of Ndjamena. Were included patients in
whom the diagnosis of chronic lymphoid hemopathy had been made. Results. Ninety-eight
(98) cases of hematological malignancies were recorded out of 531 hematological
consultations including 66 (12.43%) CLH and 67.35% of hematological malignancies with an
annual incidence of 26.4 cases. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was 56.06% (n=37)
followed by 25.76% (n=17) Malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 15.15% (n=10) Hodgkin's
lymphoma and 3.03 % (n=2) cutaneous lymphoma. A male predominance was observed for
all types of CLH. The most represented age groups were those of 51 to 60 years for CLL and
11 to 20 years for lymphomas. Conclusion: This study made it possible to have a better
epidemiological knowledge and the viral factors related to the genesis of CLH at the CHU-
RN of Ndjamena. It revealed difficulties in biological diagnosis and management, in
particular the initiation of chemotherapy.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2022.3
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Chronic lymphoid
hemopathies,
CHU-RN,
Ndjamena

%D 2022
%T THE POTENTIAL USES OF SILYMARIN, A MILK THISTLE (Silybum Marianum) DERIVATIVE, IN POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEM
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 1
%V 12
%P 46-52
%L eprints632
%X Due to recent intensive poultry production, there is a great demand to use natural alternative feed additives. One of these alternatives is phytobiotics. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a plant that has been used for many years as a natural remedy for the liver diseases. Silymarin is the major dried extract of milk thistle. Silymarin has many flavonolignans that showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-lipid peroxidative, immune stimulant, and hepatic cells stabilizing effects. In poultry production system, silymarin has been used in broilers as a growth promotor and in layers to improve the egg quantity and quality. It has been also used as a hepatotonic substance as a result of a potent antioxidant activity. The carcass trait showed improvement after treatment of broilers with silymarin. In addition, enhancement of the immune system and the intestinal health has been detected after application of silymarin in poultry diets. Accordingly, this review article aims to show the different potential uses of silymarin in poultry production system regarding its effect on production performance, antioxidant status, carcass traits, immune response, and intestinal health.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.7
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Antioxidant, Carcass trait, Immunity, Intestinal health, S. marianum

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF A NEW COMPLEX MYCOTOXIN ADSORBENT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, AND SERUM LEVELS OF RETINOL, TOCOPHEROL AND 25-HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL IN PIGS FED ON MYCOTOXINCONTAMINATED FEED
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Faustov
%A V. Lykhach
%A A. Lykhach
%A M. Shpetny
%A L. Lenkov
%N 1
%V 12
%P 7-13
%L eprints634
%X The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of commercial analogue mycotoxin adsorbent (CAMA) and Gepasorbex as a new complex mycotoxin-adsorbent additive on growth performance and serum retinol, tocopherol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations of fattening young pigs (n=90), which fed on the combined feed contaminated with mycotoxins. Animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups with 30 heads in each: the first group of pigs (control) fed the basic diet in grower and finisher periods; the second group fed the basic diet with the 0.15% by weight of feed of the mycotoxins-adsorbent as commercial analogue; the third group fed the basic diet with the addition of 0.15% by weight of feed of Gepasorbex, a new compound of mycotoxin-adsorbent additive. On the 48th and 88th days of fattening, blood samples were taken from the pigs for testing the vitamins A, E and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels. Piglets from third experimental group followed by group 2 animals showed better growth rates and significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01, respectively) exceeded analogues from the control group in live weight and average daily gain in all age periods which showed a noticeable positive effect of diet’s mycotoxin adsorbents, especially Gepasorbex, on animal growth rates. The results of the laboratory study showed that in the pigs from third experimental group, which fed on Gepasorbex with compound feed, the serum concentrations of retinol, tocopherol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were within the biological reference interval and significantly exceeded (P<0.05) similar indicators from the control group in both periods. The results of the experiment showed that when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by mycotoxins, use of a new complex action preparation like Gepasorbex can mitigate the negative impacts of mycotoxins on animal performance, and is more capable to remove mycotoxins without binding to dietary vitamins.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.2
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Gepasorbex, Mycotoxins, Retinol, Tocopherol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.

%D 2022
%T THE EFFECT OF COCONUT MEAT WASTE SUPPLEMENTED WITH THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA AND THERMOSTABLE MANNANASE ON PERFORMANCE, GUT HISTOMORPHOLOGY AND MICROBIOTA OF BROILER CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A . Harnentis
%A R. Amizar
%A Y.S. Nur
%A N. Huda
%N 6
%V 12
%P 363-371
%L eprints736
%X An experiment was conducted on Arbor Acress broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of coconut meat waste (CMW) supplemented with 1010 CFU/kg CMW of thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus sp. SM-1.4) and 800 U/kg diets of thermostable mannanase on performance and gut histomorphology of broilers. One hundred and fifty of day-old chicks (unsexed) were used in this study. The birds were fed five diets containing coconut meat waste supplemented with bacteria and mannanases (CBM); 0 CBM, 10 CBM, 20 CBM, 30 CBM, and 40 CBM. Feed and water were available at all times. A completely randomized design was applied in this experiment with five diets and five replicate cages. The parameters determined are performance (feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio), gut histomorphology, and microbiota of broilers. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance according to a completely randomized design and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Data indicated that feed consumption, body weight gain, and gut histomorphology of birds fed the CMW supplemented with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable mannanase were up to 30 higher than those of birds fed the non-supplemented (0 CBM) diet. The birds fed a 20 coconut meat waste diet supplemented with 1010 CFU/kg diet thermophilic bacteria, and 800 U/kg CMW thermostable mannanase had higher body weight gain than others and significantly (P<0.05) affected on microbiota of broiler. Adding coconut meat waste supplemented with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable mannanase did not affect the feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, up to 20, CBM level in the diet could improving performance, gut histomorphology, and composition microbiota of broiler. © 2022, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.48
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Andalas, Padang, 25163, Indonesia; Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Malaysia
%K Broiler; Coconut meat waste; Histomorphology; Microbiota; Thermophilic bacteria; Thermostable mannanase

%D 2022
%T Arthroscopic surgery results for plica syndrome of the knee
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Murodjon Ergashevich IRISMETOV
%A Murodbek Bakhodirovich TADJINAZAROV
%N 01
%V 12
%P 08-17
%L eprints577
%X Aim. This study aimed to carry out a comparative analysis of the treatment results in patients with plica syndrome of the knee. Methods. A total of 425 patients are contributed in the study done during 2018-2019 (main group) and 2014-2017 (comparison group). The main group was consisted of 205 patients who underwent early arthroscopic surgery as the main treatment. The comparison group was consisted of 220 patients who were prescribed conservative therapy for 3 months as the first stage of treatment; in case of ineffectiveness, arthroscopic diagnostics were performed, followed by surgical correction of the pathology of the synovial plica of the knee. Evaluation of the results was carried out after 1 and 3 months (early and immediate postoperative period), 6 and 12 months (long-term postoperative period), and was based on the data of clinical (complaints and physical examination), instrumental (ultrasound and MRI) examination and test results on the scale Lysholm and a special questionnaire IKDC-2000 by comparing these indicators with the data before and after the surgical treatment of patients. Results. The share of excellent and good long-term results was increased from 80.4% to 92.7%, the frequency of specific complications was reduced from 17.3% to 5.4%. Arthroscopic surgery provided successful therapy in 94.6% of cases in patients with pathological synovial folds of the knee. Long-term rehabilitation of more than 6 months was required in 5.4% (11 out of 205) cases, in particular with recurrent synovitis (7 out of 11; 63.6%), chronic pain in the patellofemoral joint (2 out of 11; 18.2%) and the presence of movement restrictions in the knee joint (2 out of 11; 18.2%). Conclusion. The early use of arthroscopic surgery of pathologically altered synovial folds of the knee joint is accompanied by a positive dynamics of points on the Lysholm scale and the IKDC-2000 questionnaire during treatment and is characterized by the possibility of regression of the intra-articular pathological process with a significant increase in the proportion of excellent and good results in the immediate and late postoperative periods.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2022.2
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Knee, Pathological Synovial Plica, Syndrome, Arthroscopic Surgery

%D 2022
%T COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PHENOTYPIC RANKING DECISIONS AND TRAIT PREFERENCES OF SHEEP PRODUCERS IN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Misganaw
%A Y. Dagnew
%A A. Getu
%N 1
%V 12
%P 14-20
%L eprints638
%X This study was aimed to investigate comparative trait preferences of farmers’ and selection practices for Rutana and Gumuz sheep breeds in existing production system. Ranking method, such as direct and own-flock ranking experiment with sheep keepers were carried in smallholder and large-scale production systems. Appearance, coat colour and fast growth rate were important traits in selecting breeding rams in smallholder system where as fast growth rate, tail length and appearance were preferred in large-scale system. Mothering ability, multiple births and lambing interval were most preferred for ranking breeding ewes in both systems. The mean of all objectively measured body conformation traits and body weight varies significantly across the farmers ranking categories and in line with their selection decision. In Gumuz sheep breed the average body weight of ewes which ranked as best was superior to rank as poor (34.5 kg vs. 26.7kg); whereas, in Rutana breed it was 39.4 kg vs. 29.5 kg (P<0.05). The farmers’ breeding objectives were improving reproduction, conformation and growth traits, which can increase net cash income per flock through increased number of marketable animals for meat production. Therefore, considering meat production traits is recommended as feasible strategy for future for Gumuz and Rutana sheep genetic improvement and conservation program.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.3
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Breed improvement; Conservation; Gumuz sheep; Ranking experiment; Rutana sheep.

%D 2022
%T Prevalence and antibioresistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from lettuce and irrigation water in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Sibiri Sylvain ROUAMBA
%A Namwin Siourimè SOMDA
%A François TAPSOBA
%A Asseto SOMDA
%A Marie-Laurence Paulette OUÉDRAOGO
%A Elie KABRÉ
%A Lassana SANGARÉ
%A Aly SAVADOGO
%N 01
%V 12
%P 01-07
%L eprints576
%X Introduction. The use of partially or untreated wastewater in the irrigation of vegetable crops constitutes a risk of microbiological contamination that can cause diarrhea in the consumer. Aim. This study mainly aimed to assess the level of contamination of irrigation water and lettuce as well as to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of isolated bacteria. Methods. A total of eighty samples of lettuce and ten irrigation waters were collected from the market gardening sites of Boulmiougou, Bissigin, the National School of Public Health and Tanghin. The research of thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella was done following ISO standard methods. Isolated Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains were tested for their resistance profile by using the Kirby-Bauer method with a panel of twenty different antibiotics. Results. Out of the eighty lettuce samples, 68.75% (55) contained thermotolerant coliforms with an average load of 8.75 ×105 CFU g-1. The prevalence of Escherichia coli was 57.5% (46) and Salmonella prevalence was 11.25% (9) including eight strains of Salmonella enterica spp. and one strain of Salmonella enterica arizonea. All irrigation waters were contaminated by thermotolerant coliforms at an average concentration of 3.11×104 CFU/100mL. The prevalence of Escherichia coli in the irrigation waters was 40% (4/10) while Salmonella enterica spp. was 20% (2/10). The highest antibiotic resistance was found in Escherichia coli strains with ampicillin 28.26%, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 26.09% and tetracycline 19.57%. Conclusion. The water used to irrigate vegetable crops in Ouagadougou could be a major source of contamination of vegetables by microorganisms. In addition, the consumption of lettuce would constitute a risk of propagation of salmonellosis among the population.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2022.1
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Esophageal cancer, minimally invasive treatment, endoscopic tunneling, esophageal stenting

%D 2022
%T TURKEY MEAT HYGIENE AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT AFTER DEFROSTING
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Stekolnikov
%A A. Drozd
%A D. Orlova
%A T. Kalyuzhnaya
%A Y. Kuznetsov
%N 1
%V 12
%P 31-36
%L eprints648
%X Violations of temperature and humidity storage conditions and the intensive development of lactic acid putrefactive microorganisms (micrococcus, yeast, and mold fungi) lead to destructive changes in muscle tissue. The studies established the effect of single and repeated defrosting of turkey meat on the increase in the number of microorganisms that cause spoilage of products and being criteria for meat hygiene and biological safety. As a result of the study, there were no detecting bacteria of the genus Salmonella in a sample of 25g of chilled, defrosted, and re-defrosted turkey meat. Also, there was no detecting growth of Listeria monocytogenes and bacteria of the Escherichia coli group in a sample of 1g of the product. On the other hand, significant changes were in the dynamics of microbial contamination in terms of the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms. Thus, in cooled samples, the total microbial contamination was 3.2×102±0.2 colonies of forming units per 1g of product. In samples of defrosted turkey meat, this indicator increased 1.8 times and amounted to 5.6×102±0.4. However, the obtained value did not exceed the maximum permissible, regulated in the normative and technical documentation. Samples of re-defrosted turkey meat in terms of quantity of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms corresponded to 4.7×103±0.2, which is 14.5 times higher than in chilled meat samples and 8.4 times higher than in defrosted meat. In addition, the established value of the indicator of microbial contamination in re-defrosting meat exceeded the maximum permissible value established by regulatory enactments. Thus, there is a direct effect of repeated freezing of raw meat on its good quality and safety. Therefore, the solution to such a practical problem as identifying the thermal state of turkey meat acquires a significant role.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.5
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Contamination, Meat hygiene, Meat spoilage, Microbiological control, Storage.

%D 2022
%T EFFECT OF COCONUT MILK INCLUSION IN ROOT MEAL-BASED DIETS ON PERFORMANCE AND FEED INTAKE OF NATIVE CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Taer
%A E. Taer
%A E. Escobal
%A L. Alsong
%A R. Maglinte
%N 1
%V 12
%P 21-30
%L eprints650
%X In pursuit of feed cost reduction for chickens, a reduced feed intake strategy was proposed, but how this strategy works without compromising the chicken performance rarely explored. This study proposes the satiating effects of fresh coconut milk (FCM) as dietary fat for giant swamp taro meal-based (GST) diets on the performance and feed intake reduction of native chickens. One hundred eighty Bisaya native chickens have been grouped into FCM-free and FCM supplemented groups further divided into 0%, 25%, and 50% GST sub-groups of ten chickens in each sub-group. The experiment was laid out in a 2 × 3 factorial in a completely randomized design. The feeding trial started on week 5 post-hatch and terminated on week 12 post-hatch. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and weight gain (WG) of chicken at weekly intervals were highly significant among FCM as well as GST treatments during weeks 5–7, also the final ADFI and WG. However, no remarkable differences of ADFI and WG in weeks 8–12 feeding. The bodyweight of chickens was highly significant among the FCM group and levels of GST were consistently observed throughout the study period. Neither the FCM nor GST groups differ the values for FCR. However, a bit higher FCR for FCM supplemented and 0% GST treatments. Slaughter weight, meat cuts (breast and thigh) and organ weight (liver, gizzard, and heart) was uninfluenced by either FCM or levels of GST. FCM supplemented diet had higher apparent digestibility of crude ash than FCM-free. 25% GST meal inclusion had higher apparent digestibility of crude fiber compared to 0% and 50% GST. No remarkable FCM×GST interactions in all parameters tested throughout the trial. In conclusion, supplementation of fresh coconut milk to giant swamp taro meal as replacement to maize did not reduce feed intake of chickens but rather increased body weight, weight gain with marginal improvement in FCR. The 50% giant swamp taro replacement to maize compromises overall performance of native chickens. However, supplementing fresh coconut milk to giant swamp taro meal can replace maize up to 25% that gives a better body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2022.4
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Bisaya native chicken, Coconut, Dietary fats, Feed efficiency, Root crops.

%D 2022
%T The Importance of Poultry Meat in Medicine: A Review
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S.A. Jilo
%A L.A. Hasan
%N 4
%V 12
%P 258-262
%L eprints742
%X The animal products, such as meat, milk, skin, blood, honey, and urine, have medicinal value for human diseases. Due to having high-quality components, poultry meat has therapeutic value. The present review aimed to describe the medicinal values of poultry meat for individuals who consume it during their life. Most poultry meat is classified as white meat, which contains lower fat and higher protein, compared with the meat of ovine, bovine, and pig. This feature of poultry meat (lower fat and higher protein) helps its consumers to have a normal physiological function of different organ systems. Moreover, it prevents many non-infectious diseases, including overweight, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Selenium and low contents of carcinogenic substances (myoglobin, heme iron, and saturated fat) in poultry meat also prevent different types of cancers. Poultry meat is also recommended to avoid anemia, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Dietary proteins, vitamins, and minerals in chicken meat are used for anti-aging, developing muscle and bone, improving the immune system, and increasing brain function. Traditionally, poultry is recommended as a supportive treatment for respiratory diseases, such as the common cold. Thus, consumption of poultry meat, especially chickens, up to 300g/once a week is recommended to prevent and reduce the risks of gastrointestinal cancers such as oesophageal cancer. Generally, regular consumption of poultry meat has health benefits for humans to prevent and reduce the risk of different diseases as chicken meat is a rich source of nutrition that can enhance the immunity system and tackle human disease risk factors © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2022.28
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia; Wako Gutu Foundation, Robe, Ethiopia
%K Consumption; Health benefits; Meat; Poultry

%D 2022
%T Characterization and Typology of Traditional Poultry Farming Systems in Southern Niger
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Moustapha
%A A. Adamou
%A E. Talaki
%N 4
%V 12
%P 245-257
%L eprints744
%X An appropriate agricultural policy that integrates knowledge of endogenous poultry practices should enhance household resilience by contributing to food and nutrition security and sustainable development in developing countries. The current cross-sectional survey aimed to characterize poultry breeding systems and identify types of traditional poultry farmers in Maradi and Zinder in southern Niger. Therefore, 600 households were investigated for the socio-economic parameters of poultry farmers, the breeding methods, the zootechnical parameters of the local chicken, and the health parameters relating to biosecurity and animal care. The results of the descriptive analyses indicated that traditional poultry activity is mainly carried out by men (73.5) and small farmers (74.2). Breeding management was primarily free-range breeding (99.3). The majority of the surveyed herders (67.8) were illiterate. However, 41.5 of them attended traditional Islamic Koranic schools. Most farmers (80) were small-scale livestock farmers with an average herd size of 22 ± 24.9. The poultry raised were 93.3 local breeds, with chicken domination (66). The housing did not meet the required standards, and the feed was mainly cereals. The female chicken can potentially produce 12.64 fertile eggs per clutch and brood 3.53 times per year. The leading cause of mortality in poultry was avian diseases (93.7) and Newcastle disease in some cases. Poultry vaccination against Newcastle disease was reported by 31.5 of respondents. Of the respondents, 20 have partially observed hygiene and biosecurity measures. About 35.5 of the participants reported the provision of veterinary care, while 44 used phytotherapy to prevent or treat poultry diseases. Based on the results of this cluster analysis, three classes of poultry farmers were distinguished, each with specific characteristics. Poultry farmers in class 1 were particularly characterized by the diversity of their main activity and their level of education, those in class 2 were mostly employed in agriculture and had little school experience, and those in class 3 were characterized by their low level of vaccination practice and their lack of therapeutic animal care. The results also indicated that 15.7, 70.8, and 13.5 of poultry farmers belonged to classes 1, 2, and 3, respectively © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2022.27
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Centre d�Excellence Régional sur les Sciences Aviaires, Université de Lomé (CERSA/UL), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo; Faculté d�Agronomie et des Sciences de l�Environnement, Université Dan Dicko Dankoulodo de Maradi (FASE/UDDM), BP: 465, Maradi, Niger; Ecole Supérieure d�Agronomie, Université de Lomé (ESA/UL), 01 BP: 1515, Lomé, Togo
%K Characterization; Farmer; Niger; Poultry diseases; Poultry production

%D 2022
%T Effects of a Multi-genus Synbiotic (PoultryStar® sol) on Gut Health and Performance of Broiler Breeders
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Z. Prentza
%A F. Castellone
%A M. Legnardi
%A B. Antlinger
%A M. Segura-Wang
%A G. Kefalas
%A P. Fortomaris
%A A. Argyriadou
%A N. Papaioannou
%A I. Stylianaki
%A G. Franzo
%A M. Cecchinato
%A V. Papatsiros
%A K. Koutoulis
%N 4
%V 12
%P 212-229
%L eprints746
%X In recent years, a rising interest has been directed towards the use of nutraceuticals in the zootechnical sector, including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, as a way to support production efficiency and cope with the increasing limitations to the use of antibiotics. In poultry, however, most studies on these products have been conducted on broilers, while less information is available on their benefits to other productive categories. The present field study aimed to assess the effects of a multi-species synbiotic product (PoultryStar® sol) on the gut health and productive performance of broiler breeders. A total of 24761 day-old Ross 308 parent stock chicks were acquired from a single hatchery and placed on the same farm. Female chicks were divided into three groups and raised in different houses (A, B, and C), in which males were introduced at the age of mating and followed until 40 weeks of age. The synbiotic was provided by drinking water to the flocks in houses A and B, while house C was kept as control. Following the manufacturer�s guidelines, the product was administered intermittently once every two weeks, except in the first and the twenty-first week when it was supplied for three consecutive days. Data on performance parameters, egg quality traits, bacterial enteritis scoring, intestinal morphometry, and histopathology were recorded, and the caecal content was collected at 15, 25, and 40 weeks of age to investigate the intestinal microbiota using high-throughput next-generation sequencing. Synbiotic-treated hens showed significantly higher survivability during production compared to the control group. No clear differences were observed between treated and control chickens in terms of egg production and quality, and the effect of the synbiotic on weight gain also appeared limited. From 25 weeks onwards, synbiotic-treated chickens scored better in terms of macroscopical lesions and had longer intestinal villi. Significant differences in crypt length and histopathological lesions were also found at multiple sampling points. A treatment effect on caecal bacterial composition was detected with a differential abundance of Gastranaerophilales, Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacter, Ruminococcaceae, and Clostridia, among others. Taken together, obtained results support the beneficial effects of the intermittent administration of the synbiotic product PoultryStar® sol on the gut health of broiler breeders. © 2022,Journal of World''s Poultry Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2022.24
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, 43100, Greece; DSM Nutritional product UK, Heanor Gate Industrial Estate, Heanor Derbyshire, DE75, United Kingdom; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy; DSM - BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, Tulln, 3430, Austria; NUEVO S.A., Viotias, Schimatari, 32009, Greece; Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, 43100, Greece
%K Broiler breeder; Gastrointestinal health; Histopathology; Microbiota; Synbiotic

%D 2022
%T Identification of Adeno-associated Virus in Muscovy Ducks with Chronic Diarrhea
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H.M. Sallam
%A A.M. Zanaty
%N 4
%V 12
%P 230-235
%L eprints745
%X Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are defective members of the genus Dependoparvovirus. Waterfowl parvoviruses, another member of the Dependoparvovirus, were found to be the closest relative of AAVs. This study was performed to identify the genetic changes that may occur to goose parvovirus (GPV) in one Muscovy duck flock that was observed for 12 weeks after the virus was isolated. Persistent watery diarrhea and wing deformity were the common signs. Cloacal swabs were collected from diseased ducks. Unexpectedly, the identified virus was an AAV. The closest strains were duck AAVs at the nucleotide level, identified in Australia and China. Meanwhile, only 52.3 of nucleotide identity was shared with the GPV strain, previously identified from this flock. Duck adenovirus (DAdV) could not be identified in the samples. This study is one of the first studies in which genetic changes of GPV were tracked. In addition, emerging duck AAV from GPV is suggested, which will be useful for future virus classification © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2022.25
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Damanhour Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center22511, Egypt; Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center12611, Egypt
%K Adeno-associated virus; Chronic diarrhea; Muscovy ducks

%D 2022
%T Increasing the Quality of Blood Tofu in an Industrial Slaughterhouse of Thailand
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A P. Tangwatcharin
%A W. Teemeesuk
%A S. Sorapukdee
%N 4
%V 12
%P 236-244
%L eprints743
%X Blood tofu, or cooked duck blood curd, is a Chinese delicacy in East Asia. Its quality and shelf-life are low due to microorganism contamination during production. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the role of sodium diacetate (SD), sodium chloride (NaCl), and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) combinations in increasing the quality of blood tofu. A total of 45 cooked duck blood curd samples were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates per group. The first two groups were used to investigate the effect of SD, NaCl, and PEG combinations on microbiological and physical analyses for non-inoculated samples. Another group was used to determine the effect of antimicrobial combinations on Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus in inoculated samples that were inoculated with these bacteria. All groups were treated with control-sterilized water, 0.15 SD (w/v) + 1.25 NaCl (w/v), 0.30 SD (w/v) + 1.25 NaCl (w/v), 0.15 SD (w/v) + 0.15 PEG (w/v), and 0.15 SD (w/v) + 1.25 NaCl (w/v) + 0.15 PEG (w/v). The results indicated that soaking cooked duck blood curd samples in antimicrobial agent combinations could reduce mesophile and psychrophile bacteria counts in non-inoculated samples. Additionally, 0.15 SD + 1.25 NaCl + 0.15 PEG combination had a higher reduction in mesophile and psychrophile counts, compared to soaking the samples in 0.30 SD + 1.25 NaCl, 0.15 SD + 1.25 NaCl and 0.15 SD + 0.15 PEG combinations. Similarly, this combination showed a significant decrease in lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts in inoculated samples. Furthermore, soaking the samples in 0.15 SD + 1.25 NaCl + 0.15 PEG combination did not negatively affect the samples� physical quality. Soaking the samples in 0.15 SD + 1.25 NaCl + 0.15 PEG combination inhibited the growth of mesophile, psychrophile, and Pseudomonas in non-inoculated samples after storage for 10, 6, 10, and 8 days in a slaughter warehouse at 7°C, respectively, and extended shelf-life of samples for 16 days. Regarding physical quality changes, this treatment delayed the reduction of pH, hue, hardness, and chewiness of the samples after storage for 10, 8, 12, and 10 days, respectively. Thus, SD, NaCl, and PEG combination had a high preservative potential for cooked duck blood curd used in industrial slaughterhouses © 2022, Journal of World's Poultry Research.All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2022.26
%I SCIENCELINE
%O Department of Animal Production Technology and Fisheries, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut�s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
%K Blood curd; Duck; Organic acid salt; Polyethylene glycol; Quality changes

%D 2021
%T Potential Carbon Thickness on Ammonia Content in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Aquaponics System with Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. T. Abizaka
%A G. Mahasri
%A D. D. Nindarwi
%N 4
%V 11
%P 678-684
%L eprints353
%X The application of aquaponics aquaculture is needed to improve water quality, especially the addition of filtration materials which act as absorbent planting mediums for ammonia nitrogen content in toxic water. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of the carbon thickness on ammonia levels in Nile tilapia in aquaponics systems with Water spinach. The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and five replications. The main parameter was ammonia level. Supporting parameters in this study included initial and final growth of Water spinach, fish survival rate, specific growth rate, and water quality which included temperature measurement, dissolved oxygen, and pH. Each treatment consisted of variations of carbon thicknesses at P0 (control), P1 (5 cm), P2 (7 cm), and P3 (9 cm). The results revealed that ammonia levels were significantly different at P1, P2, and P3 in the third and fourth weeks. Ammonia levels during the study decreased from 0.3969 ppm to 0.1741 ppm. The reported value of 7.2 was for acidity degree, 29.3°C for the temperature, 5.94 ppm for dissolved oxygen, 8.42 cm for the growth of Water spinach, 0.44% for the specific growth rate, and 90% for the survival rate. Carbon thickness caused a decrease in ammonia levels in Nile tilapia with aquaponics systems through the medium of Water spinach.
%R 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj85
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Ammonia, Carbon thickness, Ipomoea aquatica, Oreochromis niloticus

%D 2021
%T Microbial Contamination and Adulteration Detection of Meat Products in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. S. M. Abuelnaga
%A K. A. E. H. A. El-Razik
%A M. M. H. Soliman
%A H. S. Ibrahim
%A M. M. M. Abd-Elaziz
%A A. H. Elgohary
%A R. H. Hedia
%A E. A. E. Elgabry
%N 4
%V 11
%P 735-744
%L eprints355
%X Meat products as rich sources of several nutrients are easily contaminated by microorganisms, which are widely predominant in the environment. Moreover, meat products could also be adulterated with equine, pig, chicken, and mouse meat, and their existence is risky for consumers. A total of 140 meat product samples (minced beef meat, beef burger, sausage, beef luncheon, frankfurter, kofta, and bastirma; 20 samples from each product) were gathered from various supermarkets in Cairo governorate, Egypt. Those samples were subjected to bacteriological and mycological examination together with a novel multiplex PCR method to detect bovine, donkey, horse, pork, chicken, and mouse species in the processed meat in a single reaction step. The results revealed that minced meat had the highest total colony count and Staphylococcus aureus counts were the highest in sausage samples. Escherichia coli mean values were the highest in luncheon samples and minced meat indicated the highest Salmonella count. However, beef burger counts were the highest for both yeast and mold count. For multiplex PCR results, only 16.4% of meat products samples were negative for bovine species. Moreover, 88.5% and 9.2% were respectively positive to chicken and mouse speciesand negative to equine and pig species. Thus, microbial contamination reported in the current study could raise attention toward the implementation of food safety standards in both factories and markets. Moreover, and multiplex PCR-based assay executed in the current study is suggested since it could afford sensitive and specific detection of mitochondrial cytochrome-b (mtcyt-b) DNA in processed meat products samples to detect and prevent troubles related to wellbeing and safety.
%R 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj94
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Adulteration, Bacteriological, Meat products, Multiplex PCR, Mycological

%D 2021
%T Molecular Detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Broiler Chickens of Diyala Province, Iraq
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. K. Al-Azzawi
%A A. T. Nasser
%A K. S. Al-Ajeeli
%N 4
%V 11
%P 439-445
%L eprints101
%X Many broiler chickens farms in Diyala Province, Iraq, have shown clinical signs of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in broiler chickens, including depression of birds, petechial hemorrhage in muscles of the thigh, and swollen bursa. Therefore, in the current study, necropsy samples (liver, spleen, bursa, and kidney) were collected from the mentioned broiler chickens. The samples were then subjected to conventional RT-PCR using specific primers to the VP2 gene. The results showed that five out of seven collected samples were positive to IBDV, and the RT-PCR produced a fragment of 260 bp. Furthermore, four tissue bursa samples were sent to AniCon Labor GmbH- Germany by using (FTA- card including four spots) for detection of IBDV by real-time RT-PCR using VP1 and VP2 genes to distinguish the pathogenic virulent strain of IBDV from non-virulent IBDV strains and to make the phylogenetic tree. Results showed that duplex RT-PCR generated a fragment of 690bp for VP1 gene and 700bp for VP2 genes of detected IBDV. Two out of 4 samples from suspected flocks were found positive with prevalence results of 50% for intermediated and non-virulent IBDV strains (IBDV nvv), and 50% (2 samples) were very virulent (vvIBDV). The threshold Cycle (Ct) value for RT-PCR for two isolates on bursa tissue ranged from 16.6 to 25.7. One strain was recorded in NCBI with the accession number of (MW8883071). Phylogenetic analysis of detected and sequenced IBDV indicated that the local studied virus was closely related to 710- Jordan isolate (accession number MF142560.1) and to the isolate 267-Jordan (MF 142517.1) with a higher identity reach of (99.2%).
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.52
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chickens, Infectious bursal disease virus, RT-PCR

%D 2021
%T Sequencing Analysis of Local Avian Coronavirus Isolated from Infected Broiler Chickens in Babylon Province, Iraq
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. A. Al-Saegh
%A H. T. Kaab
%A S. S. Hameed
%A H. M. Abdulwahab
%N 4
%V 11
%P 416-421
%L eprints106
%X Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the important contagious diseases in the poultry industry, through which genome alternation can lead to a newly modified IB strain. Many IB outbreaks in recent years have occurred in Babylon, Iraq, even with the implementation of a vaccination program. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the IB virus genome to identify the circulating strain. In this regard, any respiratory signs in broiler chickens were initially diagnosed as IB in seven farms of Babylon province, Iraq, from January to March 2021 leading to high economic loss. A total of 25 serological tests indicated infection with IB disease. Then, Flinders Technology Associates cards loaded with samples were sent to AniCon Labor GmbH Laboratory diagnostic in Germany for identification by extraction and sequencing the fragment of the S1 spike protein-coding gene. In the next step, the viral sequences were compared with the globally known strains of vaccines and field strains in the GenBank database using the NCBI. The results indicated a high similarity of the strain MZ520128 in the current investigation with IQ1 (MH747093.1) and Israeli (IS/1494/06) strains by 98.3% and 81.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the similarity of the current isolate with vaccine strains was reported as 24-43%. This variance among the current isolates with other strains could explain the reasons the vaccination strains and programs provide poor protection against the field infected by IBV. The current isolate of MZ520128 was a circulating pathogen with economic losses and the commercially available vaccine did not provide enough level to stand against the incidence of the disease.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.49
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian coronavirus, Broiler chicken infectious bronchitis, SI protein sequence

%D 2021
%T Effects of Egg Coverages on Storage and Pre-incubation Periods in Broiler Breeder Eggs
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. K. I. Al-Samrai
%A A. A. Tawfeeq
%N 4
%V 11
%P 468-474
%L eprints107
%X The quality of the hatching eggs decreases when the storage period is prolonged leading to a loss of water from the egg. The current study aimed to assess the effects of coverage, storage, and pre-incubation on egg characteristics of broiler breeders. A total of 360 broiler breeder eggs (Ross, 308) used in the current study were randomly distributed in a three-factorial experiment (2 × 2 × 3). The study included two treatments for coverage (covered with nylon and uncovered), two treatments (4 and 7 days) for storage, and three treatments (0, 4, and 8 hours) for pre-incubation. For each treatment, there were three replicates (10 eggs in each replicate). The eggs were pre-incubated at 37.5°C (99.5°F) and 85% relative humidity, while the storage temperature was 15-18°C and 55-60% relative humidity. The results showed that the hatchability from fertile eggs significantly increased in covered eggs, compared to uncovered ones. However, the characteristics of the shell and the shape index were not significantly affected by the three factors. Yolk high and yolk index significantly decreased in eggs stored for seven days, compared to the eggs stored for four days. Eggs coverage during storage significantly reduced moisture loss on the first and seventh days of egg incubation, compared to uncovered eggs. In addition, the lowest significant value of moisture loss appeared at incubation days of 7, 15, and 18 for covered eggs with 4 days of storage but without pre-incubation. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the coverage decreased moisture loss during egg storage. Furthermore, the interaction between coverage factor and pre-incubation factor indicated the albumin high increased significantly in eggs covered and pre-incubated for 8 hours.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.55
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Coverage, Egg, Moisture loss, Pre-incubation, Storage

%D 2021
%T Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 in Animal Feed Collected from the Northeastern Area of Morocco
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. Alahlah
%A M. E. Maadoudi
%A N. Bouchriti
%A R. Triqui
%A M. Stitou
%A N. H. Hafid
%A O. E. Ouahabi
%N 4
%V 11
%P 587-593
%L eprints360
%X The carry-over of contaminants from feed to animal products is an important issue in the animal production chain, therefore, the quality control of those animal products should include the control of the animal feed. The current study was carried out to assess the contamination levels of three types of animal feed (dairy animal feed, poultry feed, and fish feed) by Aflatoxin B1. A total of 68 animal feed samples were collected from the Northeastern Moroccan area (Tangier-Tétouan-AL Hoceima). The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetone/water. The sample extractions were filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline, and applied to an immunoaffinity column. Aflatoxin B1 was eluted with methanol then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, after post-column photochemical derivatization. The analytical results for the level of Aflatoxin B1 in the animal feed samples revealed an average presence of 44.12% for all analyzed samples. The concentrations were between 1.02 and 13.59 µg/Kg, with a mean value of 4.08 ± 3.11 µg/Kg. The results indicated that there was a significant difference across the three types of animal feeds regarding the concentrations of Aflatoxin B1.
%R 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj74
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aflatoxin B1, Animal feed, HPLC, Morocco, Statistical data

%D 2021
%T Gastroprotective Effect of Conocarpus Erectus Plus Omega-3 on Experimentally Induced Ulcer in Rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Z. M. Ayad
%A A. I. Alameedi
%A H. A. Abbas
%A L. S. G. Al-Rubaie
%N 4
%V 11
%P 698-704
%L eprints378
%X There has been a dearth of research on the gastroprotective effect of Conocarpus erectus in the literature so the current study was designed to estimate the ability of Conocarpus erectus (C. erectus) leaves extract alone and in combination with omega-3 regarding gastroprotective effects. A total of 30 male rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). All animals induced gastric ulcer by 80 mg/kg of naproxen orally twice a day for three consecutive days. At the same time, the animals treated orally with 175 mg/kg omega-3, 250 mg/kg C. erectus, 80 mg omega-3 + 150 mg C. erectus, 10 mg/kg of lansoprazole, and 2 ml/kg of DMSO were named T1, T2, T3, T4, and TC, respectively. The obtained results of the present study indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponin, and tannin as active ingredients in C. erectus leaves extract. Consequently, C. erectus seemed to have the potential of chelating metals in a concentration-dependent manner. Gross and histopathology findings showed the highly protective capability of C. erectus and omega-3 against ulcerative lesion, compared to the time each was used alone. The outcomes of the current study indicated that using C. erectus alone or plus omega-3 can protect the gastric mucosa from the ulceration induced by naproxen, and the chelating properties of C. erectus.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj87
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Conocarpus erictus, Naproxen, Omega-3, Rat, Ulcer

%D 2021
%T Isolation and Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Layer Chickens in Sylhet, Bangladesh
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. S. I. Basit
%A M. A. Mamun
%A M. M. Rahman
%A M. Noor
%N 4
%V 11
%P 614-620
%L eprints383
%X Mycoplasma gallisepticum induced poultry diseases are associated with a huge economic crisis and have a considerable impact on the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of the current study was to isolate and perform molecular detection of MG circulating pathogenic strain in the commercial layer farms in the Sylhet district of Bangladesh. The entire study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2019 at three Upazilas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh. A total of 50 dead layer chickens (indicating signs of respiratory distress before death) were collected randomly from 15 different layer farms. The tissue samples, such as air sacs, trachea, and lungs, were taken from suspected dead chickens. Both cultural and PCR-based techniques were applied to identify Mycoplasma from tissue samples. The conventional PCR technique was implemented to amplify 185 bp DNA fragments for the MG. Out of 50 samples, 36% (18/50) and 70% (35/50) of MG were identified by cultural method and PCR, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that PCR is an easier, more sensitive, and less time-consuming method for the early diagnosis of MG in chickens, compared to cultural isolation and hence can lower the economic burden to poultry farmers caused by this disease.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj78
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Culture, Layer chicken, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, PCR

%D 2021
%T The Effect of Mycotoxins in Naturally Contaminated Diet on the Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli in Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. M. Batikh
%A A. M. El-nabarawy
%A M. A. S. Shakal
%A A. H. M. Hegazy
%A E. A. Morsy
%N 4
%V 11
%P 745-757
%L eprints384
%X Contamination of feedstuffs with mycotoxins is considered a huge issue plaguing the poultry sector of Egypt. Therefore, the current study was conducted to examine the effect of the neglected natural mycotoxin contamination of ration on the clinicopathological picture of Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were divided into 5 groups. The first 3 groups (1, 2, and 3) were further equally subdivided into 2 subgroups (A and B). Those in group A were fed on commercial ration treated with antimycotoxin while group B was fed on ration contaminated with mycotoxins. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were inoculated at one-day-old with E. coli O78, O128, and O157, respectively while group 4 was kept as a negative control and fed on a ration treated with antimycotoxin. Finally, group 5 was kept as positive controls and fed on a mycotoxin contaminated ration and inoculated with physiological saline. All groups contained 30 chicks. Results showed that the challenged groups fed on a ration containing mycotoxin had high mortality (23.3%) and also a high feed conversion ratio. Moreover, severe clinical symptoms, postmortem lesions, histopathological pictures, and a high rate of bacterial re-isolation were recorded. The pathological lesions were congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys in addition to severe pericarditis, perihepatitis, air sacullitis, ascites, and unabsorbed yolk sac. The histopathological changes included degeneration, necrosis, and liver inflammation with lymphoid depletion in the spleen and enteritis associated with sloughing of the mucosal epithelium. The obtained results were less severe in the challenged groups fed on a ration treated with antimycotoxin indicating combined action of both Escherichia coli and mycotoxins. In conclusion, the obtained results revealed that the mycotoxins even at low concentrations can augment the pathogenisity of Echerichia coli in broiler chickens.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj95
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Clinicopathological finding, Escherichia coli, Histopathology, Mycotoxin, Organ colonization

%D 2021
%T Pathotypic, Molecular, and Serological Response of Specific-pathogen-free Chickens Inoculated by Three Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Cheggag
%A G. Sebbar
%A K. Zro
%A L. Chafiqa
%A M. Mouahid
%A M. El Houadfi
%A F. Kichou
%N 4
%V 11
%P 457-467
%L eprints147
%X Three field strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were isolated in  2015 from the bursa of Fabricius of affected broiler chickens originating from Moroccan broiler farms and were characterized as very virulent IBDV. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of the above-identified IBD strains (accession number), MN241434.1, MN241436.1, and MN241439.1. In this trial, 75 three-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups of 1, 2, and 3 (n = 20 chicks/group) were inoculated via intra oculonasal route with 103.5 EID50 of MN241434.1, MN241436.1, and MN241439.1, respectively. Group 4 (n = 15) was kept as control. Chickens from all groups were monitored during 14 days post-challenge (dpc). Dead and euthanized birds were necropsied and their lymphoid organs (bursa, thymus, and spleen) were subjected to histopathological examination and lesion scoring. Serological response and presence of IBDV in the bursa of Fabricius were investigated using ELISA and rRT-PCR, respectively. Chickens in all challenged groups showed characteristic signs of IBD, including prostration, dehydration, aqueous diarrhea, and ruffled feathers, starting mostly at 2 dpc. The total mortality rate was 100% at 4 dpc in groups 1 and 2 and 76.47% in group 3. Bursa of Fabricius from affected birds revealed severe lymphoid depletion and necrosis with mean bursal lesion score between 3 and 5 (4 for MN241434.1 and MN241436.1, and 4.125 for MN241439.1). Similar severe lesions were observed in the spleen of all infected broiler chickens. Histological lesions in the thymus were detected from 2 dpc with individual cell necrosis. Serological results revealed that survived chickens in group 3 developed Ab anti-IBDV at 7, 9, and 14 dpc. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of the IBDV in BF of all infected chickens. These results indicated that the investigated local field IBDV strains genetically characterized as vvIBDV were phenotypically hypervirulent pathotypes of IBDV in SPF chickens hence reflecting the epidemiological Moroccan and regional IBD. This constitutes a potential candidate reference strains to be used in the development of strategies for the prevention and control of IBD in Morocco.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.54
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K ELISA, Histopathology, Infectious bursal disease, Pathogenicity, RT-PCR, SPF chickens

%D 2021
%T Sperm Quality and Histology of the Testis and Epididymis in Chemical Castrated Male Cats with Intra-testicular Injection of Sodium Chloride Solution
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. D. Dayanti
%A I. K. Berata
%A I. K. Puja
%N 4
%V 11
%P 634-641
%L eprints399
%X The high population of feral cats in Bali, Indonesia, could be a problem associated with cat welfare and the risk of zoonotic diseases. Gonadectomy or male castration is an option for population control; however, there would be more economical ways to reach this goal. Sterilization using chemicals is an alternative to the surgical method of castration as it is reasonably priced, activated in a short time, and does not affect animal activity after the chemical administration. The present study aimed to evaluate intratesticular injection of Sodium chloride as an agent of chemosterilants in male cats. In the current study, 16 healthy male cats aged nearly one year old were randomly selected. The male cats were allocated into four groups containing four cats in each. Group 1 (control) received bilateral intratesticular injection with 0.25 mL normal saline solution containing 2% Lidocaine. The cats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received bilateral intratesticular injection of 0.25 mL Sodium chloride solution containing 2% Lidocaine with a concentration of 15%, 20%, and 25%, respectively. At the end of the study (after 30 days of injection), the cats were castrated and their testes were removed for sperm quality and histopathological evaluation. The results of the present study indicated that intratesticular injection of Sodium chloride significantly decreased the motility and viability rates, and increased the abnormalities of the sperms. Histopathological studies revealed marked depletion of spermatozoa in the testes and seminiferous tubular degeneration, seminiferous tubular atrophy, and epithelial cell vacuolation. In conclusion, the injection of 20-25% solution of Sodium chloride in testes had the potential as a chemosterilant for chemical sterilization in cats.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj80
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cat, Histopathology, Sodium chloride, Sperm quality

%D 2021
%T Dynamics of Morphological Indicators of Blood of Piglets under the Influence of Iron Clathrochelate Complex and Cyanocobalamin
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. Derkach
%A V. Dukhnitsky
%A S. Derkach
%A V. Lozoviy
%A V. Kostrub
%A Y. Losa
%A I. Fritsky
%A M. Plutenko
%N 4
%V 11
%P 663-669
%L eprints401
%X Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common non-contagious diseases of piglets. Veterinary antianemic drugs have several drawbacks, so finding new medicines is an important current task for scientists. Therefore, the present study investigated the antianemic effect of iron (IV) clathrochelate in the organism of piglets. The subsequent studies included the exploration of its antianemic actions, particularly in combination with cyanocobalamin when this combination was administered to sows for prophylaxis in piglets. The experiment was carried out on 30 suckling piglets during the period of their detention with sows. According to the method of analogue groups, two groups of control (I) and experimental (II, each containing 15 animals) were formed and they were studied for 30 days. The piglets from five sows (three from each) were selected for the experimental group. During the pregnancy of these sows, 10 ml of 10% solution of iron (IV) IV clathrochelate and solution of cyanocobalamin were injected intramuscularly twice 7 and 14 days before their expected farrowing. For prevention of iron deficiency anemia, the traditional solution of iron dextran was administered once intramuscularly to piglets of the control group. The investigative material included the blood samples of piglets considering the dynamics of probable changes in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin content and hematocrit, and other morphological indicators and blood indices of piglets. The dynamics of changes in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit, leukocytes and platelets, indices of blood almost did not differ from the dynamics of these values when using only 10% solution of iron (IV) clathrochelate for pregnant sows. The proposed scheme for the prophylaxis of iron deficiency anemia in piglets, involving simultaneous intramuscular injections of IV clathrochelate and cyanocobalamin to pregnant sows, is somewhat inferior to the previous preventive measures, which included only the intramuscular injections of iron (IV) IV clathrochelate, but it can be recommended as highly effective.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj83
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Anemia, Cyanocobalamin, Clathrochelate, Hemoglobin, Iron, Piglets, Sows

%D 2021
%T Impact of Replacing Different Levels of Panicum maximum in Rabbit Diets on Growth Performance, Hemato-Biochemical Profile, and Histological Responses of Some Internal Organs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. A. E. R. El-Folly
%A M. S. A. Sekken
%A H. E. S. Abo-Eid
%A H. S. El-Samahy
%A D. M. Mourad
%N 4
%V 11
%P 562-577
%L eprints410
%X There has been an interest in alternative sources in rabbit feeding. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the health status, growth performance, hemato-biochemical, and histological picture of some important internal organs in growing Newziland rabbits as a result of replacing different levels of Panicum maximum (PM) in its pelleted diet. A total of 35 weaned rabbits (20 males and 15 females) aged 5 weeks were purchased with an average body weight of 839.7 ± 7.05 g and 771.20 ± 9.19 g for males and females, respectively. Randomly, five equal rabbit groups were formed (7 rabbits in each group). The first group (control) was fed a basal diet without PM. The second, third, fourth, and fifth groups were fed pelleted diets containing PM with a replacing percent of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of clover hay, respectively. All groups were fed ad libitum of pelleted feed for two months. The blood was aspirated individually three times, including at the beginning of the experiment (as zero time), after one month, and at the end of the experiment, respectively. The whole blood was used for the measurement of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit percentage, erythrocytes, and total leukocyte counts. At the experimental end, in each group, 3 male rabbits were sacrificed and their internal organs including liver, kidney, cecum, and rectum were collected for histopathology. The live body weight was significantly affected by sex where males were heavier than females, also feed conversion ratio, growth rate, and feed intake were significantly affected by feeding on different levels of PM. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, and the total leukocytic count had a non-significant effect while the erythrocyte count increased significantly in all experimental groups. There were insignificant changes in plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, and glucose concentrations when different levels of PM were added. furthermore, the plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased in rabbits fed PM, 75% and 100% when compared with 25%, 50%, and control groups. Finally, replacement PM instead of clover hay in pelleted diets till 75% was found to be the safety and optimum percentage for biological and healthy rabbits.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj72
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Growth, Hemato-biochemical, Histopathology, Panicum maximum, Rabbits

%D 2021
%T Intervention Strategies for Controlling Poultry Coccidiosis: Current Knowledge
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 4
%V 11
%P 487-505
%L eprints171
%X Poultry coccidiosis is considered one of the most important continuous threats that frustrates the poultry industry around the world and causes serious adverse effects on poultry productivity. Accordingly, this article comprehensively reviewed the recent control strategies that are applied against such disease regarding medication, vaccination, and application of some natural products. The causative agent of coccidiosis is a protozoon parasite of the genus Eimeria. This parasite is characterized by the host, different parts of the intestines, and immune specificity. Chicken is the most susceptible host to intestinal infections with Eimeria species. Diarrhea, loss of profitability, and intestinal lesions are the most characteristic clinical picture of Eimeria infection. Prevention and control of such infections remain a great problem. The application of hygienic measures is still the gold standard for the prevention of avian coccidiosis. Anticoccidials medication either in the feed or water can effectively reduce Eimeria infection, however, the development of drug resistance to the commonly used anticoccidial drugs is incessant. Live non-attenuated and attenuated as well as recombinant and sub-unit vaccines were developed with some limitations. Therefore, using some natural alternatives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics have emerged as anticoccidial compounds.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2021.58
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken, Eimeria, Intestine, Natural products, Medication, Vaccination

%D 2021
%T Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Sunflower Meal, Sesame Meal, and Black Seed Meal in diets of Barki Lambs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. R. A. El-Tanany
%A A. B. A. Chiab
%A H. M. A. E. G. El-Banna
%A A. M. A. Mostafa
%A A. E. M. Mahmoud
%N 4
%V 11
%P 670-677
%L eprints423
%X Crude protein content in animal diet is considered the first important factor for nutritionists when they start to formulate a diet for different types of animals. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of substituting soybean seed meal by different protein sources on lamb’s diet in terms of nutrients digestibility, and growth performance. Therefore, four tested concentrate feed mixtures (CFM, 14% crude protein) were designed. The CFM1 contained soybean meal as the only source of protein, and 50% of soybean meal protein was replaced by either sunflower meal, sesame seed meal, or black seed meal in CFM2, CFM3, and CFM4 groups, respectively. A total of 28 growing Barki male lambs aged 6 months with an average body weight of 38.6 ± 0.4 Kg were used in feeding trials for 120 days. Depending on their body weight, lambs were divided into four groups (7 animals in each). Each group fed on one of the experimental diets, including D1 (CFM1+ clover hay), D2 (CFM2 + clover hay), D3 (CFM3 + clover hay), and D4 (CFM4 + clover hay). Results of digestion coefficients indicted that the digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen-free extract was significantly higher for D1 and D4, compared to D2 and D3. The same trend was observed in nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP), whereas the D1 and D4 recorded higher TDN and DCP, compared to D2 and D3. Results of rumen parameters demonstrated that there were insignificant differences among groups regarding the average pH, ammonia (NH3-N), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs). Data of growth performance indicated that the final live body weight, total body gain, and average daily gain of lambs feed D4 (56.75 kg, 18.62 kg, and 155 g, respectively) and D1 (56.62 kg, 17.60 kg, and 147 g, respectively) were higher than those for lambs fed D2 (53.40 Kg, 14.64 kg, and 122 g, respectively) and D3 (53.11 kg, 14.61 kg, and 122 g, respectively). The feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) was recorded better value with lambs fed D4 followed by that fed D1. In conclusion, black seed meal could be replaced with the 50% of soybean meal participation of protein in growing Barki lambs’ diets without any adverse effects on digestibility, rumen kinetics, and growth performance.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj84
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Barki lambs, Black seed meal, Digestibility, Growth, Sesame meal, Sunflower seed meal

%D 2021
%T The Effect of Yellow and Red-fleshed Watermelon Rind Powder Dietary Supplementation on Plasma Metabolites in Indigenous Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. Erwan
%A E. Irawati
%A A. Nazir
%A D. Fitra
%A M. Rodiallah
%A V. S. Chowdhury
%N 4
%V 11
%P 475-480
%L eprints189
%X Watermelon rind (WR) content is rich in citrulline (Cit). Oral administration of L-Cit could improve thermotolerance in layer and broiler chickens due to its hypothermic role. Additionally, chronic supplementation of WR dried powder (WRP) increases feed intake but makes no changes to the body temperature. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of yellow and red WRP supplementation on plasma metabolites as well as and liver and spleen weight.  In Experiment 1, a total of 20  indigenous chicks aged 1-14 days were treated with different doses of yellow WRP (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) supplemented in a commercial diet. Similarly, 20 indigenous chicks with the age range of 1-14 days were treated in Experiment 2 with different doses of red WRP (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) supplemented in a commercial diet. The obtained results indicated that the yellow WRP supplementation caused a linearly increased plasma total cholesterol (TCHO). However, the red WRP neither increased plasma TCHO linearly nor plasma glucose (Glu), although plasma Glu concentration significantly increased by 6% red WRP supplementation. These results suggest that supplementation of both yellow and red WRP to a commercial diet could change the concentrations of plasma metabolites, while the effect of yellow WRP may be different, compared to that of red WRP.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.56
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Glucose, Indigenous chicks, Plasma metabolites, Total cholesterol, Watermelon rind powder

%D 2021
%T Adding Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Leaf Essential Oil to Gelatin Coating for Extending the Shelf Life of Red Snapper Fillet
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. Febriana
%A E. D. Mashithah
%A H. Pramono
%N 4
%V 11
%P 718-724
%L eprints430
%X Red Snappers contain high content protein and water which makes them highly perishable. However, they are widely processed into the fillet. One of the disadvantages of filleting is the short shelf life due to the high water content turning the fillets into an ideal media for bacteria. The edible coating protects the meat from perishability by reducing the water vapor, aroma, and lipid migration. One of the potential protein sources for coating is gelatin. The essential oil content that has a role in inhibiting bacterial growth is citronellal. The present study aimed to determine the effects of adding Kaffir limes (Citrus hystrix) leaf essential oil to a gelatin coating on the shelf life of red snappers’ fillet. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatment groups based on the concentration of Citrus hystrix essential oil and five replications (n = 3 per group). In this regard, the treatments were named P0 (0% of Citrus hystrix), P1 (1% of Citrus hystrix), P2 (1.5% of Citrus hystrix), and P3 (2% of Citrus hystrix). The investigated parameters included total plate count, sensory quality, and acidity. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the addition of 1.5% and 2% Citrus hystrix essential oil decreased the number of bacteria, and led to a higher sensory quality. In conclusion, The addition of Citrus hystrix essential oil in the gelatin-coating process can be used as a method of processing the fishery products to extend the shelf life of red snappers’ fillet at room temperature and inhibit bacterial growth.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj91
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Edible coating, Kaffir lime leaf, Red snapper fillet

%D 2021
%T Clinical Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Malaysia: Challenges and Prospects
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A B. Garba
%A A. A. Moussa
%N 4
%V 11
%P 534-542
%L eprints433
%X Leptospirosis is a neglected emerging zoonosis occurring both in urban environments and rural regions worldwide. During occupational and recreational activities, individuals who directly or indirectly contact the urine of infected animals are at a high risk of infection. Southeast Asia is reported to have the highest incidence of leptospirosis in the world. The disease is endemic in Malaysia and has consistently caused outbreaks among humans with severe outcomes. Early diagnosis is vital for commence treatment thereby minimizing the harmful effects of the disease. It also allows the implementation of measures to control the spread to humans and the environment. In this article, an attempt was made to review the current diagnostic methods including challenges faced by healthcare service providers during the diagnosis of acute cases, as well as the emerging technologies used for early and accurate diagnosis. The review also highlighted innovative ideas that can be integrated into developing practical solutions, including the crucial roles of the patients, reservoir hosts, and the environments that harbor the bacteria.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj68
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Emerging zoonoses, Laboratory diagnosis, Leptospirosis, Malaysia, Neglected tropical disease

%D 2021
%T Global Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus in Horses of Morocco
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. H. Houoiten
%A I. E. Berbri
%A W. Mahir
%A K. Aalilouch
%A B. Bouabid
%A S. Zientara
%A H. Alyakine
%A M. E. Harrak
%A O. F. Fihri
%N 4
%V 11
%P 549-555
%L eprints448
%X West Nile Fever (WNF) is a viral emerging mosquito-borne disease causing mortality and morbidity with varying severity (from mild fever to severe neuroinvasive disease) among human and animal populations in many parts of the world. The current study aimed to confirm the virus circulation and assess the disease seroprevalence in horses of Morocco. A sample of 1171 healthy non-vaccinated (against-WNF) horses, taken from 11 (out of 12) regions of the country during July-December 2016, was primarily tested using competitive ELISA assay (cELISA). All cELISA-reactive positive and doubtful sera (n= 269) were further tested by virus neutralization test (VNT). The results of cELISA test revealed an overall WNF seroprevalence in 21.8% (255/1171) of sampled horses. This rate decreased to 18.8% (220/1171) after the confirmation of VNT. The WNF seroprevalence in the current study varied significantly by age, gender, and breed of the tested horses. Indeed, the higher seropositivity rates were found in the oldest (27.7%), female (22.0%), and saddle (32.1%) horses. However, the origin of animals did not show any significant effect on the West Nile virus infection. The obtained results of the present study, therefore, provided serological and epidemiological evidence of the endemicity of the WNV in horse populations of Morocco.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj70
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Emerging disease, Morocco, Mosquito-borne disease, Seroprevalence, West Nile virus.

%D 2021
%T Influence of Dietary Protein on Embryonic Development and Hatching Traits of Indigenous Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Breeders in Togo
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A L. Lare
%A E. Talaki
%A K. F. X. Dzogbema
%A C. Sodjedo
%A Y. Lombo
%N 4
%V 11
%P 422-430
%L eprints236
%X The diet of breeding indigenous guinea fowl breeders can influence their reproductive performance. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of different dietary protein intake levels of breeders on embryonic development. A total of 1152 hatching eggs were collected, numbered, weighed, and allocated to 3 groups (control, high-protein [High-P], and low-protein [Low-P]) with 4 replicates of 96 eggs in each dietary treatment group. The eggs were candled on incubation days 9 and 24. At the end of the hatch, all keets were counted and weighed. Six keets in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed for blood and organ collection. The results showed that the heaviest eggs were for the High-P group and keets at hatch had higher relative hatching muscle weights, compared to the control group. However, the Low-P group had smaller eggs and keets gained lower relative hatching muscle weights compared to the control. Fertility, early mortality rate, and delayed mortality decreased in the High-P group but it increased in the Low-P group, compared to the control. The dietary protein did not influence the incubation time. The maternal diet protein content affected fertility, embryonic development, hatchability, and keet quality. The indigenous guinea fowl breeders need appropriate protein intake to show their potential reproduction performances.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.50
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Guinea fowl, Hatching, Incubation, Nutrition, Protein

%D 2021
%T Genetic Polymorphism in the Promoter and 5' UTR of HSP-70 Gene in Three Strains of Indigenous Tswana Chickens and Commercial Broiler
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A J. B. Machete
%A P. M. Kgwatalala
%A G. Malambane
%A S. J. Nsoso
%A J. C. Moreki
%N 4
%V 11
%P 406-415
%L eprints242
%X The current study was conducted to investigate sequence polymorphisms in the promoter, 5´untranslated regions (UTR), and partial exon regions of chicken HSP-70 gene in the normal (n = 24), naked neck (n = 22), and dwarf (n = 12) strains of indigenous Tswana chickens relative to the commercial broiler chickens (n = 20). Genomic DNA extracted from the whole blood of the three strains of indigenous Tswana chickens and the commercial broilers were amplified using PCR and sequenced. The PCR amplicons comprised a 210 bp promoter region, a 112 bp 5´UTR, and a 463 bp partial exon of the chicken HSP-70 gene. Multiple sequence alignments of the partial sequences of chicken HSP-70 gene in indigenous Tswana chickens and the commercial broilers revealed no polymorphisms in the promoter region, two SNPs in the 5´UTR (A303G and G309A) and another two SNPs (G427 and A628G) in the partial exon sequence of chicken HSP-70 gene. The SNP G427A was unique to the normal strain and the other three SNPs were common to all the four chicken strains studied. The identified four SNPs linked up in individual chickens resulted in a total of seven different haplotypes in the studied four chicken populations. A total of seven different haplotypes were found in indigenous Tswana chickens and only two haplotypes were found in the commercial broilers. More nucleotide (4SNPs vs 3 SNPs) and more haplotype diversity (7 haplotypes vs 2) were thus found in indigenous Tswana chickens, compared to the commercial broilers in the partial sequence of HSP-70 gene.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.48
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K HSP-70 gene, Indigenous Tswana chicken, Polymorphism, Sequencing, SNPs

%D 2021
%T History and Present Status of Ostrich Farming in Botswana
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A J. C. Moreki
%A M. I. Moseki
%A F. Manyeula
%N 4
%V 11
%P 481-486
%L eprints260
%X Botswana boasts the world’s largest population of wild ostriches estimated at approximately 60000 while farmed ostriches are less than 400. In this review, the history of the ostrich industry in Botswana is described and the current status is highlighted. Commercial ostrich farming in Botswana started in the early 1980s with the capture of birds from the wild, purchase of birds from local farmers, and importation of adult birds from neighboring countries, such as Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. However, the industry has not performed well over time as shown by a sharp decline in farmed ostrich populations which deleteriously affected throughput. To date, there is no commercial ostrich farming in Botswana indicating the collapse of the industry. This is despite the existence of favorable climatic conditions and government support in the form of provision of technical support through Ministry of Agriculture extension services, provision of loans at highly subsidized interest rates through Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA), the existence of the EU accredited export abattoir and establishment of Dibete Ostrich Multiplication Unit (DOMU). The major challenges affecting the ostrich industry are frequent closures of the abattoir, lack of access to finance/credit, inadequacy of extension service, high feed expense, and unreliable feed supply. For the industry to be revived, it is recommended that government develops a special support program that subsidizes feed and ostrich stock, as well as, encouraging the formation of producer cooperative societies. In addition, participation of the private sector is paramount in the resuscitation of the ostrich industry.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.57
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Botswana Ostrich Company, challenges, EU, DOMU, Ostrich farming, Ostrich meat

%D 2021
%T Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Coccidiosis in Local Chickens of Mekong Delta in Vietnam
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. H. Nguyen
%A T. V. Le
%A T. A. Lu
%A T. Nguyen-Ho-Bao
%N 4
%V 11
%P 506-512
%L eprints272
%X Eimeria species are causative pathogens considered as a tremendous threat to the poultry industry in Vietnam. Sufficient assessment of the coccidiosis prevalence is critical for improving the prophylaxis strategies to control the disease. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis in local chickens (Noi breed) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. A total of 1200 fecal samples were collected from 20 various farms in Ben Tre and Hau Giang provinces. Using a microscopic examination, the prevalence rates of coccidiosis in local chickens in Ben Tre and Hau Giang provinces were 65.83% and 68.50%, respectively. Eimeria species identification was performed based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods. PCR analysis was conducted by targeting the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) region of the Eimeria genome. Four Eimeria species, namely E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella were found in both methods. By applying PCR, the infection rates of E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella were 20%, 61.67%, 66.66%, and 83.33%, respectively. The findings can be considered as the first attempt to identify Eimeria species at the molecular level in local chickens (Noi breed) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam that paves the way for improving the prophylaxis strategies for avian coccidiosis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2021.59
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eimeria spp., ITS-1, Local chicken, Noi breed, PCR, Vietnam

%D 2021
%T The Effectiveness of Purslane Extract Provision on Liver of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with High Fat Diet
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Y. Susana
%A L. T. Suwanti
%A L. Nangoi
%N 4
%V 11
%P 608-613
%L eprints528
%X Most animal owners provide fatty food with high cholesterol level that exceeds the needs of their pets. The pattern of giving a high-fat diet causes interference with the cholesterol synthesis in the body. It can damage the liver by causing fatty degeneration, hepatic cirrhosis, and eventually necrosis of the liver. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of Purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) on the liver histopathological image of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a high-fat diet. The current study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design on 20 males white mouses (Rattus norvegicus) divided into five treatment groups. There were two control groups, the first group received standard feed (Pellet) and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium 1%, while the second was given standard feed and a high-fat diet. Three treatment groups which included P1, P2, P3 were given standard feed, a high-fat diet, and purslane extract solution with 54 mg/day, 108 mg/day, and 216 mg/day, respectively. Research results from the mean rank of fatty degeneration which was measured using the Kruskal Wallis test presented significant differences, and the results from the mean of fatty degeneration using the Mann Whitney test did not indicate any significant difference. Liver cell necrosis from the two tests presented a significant difference. Purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) was confirmed to be effective in reducing or decreasing hepatocyte cell damage after receiving a high-fat diet.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj77
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Fatty degeneration, High-fat diet, Liver necrosis, Portulaca oleracea L., White rat liver

%D 2021
%T Detection of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 from Semen by Real-time PCR to Prevent the Spread of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Infection
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. Untari
%A Y. P. Kristianingrum
%A A. Kusumawati
%N 4
%V 11
%P 709-712
%L eprints538
%X Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) can be transmitted by livestock seeds and semen, through the process of artificial insemination. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the presence of the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) in semen through artificial insemination and breeding centers of Indonesia. The current study aimed to detect the presence of the virus in semen as a source of IBR disease transmission in Indonesia. A total of 27 semen samples from artificial insemination and breeding centers (Sembawa, Lembang, Ungaran,  and Sleman) in Indonesia have been examined and identified using the real-time PCR (qPCR) technique. The result showed that all samples were negative to BHV1. This indicated that semen from Ungaran, Sembawa, Sleman, and Lembang was safe to be used as a semen source for artificial insemination.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj89
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Artificial insemination, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Real-time PCR,  Semen

%D 2021
%T Evaluation of Methods of DNA Extraction from Down, and a Quantitative Real-time PCR Assay for Authenticity Control in Down Products
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Wu
%A H. Yu
%A Y. He
%A M. Zhang
%A W. Yin
%A Q. Zhang
%A C. Sun
%A Z. Chen
%A X. Shen
%A X. Zhang
%N 4
%V 11
%P 397-405
%L eprints337
%X Down, mainly duck down and goose down, is one of the most important products in the poultry industry. To improve the accuracy of identification of duck and goose down by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and the efficiency of extracted DNA from down was evaluated and optimized using the template preparation methods, including four pretreatment methods (shredding [PA], shredding + magnetic bead homogenization [PB], shredding + manually grinding in liquid nitrogen [PC], and shredding + grinding by 6875 Freezer [PD]) and three extraction methods (a magnetic bead adsorption method [MA], a membrane adsorption-elution method [MB], and a Chelex® 100 Resin method [MC]), and their combinations. The results showed that high-intensity grinding, and grinding in liquid nitrogen can help the improvement of DNA yield, therefore, PB, PC, and PD were superior to PA both in DNA concentration and purity. However, in the subsequent qPCR analysis, the DNA of the highest quantity and purity from PD indicated the lowest positive detection rate. According to the results of the current study, the extraction method had a greater impact on the quality of DNA than the pretreatment method. Although the concentrations and purities of the templates obtained by MA, MB, and MC were varied greatly, all the templates could meet the needs in the following qPCR assay. Furthermore, considering the simplicity of the methods, PA + MC was chosen as the most convenient and efficient combination to extract DNA from down. A quantitative calculation method for the identification of the authenticity of down products was established. Although quantification results could not estimate the target content accurately, they reflected the trend in the content. Nevertheless, the method may be useful as an alternative tool for qualitative and quantitative quality control of the down products.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.47
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Authenticity discrimination, Down, DNA extraction, Quantitative detection, Quantitative PCR

%D 2021
%T Effect of Administering Lactobacillus Culture Isolated from Ensiled Hymenache acutigluma via Drinking Water on Meat and Egg Quality of Pegagan Ducks
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. Yosi
%A N. Gofar
%A E. Sahara
%A S. Sandi
%A M. L. Sari
%A F. Farandhita
%A H. Yodhistira
%N 4
%V 11
%P 431-438
%L eprints341
%X Lactobacillus spp. is one of the lactic acid bacteria, has a positive effect on improving the meat and egg quality in poultry. However, there is a paucity of information about the effect of Lactobacillus culture isolated from ensiled swamp grass on meat and egg characteristics. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing Lactobacillus culture isolated from ensiled Hymenache acutigluma (LHA) via drinking water on the duck meat and egg quality. A total of 60 Pegagan ducks aged 24-week-old were used in the current study and kept for 60 days. Ducks were randomly allocated into 5 treatment groups and 4 replicates per group, consisting of LHA 0 (control group without LHA solution), LHA 1, LHA 2, LHA 3, and LHA 4 (treatment groups supplemented with LHA solutions in drinking water with concentrations of 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/ml, respectively). The results showed that the value of cooking loss linearly increased, followed by a linear decrease in the water holding capacity after LHA addition. However, there was no change in the meat pH and moisture content. Further measurements revealed that both the yolk height and yolk index were linearly improved after being administered with LHA solutions, but no difference was found in other egg variables, including the yolk weight, diameter, and color, albumen weight, and height, as well as the eggshell weight and thickness. In conclusion, the provision of LHA via drinking water with a concentration of up to 109 CFU/ml could modulate the meat and egg quality of ducks. The LHA solutions enhanced the ability of meat protein to bind water, thereby inhibiting nutrient loss. Moreover, LHA had a greater effect on improving yolk quality, compared to albumen and eggshell.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.51
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Drinking water, Egg quality, Ensiled Hymenache acutigluma, Lactobacillus, Meat, Pegagan ducks

%D 2021
%T Antiviral Effects of Plant Extracts Used in the Treatment of Important Animal Viral Diseases
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. S. G. Zeedan
%A A. M. Abdalhamed
%N 4
%V 11
%P 521-533
%L eprints547
%X The goal of this review was to highlight some plant species that have significant antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo although more research is needed to address safety issues, drug interactions, and the possibility of using them in combination with other natural products. Viral infection plays an important role in human and animal diseases. Although there have been advances in immunization and antiviral drugs, there is still a lack of protective vaccines and effective antiviral drugs in human and veterinary medicine. The lack of effective antivirals necessitates the search for new effective antiviral compounds. Plants are naturally gifted at synthesizing antiviral compounds. They are rich sources of phytochemicals with different biological activities, including antiviral activities as a result of advanced analytical chemistry, standard virus assays, and development of standardization and extraction methods. Plant extracts have a wide variety of active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, sulphides, polyphenolics, coumarins, saponins, furyl compounds, alkaloids, polyines, thiophenes, proteins, and peptides. Moreover, certain volatile oils have indicated a high level of antiviral activity.  Replication, assembly, and release, as well as targeting virus host-specific interactions capable of inhibiting several viruses, could help the development of broad-spectrum antivirals for the prevention and control of viral pathogens. The in vitro antiviral activities of Erythroxylum deciduum, Lacistema hasslerianum (chodat), Xylopia aromatica, Heteropteris aphrodisiaca, Acacia nilotica (gum arabic tree), Lippia graveolens (Guettarda angelica (Velvetseed), Prunus myrtifolia, and Symphyopappus plant extracts can inhibite viral replication, and interfer with the early stages of viral adsorption of  DNA viruses. However, Boesenbergia rotunda plant extracts have inhibited RNA viruses. A potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor with B. rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj67
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bovine herpes virus type-1, Bovine infectious, Bovine infectious cell protein 4, Buffalo pox virus, Foot-and-mouth disease, Plant extracts, Rotaviruses

%D 2021
%T PRODUCTION, UTILIZATION AND CONSTRAINTS OF DESHO GRASS (Pennisetum glaucifolium) AS LIVESTOCK FEED IN ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Abera
%A A. Tolera
%A A. Nurfeta
%A D. Geleti
%N 6
%V 11
%P 196-205
%L eprints617
%X The study was conducted with the objective of assessing farmers’ production practice, utilization and constraints of Desho grass (Pennisetum glaucifolium) production in Chencha, Bule and Hula districts, Ethiopia. The methodology of this study encompassed questionnaire survey and group discussion. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample consisting of 199 households in the districts. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and SAS software. The result indicated that of the total respondents, 69% did not used fertilizer and 72% respondents not practiced weeding, Generally, the majority of respondents, did not use any forage improvement practice after plantation. Concerning forage utilization, 48.2, plant Desho as soil band, while 26.6% plant as hedgerows and 25.1% plant in the back yard. 40.2 % of the respondents reported that they plant Desho grass for both feeding animals and soil conservation, while the remaining 36.7% plant Desho only for feeding animals, 20% plant Desho gras for sale and 3% plant Desho grass for only soil conservation. Based on the laboratory result, Desho grass is classified as high quality feedstuff for the study area. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin content and in vitro organic matter digestibility of sample Desho grass was 7.04, 72.47, 43.73, 5.4 and 52.19 percent, respectively. Land shortage and lack of awareness were ranked first and second constraints for Desho production in the study area. It can be conclude that, Desho grass have a very important function in terms of contribution of nutrients  to livestock and locally available feed resource however, farmers are not getting the benefits they deserve from the use of Desho grass, which has not been improved and should be supported by research to improve it production and use.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.29
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Desho grass, Feed, Forage, Production practice, Utilization.

%D 2021
%T QUALITY CHANGES IN SPERMATOZOA OF EXOTIC MUZAFFARNAGARI CROSS-BREED RAM SEMEN DURING THE STAGES OF FROZEN PRODUCTION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Asaduzzaman
%A A. Saha
%A S. Akter
%A S. Biswas
%A M. G. S. Alam
%A F. Y. Bari
%N 6
%V 11
%P 206-212
%L eprints621
%X Good quality frozen semen is a prerequisite for successful artificial insemination. Changes in the
quality of sperm structure incur during semen processing of cryo-production. The current study, is, therefore,
designed to evaluate the Muzaffarnagari cross-breed ram sperm at the fresh diluted stage, pre-freeze, and
after freezing stages of frozen production. The semen collected was enlarged to include the A-part of 37°C
egg yolk media. After cooling to 5ºC for 2h, B-part of tris-citric acid egg yolk glycerol media added with Apart
and equilibrated at 5ºC for further 2h, transferred to 0.25 mL straws, placed in nitrogen vapor, frozen and
thawed and then analyzed. Sperm samples were assessed in fresh, pre-freezing, and post Thawing phases for
sperm motility, live sperm, ordinary sperm morphology, and intact sperm membrane. The mean percentage
of sperm motility at fresh diluted stage (81.67±0.93%) was decreased significantly (p<0.05) pre-freezing
stage (77.33±0.83%) because of refreshment and balance, and after freezing and thawing (44±2.45 percent)
decreased further (p<0.05). The Mean percentage of live sperm was higher (p<0.05) at fresh diluted stage
(91.27±0.57%) compared to pre-freeze (73.67±0.86%) and freezing stage (48.1±0.76%). The morphology
normal sperm reduced significantly (p<0.05) from fresh diluted stage (85.27±0.64%) to pre-freezing stage
(83.13±0.74). Their difference between the pre-freezing and the freezing stage is not significant (p>0.05)
(80.2±1.28 percent). The mean intact sperm membrane percentage decreased significantly (p<0.05) from
freshly diluted (82.4±0.77%) to pre-freezing (69.73±92%) and post-freezing (56.47±1.15%), respectively. The
percentage of intact acrosomes of spermatozoa also significantly (p<0.05) decreased from fresh stage
(95.8±0.39%) to pre-freeze (91.27±0.37%) and freezing stage (77.4±0.81%). In conclusion, during cryo-
freezing periods the sperm showed the highest motility, live and membrane damage.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.30
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Frozen production, Muzaffarnagari cross-breed ram, Quality changes.

%D 2021
%T Impact of premenstrual syndrome on multiple sclerosis symptoms in adult female: a retrospective cross-sectional study
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Yosra Elhussein IBRAHIM
%A Soheir Mahmoud ELKOSERY
%A Mohamed Fawzy ABO ELAININ
%A Afaf Mohamed Mahmoud BOTLA
%N 06
%V 11
%P 107-112
%L eprints573
%X Introduction. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms that many women get
about a week or two before their period. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated
disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Aim. This study aimed to see the
impact of premenstrual syndrome on multiple sclerosis symptoms. Methods. Forty women
having MS and complained from PMS, aged 20-35 years, with BMI less than 30 kg/m2 were
selected randomly from Health Insurance Authority in El-Dokki they were assessed during
two periods (normal and premenstrual days). The MS symptoms was assessed through
functional system scale; fatigue severity scale and numerical scale and also premenstrual
symptoms are assessed by PMS tracker. Results. Multiple pairwise comparison tests
revealed that there was significant increase in functional system score in premenstrual
period (p=0.006), and also in fatigue severity scale in pre-menstrual period (p=0.0001).
Numerical rating scale showed that there was significant increase in pain intensity
(p=0.0001) which became more prominent in pre-menstrual period. Conclusion.
Premenstrual syndrome has an effect on worsening the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.13
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Premenstrual syndrome,
Multiple sclerosis,
Functional system scale,
Fatigue severity scale.

%D 2021
%T Results of head and neck burn reconstructive plastic surgery
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Abdurashid Abdusalomovich KAYUMKHODJAEV
%A Mukhabbat Kuralbaevna KHALMURATOVA
%N 06
%V 11
%P 113-119
%L eprints574
%X Aim. The present research aimed to analyze the results of all reconstruction types (microsurgical and axial flaps) in head and neck post-burn cicatricial defects. Methods. The study included 114 patients who underwent flaps autotransplantation with microvascular anastomoses, options for plasty with axial flaps on a preserved (natural) vascular pedicle, plasty with displaced flaps, and free skin plasty for the period from 1995 to 2021. According to the formed groups for comparative analysis, all patients were divided into a comparison group included of 51 patients (1995-2008 year) and the main group with 63 patients (2009-2021 year). Women predominated with 55.6% and 58.8% in the main and comparison groups, respectively. Medium defects (50-120 cm²) of the upper face and neck area prevailed in equal numbers (11.8%). Most of the patients had a median-lateral unilateral post-burn cicatricial deformity. In terms of functional impairments, grade I up to an angle of 90º and degree II up to an angle of 45º was prevailed. Results. The consolidated long-term results of plastic surgery in the functional value were good in the main group in 69.9% of cases, while in the comparison group it was in 47.1%. The aesthetic indicators of the consolidated long-term results of plastic surgery were good in 57.5% of cases of the main group and significantly was lower in the comparison group (33.3% of cases). Unsatisfactory results were observed in 1.4% of cases in the main group and 17.6% in the comparison group. Conclusion. Improvement in head and neck burn reconstructive plastic surgery with various variants of axial flaps made it possible to increase the proportion of uncomplicated postoperative course, shorten the hospital stay and the total duration of all stages of plasty, and, in general, ensured a decrease in the frequency of unsatisfactory functional and aesthetic results.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.14
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Head and neck burns, Post-burn cicatricial defects, Reconstructive plastic surgery.

%D 2021
%T Esophageal tumors are complicated by dysphagia: results of patients’ stenting
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Zayniddin Makhamatovich NIZAMKHODJAEV
%A Ruslan Efimovich LIGAY
%A Rasul Rakhmatovich OMONOV
%A Aleksey Olegovich TSOY
%A Elnar Ildarovich NIGMATULLIN
%A O.A FAYZULLAEV
%A A.D ABDUKARIMOV
%A A.S. BABAJANOV
%N 06
%V 11
%P 120-126
%L eprints575
%X Introduction. Despite advances in therapy, esophageal cancer (EC) is recently became one of
most incurable cancers, especially when it leads to dysphagia. Hence there is a need for
develop the optimum management options. Aim. This study presents the experience of
treating 464 patients with inoperable stages of esophageal cancer. The causes of inoperable
behavior in this type of patients have been identified. Methods. A total of 249 patients were
subjected to the following various options of minimally invasive interventions: endoscopic
diathermotunnelization (EDT) in 38 (15.3%), endoscopic bougienage (EB) in 18 (7.2%) and
endoscopic stenting (ES) in 193 (77.5%) patients. Results. Improved methods of minimally
invasive interventions, as well as the nature of possible complications during their use were
presented. Conclusion. It is concluded that the installation of endoscopic stenting with self-
expanding metal stents (SEMS) with an antireflux valve in the treatment of non-operable EC
stages with dysphagia syndrome is the most safe, effective and fast treatment method for
dysphagia relief with a greater efficiency and the less frequency of complications especially
when conventional silicone and rigid stents is used.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.15
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Esophageal cancer,
Minimally invasive
Treatment, Endoscopic
tunneling, Esophageal
stenting

%D 2021
%T NUTRITIVE VALUE OF Gymnarchus niloticus AND Heterotis niloticus
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H. M. A. Sulieman
%A O. M. Omer
%N 6
%V 11
%P 213-218
%L eprints649
%X Major aspects of flesh nutritive value of Gymnarchus niloticus and Heterotis niloticus were studied in present research work. The body yield of H. niloticus followed the following decreasing order; fillet, head, skeleton, skin and viscera while in G. niloticus it is fillet, skeleton, head, skin and viscera. The fillet yield was found to be 46.9% in G. niloticus and 42.3% in H. niloticus. The length weight relationship, body weight and yield weight were significantly correlated in both species. Both species showed relatively high fat content. Significant negative correlations were found between moisture and ash in H. niloticus and between moisture and fat in G. niloticus. On the basis of nutritional value (fat/protein) ratio of H. niloticus recorded 1:11.69, while the calculated caloric value of H. niloticus was found to be 308.572 kcal/g and 253.474 kcal/g for G. niloticus. Present study provides a base line data on yield indices, chemical composition and nutritional value of these species and considered both species as a good source of food with high nutritive value.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.31
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Body yield, Gymnachus niloticus, Heterotis niloticus, Nile Fishes, Nutritional value.

%D 2021
%T EFFECTS OF DIETARY CONCENTRATION LEVELS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN CROSSBRED BEEF CATTLE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A N. B. Truong
%N 6
%V 11
%P 224-231
%L eprints652
%X The objective of the present study was to evaluate different concentration levels on the feed intake and nutrient digestibility of different beef cattle breeds. Twenty beef cattle (13 months of age) were allocated in a group of Latin square design 4× (5×5). The first factor was cattle breeds (Brahman, Black Angus, Charolais, and Red Angus). Furthermore, the concentrate feed levels were 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/animal/day, corresponding to C0, C0.5, C1.0, C1.5, and C2.0 as treatments. The basal diet was fresh Elephant grass (5 kg/d) and ad libitum rice straw. Beef cattle were adapted to ration for 7 days followed by 7 days of sample collection and dissecting samples. The results showed that dry matter intake (kg/100kg live weight) was significantly different among cattle breeds, the highest value was for Charolais (2.37 kg) and the lowest value was for Brahman cattle (2.15 kg). The dry matter digestibility of Brahman (62.0%) was higher than Black Angus (53.1%), Charolais (53.3.7%), and Red Angus (54.7%). However, the daily weight gain of Brahman was lower than Black Angus, Charolais, and Red Angus cattle (351, 403, 464, and 492 g/animal/day, respectively). Both digestibility (%) and digestible value (kg) increased and were affected by treatments. In detail, the CP digestibility was significantly higher for the C2.0 (73.4%) compared to C1.5, C1.0, C0.5, and C0 (68.6, 65.7, 61.2, and 53.4%, respectively), while C1.0 was similar to C0.5 and C1.5 treatments. Thus, the daily weight gain (g/animal/day) were 214, 337, 451, 540, and 595 g (P<0.05) for C0, C0.5, C1.0, C1.5, and C2.0 treatments, respectively. The conclusion was that Brahman cattle had higher digestibility than Black Angus, Charolais, and Red Angus. In addition, the concentrate supplementation level from 1.0 to 1.5 kg per day in diets could be properly recommended for farmers’ practice in terms of feed utilization.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.33
%K Beef, Breeding, Cattle, Crossbred, Digestibility, Supplementation.

%D 2021
%T MYCOTOXINS IN FODDER AND ITS IMPORTANCE ON SAFETY OF FEED AND THE HEALTH OF FARM ANIMALS: A REVIEW
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. V. Ulrikh
%A O. V. Smolovskaya
%N 6
%V 11
%P 219-223
%L eprints653
%X Diets of ruminants include grains, protein fodder, hay and grass/legumes, whole grain corn, small grains, sorghum silage and feed by-products. In addition, ruminants fed grazing feed every year or every season. All these feeds can be contaminated with exogenous metabolites of certain toxin-causing fungi. There are fewer changes in food metabolism in ruminants than in pigs and poultry, and these metabolites increase and diversify the effects of mycotoxins in ruminants. Existing data indicate that some streptoxins (Aflatoxin, Aspergillus toxin, Aspergillus A toxin, Fumonisin, and Zearalenone) and many other secondary metabolites produced by many other types of Alternaria are harmful to ruminants. Tavronic acid and 4Z-infected pyrrolidone have the greatest effect on ruminants. Aspergillus flavus produces kojic acid, cyclopyrazinic acid, or β-nitropropionic acid, and A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin. Pseudomonas produces mycophenolic acid, Rocfortine, PR-toxin, Marcoforthine, or Monasc (citrine and monacolin), which may be associated with feed contamination. The assessment includes information on the prevalence of mycotoxins reported over the past 15 years, with particular attention to both mycotoxins found in fodders and animal toxicology issues.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.32
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Aflatoxin; Feed contamination; Mycotoxins; Silage; Ruminants.

%D 2021
%T MYCOTOXINS IN FODDER AND ITS IMPORTANCE ON SAFETY OF FEED AND THE HEALTH OF FARM ANIMALS: A REVIEW
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E.V. Ulrikh
%A O.V. Smolovskaya
%N 6
%V 11
%P 219-223
%L eprints656
%X Diets of ruminants include grains, protein fodder, hay and grass/legumes, whole grain corn, small grains, sorghum silage and feed by-products. In addition, ruminants fed grazing feed every year or every season. All these feeds can be contaminated with exogenous metabolites of certain toxin-causing fungi. There are fewer changes in food metabolism in ruminants than in pigs and poultry, and these metabolites increase and diversify the effects of mycotoxins in ruminants. Existing data indicate that some streptoxins (Aflatoxin, Aspergillus toxin, Aspergillus A toxin, Fumonisin, and Zearalenone) and many other secondary metabolites produced by many other types of Alternaria are harmful to ruminants. Tavronic acid and 4Z-infected pyrrolidone have the greatest effect on ruminants. Aspergillus flavus produces kojic acid, cyclopyrazinic acid, or β-nitropropionic acid, and A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin. Pseudomonas produces mycophenolic acid, Rocfortine, PR-toxin, Marcoforthine, or Monasc (citrine and monacolin), which may be associated with feed contamination. The assessment includes information on the prevalence of mycotoxins reported over the past 15 years, with particular attention to both mycotoxins found in fodders and animal toxicology issues. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.32
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy, Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russian Federation
%K Aflatoxin; Feed contamination; Mycotoxins; Ruminants; Silage

%D 2021
%T Biological, chemical and physical hazards control plans to ensure employees health during dried mango production
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Alain Gustave YAGUIBOU
%A Bakary TARNAGDA
%A Souleymane ZIO
%A Fulbert NIKIEMA
%A François TAPSOBA
%A Jean Pau B. KARAMA
%A Aly SAVADOGO
%N 06
%V 11
%P 94-106
%L eprints572
%X ntroduction. Food safety is an important quality approach that ensures the safety of both
food products and the health of consumers and employees. Aim. This study aimed to develop
a control plan through the analysis of critical points of the manufacturing process in the
dried mango production units in Burkina Faso. Methods. Investigations were carried out
within the manufacturing units located in two regions of Hauts Basins and Cascades with
four cities: Bobo-Dioulasso, Banfora, Orodara and Toussiana. The use of 5M method made it
possible to classify the various factors likely to contribute to the depreciation of mango
quality. Results. The results showed that the majority of the manufacturing units are
artisanal type and do not comply in terms of installation and sanitation. The equipments are
rudimentary. The staff have not been trained in good manufacturing and hygiene practices.
This derives from the practical solutions for the control, prevention and monitoring of 15
critical control points (CCP) identified during the production of dried mangoes. The CCP
control plan including four control points has been established. Indeed, the implementation
of the method requires the strict procedure monitoring. Conclusion. This study provided
information on the risks associated with the production of dried mangoes in Burkina Faso. It
will allow to produce quality dried mangoes and to preserve the health of employees and
consumer’s by reducing Biological, chemical and physical hazards.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.12
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Food safety,
Staff health,
Hazard Analysis and
Critical Control Points,
Dried mango,
Quality,
Burkina Faso

%D 2021
%T MONIEZIOSIS OF SOVIET MERINO SHEEP IN ASTRAKHAN REGION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Abdelhamid
%A N. Zakharina
%A N. Pudovkin
%N 5
%V 11
%P 165-170
%L eprints17
%X In present study, the prevalence of monieziosis infections was determined in Soviet Merino sheep and risk factors associated therewith was identified in Astrakhan, a region of traditional development of sheep farming located in the south of the European part of Russia. One thousand five hundred Soviet Merino sheep, different in age and sex, from different districts in the Astrakhan region, were examined using the Fülleborn’s technique for detection of eggs of genus Moniezia in fecal samples. Histological sections of gravid proglottids were stained for histological and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination. It was found that monieziosis was recorded (26.46 ) among the examined sheep. Moniezisois was found more prevalent in grazing female (41.52 ) and young sheep (35.61 ). The highest incidence of monieziosis in Soviet Merino sheep was found in spring (37.02 ). By histological and SEM examination, the gravid proglottids of genus Moniezia, showing several compartments inside it containing several eggs and the proglottids containing bilateral genital pores and craspedote. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.25
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Astrakhan Cestode Fecal examination Merino sheep Monieziosis

%D 2021
%T EFFECTS OF RATIONS WITH VARIOUS BALANCES OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY OF MALE ALABIO DUCKS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. Biyatmoko
%A T. Rostini
%A U. Santoso
%N 5
%V 11
%P 157-164
%L eprints18
%X For suitable nutrition according to the requirements of Alabio male ducks, it is necessary to balance metabolic energy and protein. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of the energy and protein balance (E/CP) on the growth achievement and carcass quality of Alabio male duck. The feeding trial study was conducted in a poultry house for six weeks. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial pattern where is the first factor being metabolic energy+y level (E) consisting of E1: 2800 kcal/kg ME, E2: 2900 kcal/kg ME, E3: 3000 kcal/kg ME, while the second factor was crude protein level (CP) consisting of P1: 15 CP, P2: 16 CP, P3: 17 CP, with three replications, where each replication consisted of five ducks with a total of 135 male Alabio ducks. The observed variables were final body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass percentage, carcass fat, and abdominal fat. The data obtained have been analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The results showed that there was an interaction between (E) and (CP), where the best results were obtained in the combination of E2P3 treatment with an E/CP ratio of 17.1 (ME 2900 kcal/kg, 17 CP), including BW at 1185.0 g/bird, BWG at 1134.0 g/bird, FI at 3563.21 g/bird, and FCR at 3.14 and the lowest carcass quality with the highest carcass percentage reaching 67.33, and the lowest carcass fat and abdominal fat were 0.37 and 0.75, respectively. It was concluded that the effect of E/P ration at ratio of 17.1 gives the best result on the performance of male Alabio ducks including the achievement of BW, BWG, FI and FCR, and carcass quality through the achievement of increasing carcass percentage, decreasing carcass fat and fat abdominals. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.24
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Alabio duck Carcass Quality Crude protein Performance Ration

%D 2021
%T EVALUATION OF Lactobacillus plantarum AND Lactococcus lactis ISOLATED FROM DUCK EXCRETA AS POTENTIAL PROBIOTICS FOR CHICKEN NUTRITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. D. Ludfiani
%A W. Asmara
%A A. E. T. H. Wahyuni
%A P. Astuti
%A M. T. K. Putri
%A N. F. Ridwan
%N 5
%V 11
%P 180-188
%L eprints637
%X Since the antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) banned, probiotics have become one of the increase relevant products to be developed in the poultry industry. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from excreta have potential as probiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the potential probiotic properties of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus isolated from duck excreta. The LAB isolates were characterized by morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Molecular identification by 16S rRNA analysis. LAB identification with API 50CHL and 16s rRNA showed Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) and Lactococcus lactis (Lc. lactis). The functional probiotic potential of the Lactobacillus species (L. plantarum BJ3) and Lactococcus species (Lc. lactis K5) was assessed by several parameters. The strains showed tolerance to variation of pH 2.0 to 5.0, and level bile salt 0.05 to 0.30%. The strain also showed the ability of intestinal adhesion and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The strain was safe to use as a probiotic because it was negative for hemolytic activity and high sensitivity to antibiotics. A total of 100 Lohmann broilers strain) (7-day-old) were divided into 4 treatment groups; control (P0), L. plantarum BJ3 107 cfu/bird (P1), Lc. lactis K5 107 cfu/bird (P2), and L. plantarum BJ3 + Lc. lactis K5 107 cfu/bird (P3). Probiotic supplemented for chicken orally. Feed and water are provided ad libitum. Chickens are kept in a litter system. The result showed the probiotic supplementation, orally affected growth performance of broilers. Probiotic supplementation reduced feed intake (FI) during experimental period and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected. The P2 group (Lc. lactis K5 107 cfu/bird) showed the lowest FI. In conclusion, L. plantarum BJ3 and Lc. lactis K5 isolated from duck excreta can be considered as probiotics for chicken nutrition.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.27
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Antibacterial activity, Dietary supplement, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Probiotic.

%D 2021
%T THE EFFECT OF PASTURE SUPPLEMENTED DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING EWES IN THE FOOTHILLS OF LESOTHO
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Mahlehla
%A O. Oluremi
%A P. Mosebi
%A S. Molapo
%A M. Ranchobe
%A L. Moea
%A L. Mochoa
%A M. Lefoka
%A M. Mantsoe
%N 5
%V 11
%P 189-195
%L eprints15
%X Farmer-participatory research was implemented in the foothills of Machache Lesotho with aim to investigate the influence of supplementary feeding of ewes using forage-based diets. The study followed a randomized complete block design with four dietary treatments replicated three times. A total of 270 lactating ewes were contributed by farmers and were randomly distributed into 12 experimental units. Control treatment had a total of 54 lactating ewes made up of 18 animals per replicate while each treated groups had a total of 72 lactating ewes made up of 24 animals per replicate. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. The dietary treatments were as follows; control in the form of pasture, T1: forage alone, T2: forage plus concentrate, T3: forage, concentrate and urea molasses mineral block. The treatment diet was offered in the morning before animals go to the pasture or rangeland and it was offered at the rate of 100 grams per head per day. Control animals on the other hand did not have access to supplementary feeds. Data collection on production parameters such as feed intake and live weight change was taken on weekly basis. Data on blood glucose, p-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), wool growth and milk quality was taken at the beginning and at the end of feeding trial. The findings indicated that the treatment group supplemented with forage, concentrates and urea mineral block performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the control group in all tested parameters such as nutritive value of treatment diets, production parameters such as feed intake, live weight change and wool growth, blood parameters such as blood glucose and BHBA, and milk quality. The study also revealed (control) that pasture and forage supplementation (T1) alone do not meet the nutritional needs of lactating ewes and the animal had to use their body fat reserves to meet their maintenance needs and this was evident by loss of weight and increased blood BHBA from the two treatments. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.28
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Concentrates Ewe Forage Lactation Molasses

%D 2021
%T CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PHYTOBIOTICS FROM BLENDS PLANT WITH DIFFERENT FERMENTATION RIPENING
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A C. S. Utama
%A B. Sulistiyanto
%A S. Sumarsih
%N 5
%V 11
%P 171-179
%L eprints16
%X Alternative antibiotic replacements that are often used, namely probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics and acidifiers, have the same function and role as antibiotics. Phytobiotics are active ingredients that have antibacterial properties derived from herbal ingredients which newly used in human and animal nutrition, and this is new approach of nutritional studies. Fermentation process can improve the quality of phytobiotics. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of fermentation time on pH values, organoleptic physical qualities, microorganism content and the content of phytobiotic fermentation with compounds namely: garlic (Allium sativum), Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), leaf earring (Indian Acalypha), Indonesian bay-leaf (Syzygium polyanthum), betel leaf (Piper betle), ginger (Zingiber officinale), sand ginger (Kaempferia galanga), turmeric (Curcuma longa), galangal (Alpinia galanga), curcuma (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) and fruit waste. The study used a Complete RandomIzed Design (CRD) with 4 treatments; T0 (without fermentation), T1 (6-day fermentation), T2 (12-day fermentation), T3 (18-day fermentation). The results showed that the fermentation time of phytobiotics had a significant effect on pH, color, total Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), total bacteria, total fungi, gram+, gram-, antioxidant activity, total polyphenols and total acid. Phytibiotic fermentation time has no effect on the odor of fermented phytobiotics. In conclusion, Phytobiotic fermentation time of the best plant mixture is 12 days with a pH of 6.74, a total of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) of 29.00 x 103 cfu/ml, total bacteria 22.2 x 105 cfu/ml, total fungi 0.6 x 103 cfu/ml of antioxidant activity 45.33, total polyphenols 42.89 mg/100 ml and total acid 0.18. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.26
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Animal nutrition Antioxidant Fermentation Phytobiotic Polyphenols

%D 2021
%T Efficacy of multisensory exercise programme on cognition and functionality in postmenopausal women
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Rawan A. ABD EL-HAY
%A Hala M. HANAFY
%A Hossam E. KAMEL
%A Afaf M. MAHMOUD
%N 05
%V 11
%P 88-93
%L eprints571
%X Introduction. In the last century, longer female life expectancy has implied that women now live a third of their lives beyond the end of their ovarian function, increasing the need for new therapeutic strategies to facilitate successful aging (defined as low probability of disease), high cognitive and physical abilities, and active engagement in life. Aim. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of multisensory exercise programme on cognition and functionality in postmenopausal women. Methods. Thirty postmenopausal women in the range of 55-65 years old and a body mass index (BMI) < 35kg/m² were selected randomly from physiotherapy outpatient clinic at Al-Menshawy General Hospital. They were randomly distributed into two equal groups: control group (A) that received relaxation training programme for 30 minutes/session, three sessions per week for a period of 4 weeks and study group (B) which received multisensory exercise programme for another 45 minutes per session plus the same programme as for control group for a period 4 weeks. Assessment of all women in both groups was carried out before and after treatment programme (four weeks) through cognitive assessment (montreal cognitive assessment) and functional performance of daily living activities (nine–item physical performance test). Results. The multisensory exercise programme showed statistically significant improvements (P < 0.01) on cognition, and functional performance as compared with the control group, which showed no statistically significant differences at the post intervention time point. Conclusions. The multisensory exercise programme improved the cognition and functionality of post menopausal women. The introduction of a motor and multisensory‐based approach in care routines may improve residents' health and engagement to the environment
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.11
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Aging, Cognition, Multisensory exercise, Menopause, Residential care homes.

%D 2021
%T A Highlight on Avian Toxoplasmosis: One Health Disease with a Special Reference to the Current Egyptian Situation
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. A. Abd El-Ghany
%N 3
%V 11
%P 510-520
%L eprints345
%X This review article was developed to the infection of avian species with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), diagnosis, pet bird and human infection, and control methods with a special reference to the current status of infection among the Egyptian poultry farms and population. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a unicellular, protozoan parasite T. gondii. Different domesticated and wild animals, as well as birds can harbor T. gondii and may be a potential source of infection to humans. Avian species could be infected with T. gondii through the ingestion of contaminated food, soil, and water with oocysts shed in the excreta of infected animals, especially cats. Poor sanitation and hygienic conditions increase the risk of infection. Consumption of food or water, as well as undercooked poultry meat or meat products containing the oocysts of the parasite, are the main sources of human infection with T. gondi. Diagnosis of T. gondii in the infected host depends on the serological detection of specific antibodies and molecular detection of the parasite. Microscopic demonstration of the oocysts and other developmental stages of the parasite in the intestine, liver, brain, and skeletal muscles tissues is another means for rapid diagnosis. Generally, a high prevalence of the disease is also reported in pet birds. Toxoplasmosis in humans is associated with abortion, congenital disorders, stillbirth, and other complications, especially in immunocompromised patients. Application of hygienic measures, as well as public awareness, are essential for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. In different Egyptian governorates, a high prevalence of T. gondii has been detected in animals, birds, and humans. High incidence of infection was recorded due to the contact with Toxoplasma oocysts shed mainly from infected cats or other carriers. Egyptian chicken and turkey flocks and backyard birds revealed the presence of different developmental stages of the parasite and even its antibodies. In addition, human populations showed signs of toxoplasmosis with severe complications.
%R 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj66
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bird, Egypt, Human, Toxoplasma gondii, Zoonosis

%D 2021
%T Effect of Processed Lemon Pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Zaribi Goats Diet on Milk Production, Nutrients Digestibility, Blood Parameters, and Reproductive Performance
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H. Abd Elsalam Sayed
%A M. MetwalyEl-Maghraby
%A M. M. Elbadawy
%N 3
%V 11
%P 422-430
%L eprints346
%X The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrate feed (CFM) mixture with different levels of treated lemon pulp (TLP) on milk production and composition, nutrients digestibility, and blood parameters of Zaribi goats. A total of 24 Zaribi female goats at the end of the pregnant period were divided into three groups of eight according to live weight. Concentrate feed mixture and clover hay at a rate of 50:50 were offered twice a day. Treatedlemon pulp replaced CFM at rates 0%, 25%, and 50 % in diets of R1, R2, and R3 treatment groups, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 90 days. Dry matter digestibility and Nitrogen free extract digestibility were significantly raised by the increased level of TLP in groups R2 (72.37% and 70.36%) and R3 (72.28% and 70.30%), compared to (70.99% and 68.51%) in R1, respectively. The same trend was observed for organic matter digestibility (OMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), crude fiber digestibility (CFD), and ether extract digestibility (EED) with R3, compared with either R1 or R2. However, there were insignificant differences between R1 and R2 in terms of OMD, CPD, and EED but CFD was significantly higher in R2, compared to R1. There was a significant increase in the milk yield by the increased level of TLP in the diet and for R2 (1448.4g/h/d) and R3(1558.7g/h/d), while it was reported as 1377.6 g/h/d in the control group. Feeding dams on the R3 diet had a significant effect on improving total antioxidant capacity by 63.5%, compared with control. The results of the present study indicated that the replacement of CFM by TLP decreased the costs of feed and increase milk production for the replacement level by 50% (R3). Moreover, no adverse effects were noticed on nutrients digestibility and blood parameters of the investigated samples.
%R 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj54
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood parameters, Lemon pulp, Milk production, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

%D 2021
%T Stray Animal Population Control: Methods, Public Health Concern, Ethics, and Animal Welfare Issues
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Abdulkarim
%A M. A. K. B. G. Khan
%A E. Aklilu
%N 3
%V 11
%P 319-326
%L eprints352
%X Stray animal overpopulation has become one of the most serious global problems with many negative impacts on the community, environment, and public health. Most of the stray animals do not depend on humans for food and shelter, and therefore, can reproduce uncontrollably. The uncontrolled reproduction of stray animals increases their population that leads to a higher chance of predation, road traffic accidents, transmission of zoonotic diseases, and therefore, becoming vectors for some diseases. There are several methods for stray animal population control depending on the situation and the nature of the stray animals. These methods include contraceptives, trap-neuter-return, poisoning, euthanasia, and gun shooting among others. Each of the outlined methods has its advantages and disadvantages as to their practicality, ease of conducting, cost, effectiveness, ethics, and animal welfare issues. In conclusion, to achieve successful control measures of the stray animal population and the problem they create, the concerned authorities need to design and enact animal rights laws, provide medical care (treatment and vaccination), feeding, shelter for the animals, and control their reproduction. Public health and environmental agencies may improve the services by regulating personal and environmental hygiene, prevention, and control of zoonotic and transmissible diseases that can be transmitted from stray animals to the public and other livestock respectively.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj44
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Animal welfare, Ethics, Population control methods, Public health, Stray animals

%D 2021
%T Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Strains Circulating in Rabbit Population Using Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis in upper Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. E. S. A. Abodalal
%A M. S. A. Hafez
%A E. A. E. M. Shosha
%A F. F. Warda
%A N. M. Hagag
%N 3
%V 11
%P 302-311
%L eprints89
%X Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a contagious viral disease that threatens rabbit farms locally and globally. The disease causative agent is the 63-Rabbit_Haemorrhagic_Disease_Virus_Strains_Circulating_in_Rabbit_Population_RHD virus (RHDV) of the family Caliciviridae. The present study aimed to identify and characterize RHDV strains currently circulating in Upper Egypt provinces. A total of 20 suspected RHDV samples were collected from non-vaccinated rabbit flocks from January to December 2019 in Upper Egypt governorates (New Valley and Assuit), Egypt. The RHDV was confirmed through the hemagglutination test (HA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Further characterization of selected 4 isolates was performed by nucleotide sequencing of a partial VP60 gene. All of 11 RHDV RT-PCR-positive samples were positive for HA activity against human RBCs type "O". Based on the nucleotide sequencing, the selected 4 isolates were clustered as RHDV-1 variant strains (G3-G5). The nucleotide sequence identities of the 4 isolates were 94.2-100 %, compared to available RHDV strains from GenBank. In conclusion, the presence of RHDV-1 variant strains was detected and confirmed that threatens the rabbit’s populations in New Valley and Assuit governorates.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Upper Egypt, Nucleotide sequencing, Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, VP60

%D 2021
%T Multiple Outbreaks and Clinico-pathological Features of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 and H5N8 in Poultry Farms in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. O. Ameji
%A O. O. Oladele
%A A. R. Jambalang
%A A. W. Adanu
%A C. N. Chinyere
%A C. A. Meseko
%A L. H. Lombin
%N 3
%V 11
%P 376-386
%L eprints111
%X Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria have been reoccurring since 2015 after the country was declared free of HPAI H5N1 in 2010. Beginning from January 26, 2021, the first suspected case of HPAI from a 4-week-old broiler/cockerel flock was reported to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos, Nigeria followed by five other suspected cases from poultry flocks in different locations within one month. Mortality rates were high, ranging from 75% to 100% for the Broilers/Noiler-cockerels and Brahma chicken/cockerel flocks but low rates of 5.6-17.9% were reported for the layers’ farms. Clinical signs seen in the layer flocks included somnolence and nasal rales, as well as paralysis of wings and feet. The gross lesions observed in the broilers/cockerels and Brahma chicken/cockerels mixed flocks were marked subcutaneous hemorrhage on the skin as well as cyanoses of the comb, wattles, thigh, shank, and feet. There were also generalized congestion of visceral organs with frank blood in the thorax, severe ecchymotic and petechial hemorrhages in the proventricular mucosae, cloudy air sacs as well as congested and frothy lungs with severe hemorrhagic tracheitis. The pathology in the brown layer chickens was not extensive, but there were petechial hemorrhages in the thigh and breast muscles, inflamed bursa of Fabricius, and petechial hemorrhages in the proventriculus. From the history and pathologies, tentative diagnoses of HPAI were made and tissues were sent to the Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. The cases were confirmed to be positive by qPCR and viral isolation, four of which were H5N1 and two were H5N8 subtypes. In conclusion, HPAI may become endemic in Nigeria despite the control policy of eradication by the government. It is recommended that the national policy on the control of HPAI should be modified to include controlled vaccination with close monitoring.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.45
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Clinico-pathological features, Highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N1, H5N8, Nigeria, Outbreaks, Poultry

%D 2021
%T Cross Reaction of Haemonchus contortus Protein with Toxocara vitulorum Anti-L2 Serum Using Western Blot Technique
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. W. Asmorowati
%A . Kusnoto
%A H. Eliyani
%N 3
%V 11
%P 504-509
%L eprints376
%X In the adult stage, Haemonchus contortus worms infect the abomasum host causing anemia and even death in animals. However, identifying the H. contortus protein can be used as a reference for the diagnosis of diseases. The diagnosis is performed by serological cross-reaction between H. contortus protein and anti-L2 Toxocara vitulorum (T. vitulorum) serum using the western blot technique. The main purpose of the current research was to identify the cross-reaction between H. contortus proteins and anti-L2 T. vitulorum serum using the western blot technique. T. vitulorum worms were collected from the intestine of cattle and H. contortus worms were collected from the abomasum of goats. The first step was making antibodies by oral infection of rats with infective eggs (L2) of T. vitulorum. The blood was taken 21 days after infection. Then, the blood was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to get the serum. The second step was making homogenates from the whole worm extract of H. contortus. After crushing the worms, it was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes and the supernatant was taken. The supernatant was then analyzed using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with coomassie brilliant blue staining. The third step was the analysis of H. contortus protein with serum anti-L2 T. vitulorum using the western blot technique. From the H. contortus homogenates analysis using SDS-PAGE, 16 protein bands were obtained. The cross-reactions were 141.3, 81.3, 64. 6, 51.3, 46.8, and 38 kDa. The data from cross-reactions suggested that the H. contortus protein cannot be used as a diagnostic material. It is serologically Haemonchosis because it caused false positives with diagnostic Toxocariasis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj65
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cross reaction, Haemonchus contortus, SDS-PAGE, Toxocara vitulorum, Western blot

%D 2021
%T The Role of Salinity in Histopathology Description of Jatim Bulan Tilapia Juvenile (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed by Lead (PB)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. R. Batista
%A J. Triastuti
%A K. T. Pursetyo
%N 3
%V 11
%P 448-455
%L eprints385
%X The decrease in the number of lands for aquaculture will cause the freshwater fish aquaculture, especially tilapia is reared. As one of the efforts to survive, the breeders use the coastal area to anticipate, so the freshwater fish can adapt to the sea waters. Heavy metal pollution near the coasts (or in the coastal waters) has great potential impacts on the environment. The present study aimed to find out the effect of Lead (Pb, heavy-metal) exposure on the Jatimbulan Juvenile tilapia with the different salinity towards histopathology description of the gill, intestine, and the skin tissues. The method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design using six treatments and three times repetition. The observed parameters included the changes in histopathology description of gill, intestine, and skin organs of Jatimbulan juvenile tilapia. Kruskal-Wallis scoring method was used for data analysis and was continued by Mann-Whitney. The result of the current study showed the effect of salinity towards histopathology description of gill, intestine, and skin of Jatimbulan juvenile tilapia. The effect of changes was proven with the histopathology description in the form of the damage of edema, hyperplasia, and necrosis on the gill tissue; the damage of edema, atrophy, and necrosis on the gill tissue as well as the damage of edema, atrophy, hemorrhagic and necrosis on the gill tissue. From the result of the current study which has been conducted, it can be concluded that the heavy-metal exposure by lead was 0.03 ppm on the salinity of 10 ppt and 20 ppt. given the significant effect on the histopathology description of gill, intestine, and skin of Jatimbulan juvenile tilapia.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj57
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Histopathology, Lead, Metal, Oreochromis niloticus, Salinity

%D 2021
%T Effects of Laying Cycle Periods on Egg Quality, Egg Chemical Composition, and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail Breeders Reared in Northern Algeria
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Z. Berrama
%A S. Souames
%A R. Merati
%A H. M. Korteby
%A M. S. Chirane
%A N. Negab
%A K. Hettab
%A H. Idris
%A N. Morzouglal
%A S. Temim
%N 3
%V 11
%P 439-447
%L eprints388
%X Egg quality traits in quail breeders depend on various factors which may influence embryo survival during incubation, affecting the chicks' production and quality. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the laying period on the external and internal quality of the egg, the chemical composition of albumen, yolk, and eggshell as well as the reproductive parameters of quail breeders. A total of 450 quails (Coturnix japonica) obtained from the same hatchery, were reared in a battery cage with a sex ratio of 1 male to 3 females. All the quails were subjected to standard breeding conditions and fed a balanced laying diet. A total of 960 eggs were collected at two different periods of the laying cycle, the beginning period of the laying (BP indicating 10 weeks of quail age) and the peak period of laying (PP showing 20 weeks of quail age). At each laying period, 30 eggs were used to analyze the various parameters of egg quality, and 450 eggs were randomly selected to assess the reproductive performances. Overall, no differences in the external quality of eggs, such as egg length, egg width, and the egg shape index, were recorded between the two laying periods. Apart from albumen weight that tended to be higher at the peak laying period, the shell and the yolk weights were not affected by the period of laying. Additionally, Japanese quail tend to deposit similar proportions of shell, albumen, and yolk at the two periods of laying. Likewise, the rate of dry matter of the three egg components, shell mineral concentrations, and yolk fat concentrations did not show any noticeable variation with the laying period. The most significant effect of the laying period was related to the potential reduction in the total protein content of the albumen and the yolk of eggs laid at the peak period of laying. Finally, the laying period did not significantly affect the fertility and hatchability rate of the incubated quail eggs but slightly improved the embryonic mortality rate during the peak laying phase.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj56
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Albumen, Coturnix japonica, Eggshell, Fertility, Quail

%D 2021
%T Correlation and Path Analysis of Body Weight and Biometrie Traits of Ross 308 Breed of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A L. Bila
%A T. L. Tyasi
%A T. W. N. Tongwane
%A A. P. Mulaudzi
%N 3
%V 11
%P 344-351
%L eprints136
%X Understanding the correlation between body weight (BW) and biometric traits helps breeders to select the best biometric trait that might be used to improve body weight during breeding. This study was performed to determine the association between BW and biometric traits, such as wing length (WL), beak length (BKL), shank length (SL), body girth (BG), body length (BL), and shank circumference (SC), and to reveal possible direct and indirect effects of biometric traits on BW of Ross 308 broiler chicken breed. A total of 130 birds (65 males and 65 females) at the age of five weeks were used. Pearson’s correlation and path analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that BW had a positive significant correlation with SC (r = 0.46) and highly significant with BG (r = 0.55) in female, whereas SL (r = 0.38) and WL (r = 0.36) had a significant correlation with BW and SC (r = 0.58) and BL (r = 0.53) had a positive highly significant correlation with BW of the male broiler chickens. Path analysis indicated that SC (0.36) had the maximum direct effect, whereas WL (0.31) had the minimum indirect effect on BW of males. In females, BG (0.46) had the maximum direct effect, whereas BL (0.21) had the maximum indirect effect on BW. The relationship findings suggest that improvement of SC, SL, WL, BL, and BG might increase the BW of the Ross 308 broiler breed. Path analysis findings recommend that SC and BG might be useful in selection criteria during breeding to increase the BW of the Ross 308 broiler breed. The findings of the current study might be used by Ross 308 broiler chicken breed farmers to predict BW using biometric traits.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.41
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body girth, Direct effect, Indirect effect, Shank circumference, Wing length

%D 2021
%T Serological Detection of Antibodies Against Chlamydophila psittaci Infection in Pet Parrots of Guatemala City
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. De León-Robles
%A D. Guerra-Centeno
%A J. Brizo-Murillo
%A S. Menéndez-Medina
%A J. G. Y. Guzmán
%A F. G. De León
%A L. Aguilar-Paiz
%N 3
%V 11
%P 286-292
%L eprints154
%X Avian chlamydiosis (AC), caused by Chalmydophila psittaci (C. psittaci), is a relevant zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through psitassine or 1278-Chlamydophila_psittaci_Infection_in_Pet_Parrotspet birds. Guatemala is a megadiverse country where parrots are commonly kept as pets. Considering such a situation and the fact that respiratory diseases are some of the main causes of morbidity in the human population, the epidemiology of AC in pet parrots has not been sufficiently investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence and frequency of antibodies against C. psittaci in pet parrots in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Blood samples were collected from 100 parrots belonging to 17 species (Amazona auropalliata, A. farinosa, A. autumnalis, A. albifrons, Agapornis roseicollis, Ara macao, A. militaris, Aratinga astec, Brotogeris jugularis, Cacatua alba, Eupsittula canicularis, E. nana, Melopsittacus undulatus, Ninficus hollandicus, Pionus senilis, and Psittacara strenuus) representing 19 of the 20 zones of Guatemala. Imunoglobulins (Ig) G antibodies against C. psittaci were detected using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay tests. The prevalence rate of C. psittaci was reported at 11% (95% CI = 4.87%, 17.13%) indicating the presence of AC pet parrots in Guatemala City. Therefore, Guatemalan sanitary authorities should take some measures and the physicians must consider C. psittaci as a possible cause of a severe respiratory disease condition in people residing in this city.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian chlamydiosis, Epidemiology, Psittacosis, Public health, Zoonosis

%D 2021
%T Phenotypic Characteristics of Indigenous Chickens in Selected Regions of Nigeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. H. Ekeocha
%A A. A. Aganga
%A F. A. Adejoro
%A A. Oyebanji
%A J. F. Oluwadele
%A O. M. Tawose
%N 3
%V 11
%P 352-358
%L eprints164
%X The Nigerian indigenous chicken called the native or village chicken are widely distributed in the rural areas of Nigeria, where they are kept by the natives principally as a source of protein and income. These native chickens play major roles not only in rural economies but also contribute substantially to the gross national income. This study aimed to determine the productivity of identified phenotypic characteristics and to aid the selection and genetic improvement of indigenous chickens in local areas of Nigeria (Ikole, Ekiti East and Oye local government). A total of 180 captive adult (normal feathering female and male) frizzled local chickens were scored and measured for phenotypic characteristics. There were no significant differences across the local governments (locations) comparing the native chickens for body weight, shank length, comb length, chest length, and comb height. The beak length and the body length were significant. The body weight ranged from 1.06 to 1.08 kg. Oye and Ekiti East local government had the highest similar value of 1.08 kg while Ikole local government had the least value (1.07 kg). The magnitude of the value of the parameters between shank length and comb height, between shank length and comb height, between shank length and body length, between comb height and comb length and between comb height and body length were positive and significant. There were positive and significant relationships between comb height and body weight and between clutch size and body weight (r = 0.34292, 0.36718) in frizzled local chickens. There was a significant positive relationship between shank length and beak length, between shank length and body weight, between comb height and beak length and between beak length and body weight. The correlations between shank colour and clutch size, between comb length and clutch size, and between beak lengths were negative. The performance of the local chickens can be greatly enhanced with improvement in basic management with the response to genetic improvement for increased body weight and egg production.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.42
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body weight, Indigenous chicken, Phenotypic characteristics

%D 2021
%T The Effects of Borax (NA2B4O710H2O) on Histopathology of Wistar Rats’ Cerebrum (Rattus norvegicus)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. Elfan
%A S. Kuncorojakti
%A N. Triakoso
%N 3
%V 11
%P 484-488
%L eprints409
%X The present study aimed to determine the effects of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) addition on the changes of histological cerebrum imaging in the brains of white mice (Rattus norvegicus). The current research was an experimental study with randomization of 24 white mice that were divided into four treatment groups with five replications. Borax was dissolved for each treatment with a dose of 19 mg/mouse/day, 26 mg/mouse/day, and 37 mg/mouse/day, and it was administered orally for 14 days. Then, it was analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The statistical analysis results suggested that there were significantly different results in each treatment group. The control treatment with an administration dose of 26 mg/rat/day had a significantly different result in the worst cloudy swelling degeneration of cerebrum in histopathology imaging on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Using the Mann-Whitney test, it was found that the dose of borax at 37 mg/rat/day led to significant difference, compared to the other treatment groups, which means that 37 mg/rat/day of borax caused the worst pyramidal cell necrosis in histopathology imaging of the cerebrum on white mice. Borax exposure on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) can cause cloudy swelling at a dose of 26mg/head/day, and pyramidal cell necrosis at a dose of 37 mg/head/day.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj62
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Borax, Cerebrum, Cloudy swelling, Necrosis

%D 2021
%T Controlling Food Poisoning Bacteria in Fermented Chicken Sausage Using Lactobacillus plantarum
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. Elsabagh
%A S. M. Nada
%A E. M. Abd-Elaaty
%N 3
%V 11
%P 462-468
%L eprints422
%X Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) bacteria is generally recognized as safe and widely used in the food industry. The current study aimed to study the antimicrobial effects of L. plantarum against some food poisoning microorganisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in oriental fermented chicken sausage for 18 days of storage at 4ᵒC. The L. plantarum has broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects that enhance the quality and safety of food products. L. plantarum reduced the count of S. aureus, B. cerus, and E. coli to 1.54, 4.26, and 3.03 Log10, respectively, after 18 days of refrigerated storage. Moreover, there were significant effects of L. plantarum on pH, thiobarbituric acid, total volatile basic nitrogen, and sensory attributes of fermented sausage samples during storage time. It was revealed that L. plantarum enhanced the physic-chemical, sensory attributes, and shelf life of fermented chicken sausage. Moreover, L. plantarum inhibited the inoculated food poisoning bacteria in fermented chicken sausage. In conclusion, it is recommended to use L. plantarum in fermented meat products as a starter and a bio-preservative to enhance the quality of the fermented chicken sausage.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj59
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken sausage, Food safety, Lactobacillus plantarum, Probiotic

%D 2021
%T Milk Production and Reproductive Performance of Retained and Culled Cows in a Large Holstein Herd in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. H. Fahim
%A M. A. A. Mohamed Ibrahim
%A A. H. Amin
%A R. R. Sadek
%N 3
%V 11
%P 474-483
%L eprints426
%X The study aimed to identify the culling reasons of Holstein cows raised in a large commercial herd in Egypt with emphasis on the performance of retained and culled cows. A total of 31534 complete lactation records for 10994 cows calved from 2008 to 2019 were used. The overall rate of culling per lactation was 61.1%. Involuntary culling represented 92% of all culling cases. The reasons for culling included mastitis and udder problems (24.2%), reproductive disorders (18.7%), metabolic and digestive disorders (13.6%), lameness (13%), endemic diseases (10.8%), low milk yield (8.1%), respiratory diseases (4.3%) and unknown causes (7.3%).  Means of 305-day milk yield and daily milk yield were significantly lower in culled cows than the retained ones. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between culled and retained cows for days open and the number of services/conception. The high involuntary culling rate of Holstein under the Egyptian conditions revealed that management practices regarding mastitis prevention and reproductive efficiency should be improved.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj61
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Culling reasons, Egypt, Holstein, Milk production, Reproductive performance

%D 2021
%T Molecular Identification of Trypanosoma theileri and Biology of Trypanosomes
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. Fentahun
%A J. Paeshuyse
%N 3
%V 11
%P 343-367
%L eprints431
%X Trypanosoma theileri (T. theileri ) is a non-pathogenic, cosmopolitan, and commensal protozoa of cattle. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the biology and feasibility of T. theileri as a model candidate for the discovery of a novel drug. In the present study, the isolates of T. theileri obtained from the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in SDM 79 were cultivated at 26oC. Eight experiments with different inoculum and different times were grown. The growth curve was plotted to check the growth trends. The doubling time in the logarithmic phase was determined to be 17.43 hours. In addition, an experimental infection was done on a 3-month-old Holstein Friesian calf to isolate the blood-streaming shape; however, it was not successful after the blood buffy coat smear and PBMC culture in RPMI 1640 and HMI 9. Furthermore, the viability was determined by quantitative colorimetric Resazurin assay in 96-well fluorescence Microplates containing 0.4 to 2.4 mM of Resazurin. On the other hand, the response to Pentamidine (1-100 ng/mL) showed a strong negative correlation between the fluorescence signal and the highest Pentamidine concentration. IC50 was 9.25 ng/mL. Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. The gradient PCR amplification using T. theileri specific PCR (Tth625-PCR) primers was detected at 465 base pair (bp). In addition, the full-length 18S rDNA sequence was detected at 730 bp. In the silico analysis using common anti-trypanosome drug targets, no significant similarity could be found on either the DNA or the protein level. Nevertheless, homologous sequences have been identified among the drug targets for Ornithine decarboxylase. Therefore, the analysis might show the possibility of using T. theileri as a model for the search of new drugs once they have entire genome sequences. Analysis of the whole genome and transcriptome indicated a phylogenetic relationship between T. theileri and other pathogenic trypanosomes which can be the basis for novel drug development.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj47
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Drug model, Novel drug, PCR, Resazurin, SDM 79, Trypanosoma theileri

%D 2021
%T The Effects of Different Concentrations of Bay Leaf Extract on Shelf Life of Preserved Scad Fish
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A P. Fuaidah
%A J. Triastuti
%A H. Pramono
%N 3
%V 11
%P 431-438
%L eprints432
%X Scad fish (Decapterus kurroides) is the most productive fish species. To provide the added value, fishermen can process scad fish into various forms of processed products, such as preserved fish, which extend the shelf life. In order to extend the shelf life of canned fish, natural preservatives could be used that contain antimicrobial agents, such as bay leaves. The present study aimed to determine the effects of bay leaf extract in different concentrations on the shelf life of preserved scad fish. In the present study, the completely randomized design was used as an experimental research method. The treatments given differed in terms of the concentration of the bay leaf extract. The groups were treated as the scad fish without bay leaf extract (A), scad fish soaked in 6% of bay leaf extract (B), scad fish soaked in 7% of bay leaf extract (C), scad fish soaked in 8% of bay leaf extract (D), and scad fish soaked in 9% of bay leaf extract (E). The analyzed parameters included the total plate count, pH, and water level test using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The supportive parameters observed included an organoleptic test. The results indicated that the lowest total bacterial count from the beginning to the end of the experiment (18 hours) occurred on treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract addition), which was 1.54 × 103 to 5.85 × 106. Regarding the water level test from the beginning to the end of the experiment, treatment A (control) was not significantly different from other treatments. The difference in the concentration of bay leaf extract on scad fish effectively inhibited the growth of bacterial colonies. In conclusion, adding bay leaf extract to scad fish could inhibit bacteria for up to 12 hours. Treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract) gave the best results since this concentration level could inhibit the bacteria on scad fish.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj55
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bay leaf, Preservation, Scad fish, Shelf life

%D 2021
%T Effects of Different Levels of Moringa oleifera Whole Hydroalcoholic Extract and Seed Powder on the Hatching Rate, Nutritional Value, and Immune Response of Chukar Partridge Eggs
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. Habibi
%A M. A. Kohanmoo
%A N. Ghahtan
%N 3
%V 11
%P 293-301
%L eprints207
%X The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of Moringa oleifera whole seed powder (MOWSP) and whole seed hydroalcoholic extract (MOWSE) on biochemical factors including minerals, fatty acids profiles, Haugh units, cholesterol content, immune response, and hatchability rate of the eggs of Chukar partridge. A total of 225 Chukar partridge were randomly divided into five groups with three replicates of 15 birds in each group. The MOWSP was provided as a supplement at the rates of 0 g (control), 5 g, and 10 g per each kg of a diet and MOWSE at the rates of 0.5 % and 1% in drinking water. Hatchability rate and Haugh unit were, respectively, increased and decreased in all treatments in comparison with the control group. The highest and the lowest hatchability rates were recorded in the MOWSE-1% and MOWSE-0.5% supplemented groups, respectively. Birds fed with MOWSE-1% had significantly higher Iron levels than birds fed with the control diet. However, copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in the Chukar partridge eggs had no significant change, compared with the control group. Further, the C18:1, C17:0, and C16:0 of eggs were increased in response to the increase of dietary MOWSP supplementation, however, proportions of C18:0 and C18:2 decreased. It was also found that MOWSE-1% increased the antibody titers of Newcastle Disease vaccine on 69 days and MOWSP-1% and MOWSE-1% increased the titers of Avian Influenza on 59 days. It was concluded that 1% of MOWSP or MOWSE is a beneficial additive for Chukar partridge.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.35
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Alectoris chukar, Cholesterol, Fatty acids profiles, Hatchability, Minerals

%D 2021
%T Effect of Larvicidal Extract N-Hexane Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix) on Larva Instar III Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Hanif
%A N. D. R. Lastuti
%A R. Kurnijasanti
%N 3
%V 11
%P 416-421
%L eprints446
%X Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are a vector of transmission of several types of diseases, such as filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, and dirofilariasis. Larval control is the key strategy of disease control programs caused by vectors around the world because it can prevent larvae to enter the adult stage. Control of mosquito larvae that are often used is chemically controlled. Citrus hystrix is a natural plant and contains chemical compounds that have biological activity, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and limonoids. The present study aimed to determine the effect of citrus leaf extract (Citrus hystrix) on the mortality of the larva Culex quinquefasciatus. The method used in the current study was a laboratory experimental study method with the experimental design using a completely randomized design. The research plot carried out was the rearing larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus, the manufacture of citrus leaf extract, the manufacture of larvicidal material, and the observation phase after treatment. Extract N-hexane omplet name hystrix leaf has high toxicity because it contains essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and Limonoids. The Optimal concentration of N-hexane extracts of citrus leaves that lead to larval mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus in vitro amounted to 93.33% on 4 hours of observation with a concentration of 4000 ppm. Extract N-hexane lime leaf has a larvicidal effect on the larva Culex quinquefasciatus in vitro.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj53
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Citrus hystrix, Culex quiquefasciatus, Extract, Mosquitoes, Larvicide

%D 2021
%T Dexmedetomidine for sedation and correction of psychoemotional disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ravshan Aliyevich IBADOV
%A Anvar Shamkhatovich ARIFJANOV
%A Sardor Khamdamovich IBRAGIMOV
%A Begali Bobokulovich KHAKIMOV
%N 05
%V 11
%P 80-87
%L eprints570
%X Aim. The objective of this study was to evaluate sedation therapy effectiveness in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 who received dexmedetomidine compared to propofol. Methods. The research was done in a prospective single center to a cohort study of critically ill 333 adult patients with COVID-19 and psychoemotional disorders (depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder) admitted in the ICU of the Republican Specialized Hospital for COVID-19 in Uzbekistan. Patients were non-invasive ventilated more than 24 hours and received intravenous sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol. Results. The risk of progression of the pathological process decreased from 47.6% to 21.8% and, accordingly, the proportion of patients with stabilization and improvement of their condition increased from 52.4% to 79.4% (p<0.001). The possibilities of non-invasive respiratory support were expanded with a reduction in the frequency of tracheal intubations from 17.3% to 7.3% (p<0.001), the duration of ICU stay was from 12.6±0.8 to 9.4±0.6 days, and the duration of respiratory therapy was from 8.4±0.5 to 5.2±0.4 days. In particular, there was an improvement in oxygen saturation (SpO2) recovery after one day of intensive therapy from 86.6±0.2% to 92.2±0.3% with non-invasive ventilation and a higher oxygenation index (2.3 in the dexmedetomidine group versus 1.6 in the propofol group, p=0.032) during the period of sedation withdrawal. Conclusion. In the presence of severe psychoemotional disorders, the effectiveness of etiotropic and pathogenetic treatment protocols of COVID-19 directly depends on the proper sedation regimen. In this aspect, dexmedetomidine provides adequate and safe respiratory support with an improvement in external respiration, blood gas composition and a minimal negative hemodynamic effect.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.10
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K COVID-19,  Intensive care unit, Depression, Anxiety, Posttraumatic stress Disorder, Sedation, Dexmedetomidine, Comparison study

%D 2021
%T The Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed on Miana Plant Flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides, L.) R. Br
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. E. Mahata
%A D. O. Putri
%A . Arif
%A T. Ohnuma
%A Y. Rizal
%N 3
%V 11
%P 332-337
%L eprints246
%X The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Miana plant flour (Plectranthus scutellarioides, L.) R. Br. in the diet on the performance of broiler chickens. The current study used 100 broiler chickens from day-old chicks, and a commercial diet was given up to seven days for the adaptation period. The present experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with five different levels of Miana plant flour (0, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) in broiler chicken’s diet as treatments (N = 20 bird/level), and each treatment was repeated four times. The diet was arranged iso-protein (21%) and iso-energy (2900 kcal/kg). Daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio (measured every week and divided by seven to get daily data), Live weight, Carcass percentage with skin, Carcass percentage nonskin, and abdominal fat pad percentage were measured at the end of the study. The results showed that the inclusion of Miana plant flour in broiler chickens’ diet significantly affected daily weight gain, live weight, feed conversion, carcass percentage with skin, carcass percentage except for skin while it did not affect daily feed intake and abdominal fat pad percentage. In conclusion, Miana plant flour can be used up to 12.5% in the diet non any negative effect on broiler chickens’ performance.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.39
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Abdominal fat pad percentage, Broiler, Carcass quality, Miana plant, Performance

%D 2021
%T Effects of Broiler Breeders’ Age on Egg Quality Characteristics and Their Correlation Coefficients
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. Manyeula
%A B. Sebolai
%A G. Sempule
%A J. C. Moreki
%N 3
%V 11
%P 368-375
%L eprints248
%X The current study was designed to assess the effect of Ross breeder hens’ age on the egg qualities and their correlations. The external and internal qualities of eggs were compared, and their correlation coefficients as influenced by the age of breeder hens were determined. A sample of 300 Ross breeder hen eggs was obtained from the Ross breeder farm with 100 eggs drawn from each laying period of ages, namely 30, 45, and 60 weeks. Measured parameters included egg weight, egg length, egg width, shell weight, and shell thickness. Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using polynomial contrasts. Response surface regression analysis was applied to describe the responses of egg quality to the aging of breeder hens. The results showed that egg weight, egg length, egg width, shell weight, egg yolk, egg content, egg volume, shell percentage, albumen weight, egg shape index, and egg surface area increased over time. Haugh unit and thick albumen indicated that the eggs in all age groups were fresh and had high quality. Shell thickness was constant in all age groups. Egg weight was significantly correlated with egg length, width, yolk (length, width, weight, and height), and shell weight. In conclusion, the egg quality improved as the hens' age increased implying that age is an effective factor in improving the quality of eggs.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.44
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Age, Broiler breeder, Egg quality, Shell quality

%D 2021
%T Biochemical Effect of Nigella sativa Seeds on Fatty Acids, Lipid Profile, and Antioxidants of Laying Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. O. Mohamed
%A M. A. Kandiel
%A O. A. R. A. Zaid
%A M. M. Arafa
%A G. M. Safwat
%N 3
%V 11
%P 338-343
%L eprints257
%X This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical effect of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds as feed additives on serum and egg yolk lipids, antioxidants, and fatty acids in laying hens. The experiment was conducted on 42 Commercial Mandarah strain laying hens at 31 weeks old with uniform body weight which were assigned to 2 groups with 21 hens per group. Control group and NS group (basal diet + 2% NS seeds) were examined for 12 weeks. The findings indicated that NS fed group showed a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL concentrations in serum and egg yolk with a significant increase in HDL concentration. In addition, the antioxidant status of NS hens improved as MDA and NO concentrations significantly decreased in serum and egg yolk, while SOD, GSH, and TAC increased. Moreover, an increase in egg yolk concentration of unsaturated fatty acid linolenic, with a decrease in palmitic fatty acid concentration in egg yolk. Conclusively, NS has beneficial effects on antioxidants and different lipid fractions of serum and egg yolk of laying hens.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.40
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antioxidants, Egg yolk, Fatty acids, Nigella sativa seeds

%D 2021
%T Micropathology of the Internal Organs of Japanese Quails Naturally Infected with Eimeria tenella
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A O. Rudik
%A T. Kot
%A S. Guralska
%A Y. Dovhiy
%A O. Zhytova
%N 3
%V 11
%P 322-331
%L eprints300
%X Сoccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by Eimeria bateri (E. bateri), Eimeria tsunodai (E. tsunodai), Eimeria uzura (E. uzura), Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), Eimeria necatrix (E. necatrix), and Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina). The goal of the current study was to explore the micropathology of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland of Japanese quails naturally infected with. E. tenella. The histopathological examination revealed that developmental E. tenella led to the damage of caecal, duodenal, and jejunal. Necrosis and desquamation of the integumentary epithelium, atrophy of crypts and folds, hemorrhages, lymphoid infiltration were confirmed in the mucous membrane of these intestines. The main changes observed in the parenchymal organs involved the fatty dystrophy of hepatocytes and lymphoid infiltration of parenchyma of the liver, stagnant hyperemia and edema of the lungs; granular dystrophy and necrosis of epithelial cells of the collecting ducts of the kidneys, venostasis of blood sinusoids of the spleen, hyperplasia of interrenal tissue, and dystrophia of suprarenal tissue of the adrenal gland. Morphometric studies have shown that pathological changes in the organs of quails infected with E. tenella led to a decrease in the thickness of the caecal mucosa, volume of the parabronchial lumen of the lung, and the number of renal corpuscles of the infected group, compared to the control group. The indicators of the interrenal-adrenal index of the adrenal glands, the number of clusters of lymphoid cells of the liver, and lymphoid nodules of the spleen increased. The received information could offer deep insights about pathogens in quails coccidiosis and can be used for planning therapeutic measures.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.38
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eimeria tenella, Internal organs, Japenese quail, Microscopic changes, Morphometrical indices

%D 2021
%T Fowl Adenovirus in Chickens: Diseases, Epidemiology, Impact, and Control Strategies to The Malaysian Poultry Industry – A Review
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. M. Sohaimi
%A U. C. Clifford
%N 3
%V 11
%P 387-396
%L eprints322
%X Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infection is a major threat in commercial poultry farms which exerts serious economic impacts on the poultry industry. At the end of 2018, it was reported that a decrease of 9.0% in revenue to RM692.9 million was due to high mortality and low broiler production volume as a result of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) outbreaks in Malaysia. Fowl adenovirus is a double-stranded DNA virus made up of 5 genotypes and 12 serotypes. The potential danger posed by this virus to the Malaysian poultry industry is hereby discussed. Fowl adenovirus serotype 8b has been reported to be predominant in Malaysian chicken where it causes IBH. It predominantly affects 3 to 7 weeks old broiler chickens as well as layer chickens. Inclusion body hepatitis has been reported in farms in the states of Perak, Johore, and Malacca in Malaysia with a mortality range of 9.6-30%. Morbidity is low and infected chickens may present crouching position with ruffled feathers and die within 48 hours or may recover. Recovered chickens usually indicate low feed intake, feed conversion, and weight gain. Typical IBH lesions include friable, and inflamed liver, petechial hemorrhages on the musculature, and microscopic basophilic/eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes. Fowl adenovirus can be transmitted vertically from hen to offspring through the eggs and cause disease conditions to chicks especially those with no or low maternal antibodies. It is also transmitted horizontally through contact with feces and fluids from infected birds or humans as well as contaminated fomites. Although adequate biosecurity measures could reduce the incidences of this infection, some strains are resistant to disinfectants. Therefore, the major form of control is vaccination which makes the development of live attenuated and potent inactivated vaccines imperative. To avoid a crisis in broiler meat production in the country, regional cooperations among major stakeholders in the Malaysian poultry industry are advised to eradicate this disease. Inclusion body hepatitis in Malaysia could cause a significant reduction in broiler meat production and therefore is a potential danger to the Malaysian poultry industry.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.46
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Fowl adenovirus, Inclusion body hepatitis, Serotype 8b, Vaccine

%D 2021
%T Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Broiler Chickens Fed with an Encapsulated Blend of a Phytogenic Feed Additive
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. Syed
%A J. Kesselring
%A J. Sánchez
%A M. Gracia
%N 3
%V 11
%P 278-285
%L eprints329
%X Phytogenic Feed Additives (PFAs) from herbs, spices, and derived natural or corresponding synthetic chemically defined flavorings have gained momentum due to the rising worldwide ban of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs) in food animals. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a PFA in broiler chickens diets on growth performance and digestibility parameters. A total of 880 male one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, each with 20 replicates and 22 chickens per replicate. A corn-soybean-based diet was fed for 42 days as a control diet without PFA, and a treatment diet contained a blend of Carvacrol, Thymol, Carvone, Methyl salicylate, and Menthol encapsulated (as PFAs) at 65 g/ton of feed. Chickens supplemented with PFA had a 3.6% higher Body Weight Gain (BWG) during the starter phase (0 to 14 days) than those in the control group (25.9 versus 25.0 g/d) and a 2.9% reduced Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) during the same period, compared to the control group (1.34 versus 1.38). Improved FCR (1.95 versus 2.01) was recorded in the PFA supplemented broiler chickens during the finisher phase (35 to 42 days) as well as throughout the experimental period from 1 to 42 days, compared to the control group (1.60 versus 1.62). In addition, the apparent ileal protein digestibility improved by 3.9% during 42 days, compared to the control group (74.3 vs 71.5%). Enhanced ileal protein digestibility and a reduced FCR suggested a cost-effective potential of PFA to improve broiler chickens’ production performance.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.33
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Digestibility, Feed conversion ratio, Performance, Phytogenic feed additive

%D 2021
%T Effect of Beneficial Microorganisms, Turmeric (Curcuma Longa), and Their Combination as Feed Additives on Fertility, Hatchability, and Chick Quality Parameters of White Leghorn Layers
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A C. K. Wakjira
%A N. A. Zeleke
%A M. G. Abebe
%A A. N. Abeshu
%N 3
%V 11
%P 359-367
%L eprints335
%X A The use of probiotics, yeast, and other natural feed additives in poultry feeds has received a lot of attention in recent years. The increased public awareness and opposition to the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter has sparked a lot of interest. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of multi-strain effective microorganisms (EM), turmeric powder (TP), and their combination (EM-TP) on fertility, hatchability, and chick quality of White Leghorn layer chickens. A total of 144 White Leghorn hens aged 26 weeks were assigned into four treatments with three replications for each treatment (12 layer chickens and 2 cocks per replications). The treatments were consisting of no additive or control (CTL), control + 0.5 ml/lit EM, control + 0.5% TP, and control + 0.25 ml/lit EM + 0.25% TP (EM-TP) which was arranged in a complete randomized design. There was no significant difference in embryonic mortality at different growth stages among treatments while the highest fertility was for EM. The lowest hatchability on fertile egg and total egg basis was observed in hens fed the control diet. Hatchability on the total egg basis for TP was lower than that of EM. The lowest average chick weight and length values were for the control treatment. The yield percentage for the control was lower than those fed a diet containing EM and a combination of EM and TP. There were no significant differences in the visual score of chick quality measurement among treatments. In conclusion, the use of EM and TP alone and its combination as an additive to the diet of White Leghorn layer chickens improved hatchability percentage, chick weight at hatch, and chick length. Further study is suggested to determine the optimum level of EM and TP inclusion in layer breeder diet to achieve the desired beneficial outcome on fertility, hatchability, and chick quality traits.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2021.43
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chick quality, Effective microorganism, Fertility, Hatchability, Turmeric

%D 2021
%T Concurrent Respiratory Disease in Broiler Chickens in Egypt during 2020
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. Yehia
%A F. Amer
%A A. Samir
%A M. Samy
%A A. Sedeek
%A N. Rebie
%A W. Mohammed
%A N. Hagag
%N 3
%V 11
%P 384-394
%L eprints544
%X Poultry production has been affected by multiple respiratory diseases triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory diseases in Egypt during 2020. A total of 53 samples were collected from infected flocks suffering from respiratory signs and variable mortality rates from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for the detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV (H5N8, H9N2), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I.B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I.B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% of nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) was cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in a new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor-binding site, compared to A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains of H5N1 and H5N2 reaching to 91.9-94% and 84.6%, respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) belonged to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with a specific mutation (212I) that may affect the human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutations in HVR1 and HVR2, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, respiratory disease continues to circulate and rapidly evolve in Egypt during 2020.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj50
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K HPAIV (H5N8), IBV, Genetic characterization, LPAIV(H9N2), Respiratory disease

%D 2021
%T Effect Of Dietary Inclusion Of Fermented Pineapple Peel Waste On Performance And Egg Yolk Cholesterol Level Of Laying Hens
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A . Adrizal
%A N. Hidayat
%A Y. Heryandi
%A M. E. Mahata
%N 4
%V 11
%P 151-156
%L eprints14
%X The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented-pineapple peel waste (FPPW) with indigenous microorganisms (IMO) solution from bamboo sprout on performance and egg yolk cholesterol of laying hen ration. In this experiment, a total number of 200 ISA Brown laying hens with 32 weeks old with 70 egg production and average egg weight 58.58 g/egg were used. A completely randomized design was used in this experiment. Five different levels of supplementation with FPPW (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) were used in ration, and each treatment was replicated four times. The measured parameters were daily feed consumption, daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and egg yolk cholesterol. The results indicated that FPPW with IMO solution from bamboo sprout as much as 20 reduced egg yolk cholesterol significantly, and did not affect daily feed consumption, daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and FCR significantly. It has been concluded that FPPW could be used up to 20 in laying hens rations without disrupting performance (daily feed consumption, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and FCR), and could reduce egg yolk cholesterol as much as 16.86 © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.23
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Bamboo Laying hens Performance Pineapple peel Waste

%D 2021
%T COST COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND NATURAL SERVICE IN SHEEP BREEDING SYSTEM
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Asaduzzaman
%A A. Saha
%A M. G. S. Alam
%A F. Y. Bari
%N 3
%V 11
%P 126-130
%L eprints19
%X The cost information of animal breeding is a major concern in the farming system when making management and production system improvement decisions. Moreover, it is important to identify the most important cost positions and perspectives of the production process. This study is, therefore aimed to estimate, identify, and compare the cost contribution and breeding cost of artificial insemination (AI) vs. natural service in sheep production systems using frozen ram semen. Natural service by hand mating was performed to breed the ewes (n = 24) in estrus detected by a teaser ram maintained in a flock of 40 ewes. Artificial insemination was performed in synchronized ewes (n=10) after cervical ripening treatment using intramuscular injection of oxytocin. Breeding and performance costs were estimated by analyzing the cost associated factors. Per head insemination cost and cost per pregnancy in an artificial breeding program (2.80 and 5.59) were higher than natural breeding program (1.40 and 1.77) in sheep production. Ram depreciation cost, feed cost, and maintenance cost-shared the maximum cost in natural breeding, while the frozen semen cost, a special type of eccentric AI pipette cost, and hormone cost provoke the increased cost as the major constraints of the artificial breeding program. Minimizing the constraints and improving efforts in the conception rate of artificial insemination, farmers or producers will be benefited from natural breeding through rapid exploitation of the desired genetics cost-effectively. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.19
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Artificial insemination Cost comparison Natural service Semen Sheep production

%D 2021
%T PRODUCTIVE, NUTRITIONAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF BARKI EWES TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROUGHAGES (BERSEEM HAY, ATRIPLEX OR SILAGE) AND DRY YEAST DURING GESTATION AND SUCKLING PERIODS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A K. Z. A. Kewan
%N 3
%V 11
%P 109-125
%L eprints20
%X The aim of study was to investigate the effect of different types of roughage (hay, green and silage) and yeast added to the barley grain on the productive performance of the Barki ewes during the gestation and suckling periods. Eighty-four Barki ewes, 3-4 years of age and 42.93±0.19 kg of average body weight, were randomly assigned to six groups (14 ewes in each) before the mating season. A factorial design was used for 3 x 2 treatments based on Berseem hay (BH), and either fresh Atriplex halimus (FA) or silage (AS) in the absence (Y-) or presence (Y+) of 5g/ewe/day of the dry yeast. All ewe groups recorded gain in their live body weight (LBW) during early and late gestation period. The highest loss in LBW was recorded for BH and Y+ during the suckling period. The AS was the highest consumed roughage followed by BH and then FA during the gestation and suckling periods. The addition of yeast (Y+) resulted a reduction of roughage intake than control one (Y-) during both gestation stages but the total milk yield (TMY) was significantly higher for BH followed by FA and AS. Also, Y+ significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) the TMY (423) compared to Y- (384) treatment. Milk fat content was not affected by roughages type, yeast addition or their interaction. However, milk protein content was significantly higher for BH (5.14) than the other types of roughage. Silage (AS) was better than other roughages in conversion efficiency to milk and also Y+ was better than Y-. Yeast addition to ewes diets increased birth weight of their lambs compared to un-supplemented one (Y-). It could be concluded that weaning weight relative to that in hay group was 93.6 and 80.4 for AS and FA, respectively. Generally, adding yeast to different roughage diets during suckling period led to a significant increase in weaning weight. Furthermore, the economic efficiency (EE) was higher (P&lt;0.05) in both FA and AS compared to BH. Also, yeast addition (Y+) resulted in higher EE (P&lt;0.05) in compared to Y-. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.18
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Atriplex Barki ewes Lamb Silage Yeast

%D 2021
%T INFLUENCE OF THE SUBSTRATES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF HOUSEFLY LARVAE (Musca domesticus) MEAL FOR BROILERS NUTRITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. N. B. Noumbissl
%A R. N. Tadjong
%A F. M. Tchakounte
%A Y. Kana
%A R. Keyi
%A J. R. Kana
%N 3
%V 11
%P 131-137
%L eprints21
%X The present study was assigned to assess the production and nutritional value of maggots (housefly larvae, Musca domestica) meals produced in chicken droppings and pig slurry as substrates and their effects on growth performance and serological parameters of broiler chicks at the starter phase. A control ration without animal meal (R0) was compared to three other rations containing respectively 5 fishmeal (FM), blood meal (BM) and maggots (MA). The rations were randomly distributed to 4 groups (T0, FM, BM, and MA) of 56 chicks each. Slurry supplemented with bovine blood has been shown to be more productive than other substrates, with a maximum production of 246.75 g per 2 kg of substrate after five days of incubation. The highest average temperature (28.28 ± 3.43°C) was recorded in chicken droppings around 12 hours of the day. The pupae appear before the 10th day and breeding was no longer productive after the 15th day, both in hen droppings and in pig manure supplemented or not with blood. The humidity and temperature variations in the two substrates did not have any noticeable effects on the production and chemical composition of the maggots. Proximate analysis of maggot flour revealed a high content of protein (41-57), ash (7.31-8.26) and minerals such as phosphorus (5.25-5.55), calcium (1.92-3.92) and magnesium (7.04-7.92). The growth performance and development of regulatory organs and digestive organs such as liver, kidneys, intestine, and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, the production and nutritional value of maggots depend on the type and composition of the substrate and can be safely use as proteins sources in broilers at the starter phase of production. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.20
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Animal manure Broiler chicken Fish meal Maggot meal Ration

%D 2021
%T Effects Of Different Levels Of Buclizine Hydrochloride For Pigs During The Growth And Fattening Phase
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Ramon
%A J. Segura
%A B. Herrera
%A F. Bayas-Morejon
%N 4
%V 11
%P 138-144
%L eprints12
%X The Study aimed to determine the effect of Buclizine hydrochloride in the bristles diet at the growing and fattening stage and also determine the economic and cost-benefit output. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design (DBCA) with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions, a total of 24 experimental units, and landrace bristles with a live weight of ± 18 kg at the beginning of the investigation. Based on the results, the T3 treatment (Buclizine 0.050 mg/kg/animal/week) was the best level of Buclizina supplementation for both growing and fattening stages for efficiency and food conversion in treated animals. T3 treatment has the final weight of 53.83 ± 5 kg over T1 treatment which has the 48.5 ± 6 Kg over T2 and T4 which get totaled 47 Kg of final weight. The Economic efficacy of treatment T3 (Buclizine 0.050 mg/kg/animal/week) was in the level of best benefit ratio between the treatments. Regarding hematological alterations, there was no type of alteration at the renal or hepatic level, since the analysis of the blood biochemistry revealed a correct functioning of these organs. It’s concluded that using Buclizine hydrochloride in the level of 0.05 mg/kg/animal/week in pigs can be efficient in term of growing and fattening performance with economic efficacy © 2021. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.21
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Appetite stimulant Buclizine Fattening animals Food conversion Pig

%D 2021
%T Methane Emission Factors From Indigenous Cattle Breed In Smallholder Livestock Production Systems In Ethiopia
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Tdesse
%A K. Getahun
%N 4
%V 11
%P 145-150
%L eprints13
%X The objective of this study was to estimate methane (CH4) emission factor from enteric fermentation and manure management in indigenous cattle in Ethiopian highland using intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) tier 2 methodologies. A survey was conducted in 2018 using questionnaire regarding cattle management, feed and feeding system on 50 smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. Information was also collected from literature and contact with federal and regional research institutions. This information was used as input in the IPCC tier 2 methodologies for estimation of CH4 emission factors for eight cattle sub-categories. Results indicated that enteric CH4 emission factors were estimated to be 65, 49, 37, 56, 66, 58, 63 and 11 for mature lactating cows, dry cows, heifers (2-3 years), growing females (1-2 years), draught oxen, mature breeding males, growing males (1-2 years) and calves (< 1 year), respectively. Manure management CH4 emission factors were 4.97, 3.77, 2.86, 4.33, 5.06, 4.47, 4.88 and 1.71 kg/head/year for mature lactating cows, dry cows, heifers (2-3 years), growing females (1-2 years), draught oxen, mature breeding males, growing males (1-2 years) and calves (< 1 year), respectively. The present estimate on enteric CH4 emission factor using tier 2 methodologies in present study ranged from 11 to 66 kg per head per year while manure management CH4 emission factor ranged from 1.71 to 5 kg per head per year. These values are higher than the IPCC 2006 tier 1 default values for African region. However, present work’s estimates are within a range of literature reports for other cattle in different countries. Further research is required to improve emission factors estimates using primary data on live weight, animal performance and feed characterization. © 2021. Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.22
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Emission Greenhouse gas Livestock Manure Methane

%D 2021
%T Effect of manually applied device on hand strength and functions in physiotherapists
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Rana Hussein MOHAMED
%A Wadida H. ELSAYED
%A Doaa Ibrahim AMIN
%N 04
%V 11
%P 72-80
%L eprints569
%X Background. Musculoskeletal injuries are one of the largest health problems among physiotherapists, because their work exposes them to have a high risk of grip strength, pinch of thumb strength, and hand functions problems. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the manually applied cavitation device on hand grip, pinch of thumb strength, and hand functions. Methods. From 60 physiotherapists were participated in this research, 30 of them (as group A with 30 subjects) did not use the manually applied cavitation device before and 30 physiotherapists (as group B with 30 subjects) used the manually applied cavitation device at least for one year. Handheld dynamometer has been used to measure grip strength, pinch dynamometer was used to measure pinch of thumb strength, and Michigan questionnaire was used to assess hand functions. Results. In group A (within group) there was no significant difference of pinch strength or hand functions when compared between dominant hand and non-dominant hand of the same subject, while there was significant increase of grip strength at dominant side compared to non-dominant side. In group B (within group) there was no significant difference of grip strength and hand functions when compared between dominant hand and non-dominant hand of the same subject while there was significant increase of pinch strength at dominant side compared to non-dominant side. A comparison between dominant sides of groups A and B, and also between non-dominant sides groups A and B showed significant increase of pinch of thumb strength of dominant and non-dominant side of group A in relation to group B. There was significant increase of hand functions of dominant side of group A in relation to group B while there was no significant difference of hand functions of non-dominant side between groups A and B. Conclusion. Work-related wrist-hand grip strength, pinch of thumb strength, and hand functions in physiotherapists is a prevalent problem among physiotherapists who perform manual techniques and use manually applied device for long time. Recommendations. There is a need to perform similar studies on large group, for physiotherapists working for many years with the manually applied cavitation device and also to find the effect of the manually applied cavitation device on elbow, shoulder, and cervical pain in physiotherapists.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.9
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Work-related musculoskeletal disorder, manually applied device, physiotherapists, hand functions.

%D 2021
%T Ecotoxicity of hospital wastewaters and their impact on bacterial multi-drug resistance: a review
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ganamé Abasse OUEDRAOGO
%A Souleymane KONE
%A Arouna OUEDRAOGO
%A Henri Sidabéwindin OUEDRAOGO
%A Roukiétou TRAORE
%A Hama CISSE
%A Ismael Henri Nestor BASSOLÉ
%A Yves TRAORE
%A Aly SAVADOGO
%N 04
%V 11
%P 58-71
%L eprints568
%X Introduction. Hospitals use large varieties of substances for medical purposes such as in diagnostics, research, and upkeep of care materials. Diagnostic materials/substances, disinfectants, and excreted non-metabolized pharmaceuticals by patients, reach the wastewater. This form of elimination may generate risks for aquatic organisms, the emergence of antibiotic resistance, and human health problems.  Aim. The aim of this study was to synthesize the contribution of liquid hospital effluents to the fragility of health in general and the emergence of bacterial resistance in particular. Methods. The data were collected from science’s database using keywords. Results. The results showed that the heavy metal residues in these effluents and their bacterial selection mechanism reduce biodiversity, increase the vulnerability of urban and peri-urban populations, and promote the proliferation of multi-drug resistant bacteria. The threat is particularly worrying with the advent of resistance to the beta-lactams. Recommendation. Intervention strategies must be integrated and targeted at those primarily responsible for the management of hospital liquid effluents and the systems for handling these effluents.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.8
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Hospital liquid effluent, Physico-chemical parameter, Bacterial resistance

%D 2021
%T Molecular Characterization of Chicken Anaemia Virus Circulating in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Egypt during 2020
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Abdelhalim
%A A. Samir
%A N. Yehia
%N 2
%V 11
%P 235-241
%L eprints348
%X Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) is an extremely contagious immunosuppressive disease causing high economic losses in poultry production. In the present study, tissue samples (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) were collected from 86 different broiler chicken farms located in fourteen governorates in Egypt during 2020. They suffered from retard growth, weakness, and a drop in egg production with an observed mortality rate ranged 5-15%. A total of 26 samples were positive for CAV using PCR in six governorates in Lower Egypt with a 30% incidence rate, especially in Sharkia (78%), Ismailia (62.5%), and Alexandria (60%). The viral protein1 (VP1) gene of CAV was genetically characterized by sequencing of 10 selected viruses in six governorates. revealing that all Egyptian strains were clustered into two groups (A, B) that was distinct from vaccine strains (Del-Ros, Cux-1, and 26PA)  which were clustered in group C. The seven Egyptian viruses in this study (A-Egypt-AN1-2020 to A-Egypt-AN7-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Japan, Argentina, and Malaysia in group A, and the other three viruses (A-Egypt-AN8-2020, A-Egypt-AN9-2020, A-Egypt-AN10-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Nigeria, and India in group B. The Egyptian viruses in the current study acquired new specific mutations clustering them into new subgroups (2A, 2B). By mutation analysis comparing with Del-Rose reference strains, V75I, M97L, and K139Q, E144Q were recorded in all viruses in the group A and B. All Egyptian viruses in the current study had specific new mutations at Y13N, H22N. Moreover, mutation at G74E in Egyptian viruses recorded in the current study was related to sub group 2A, I83V in three strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020), and S140A in the hypervariable region was found in four strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020 and A/Egypt/AN5/2020) in subgroup 2A. Furthermore, Q139 and Q144 amino acid substitutions, which are important in viral replication, were observed in all viruses. The field viruses in the study were distinct from the vaccinal strains by phylogenetic analysis and A.A. identity. In conclusion, the CAV was continuously circulating in Egypt from different genotypes. It acquired new specific mutations clustering them in a new subgroup, and it was distinct from vaccinal strains. Therefore, it is important to conduct continuous monitoring on the genetic evolution of CAV and further studies on the pathogenicity of the virus and the vaccine efficacy.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken Anemia Virus, Egypt, Genetic evolution, Viral protein 1 gene

%D 2021
%T Fatty Acids Profiling of Pigeon Squabs (Columba Livia Domestica) Using Gas-liquid Chromatography
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. S. M. Ali
%A H. H. S. Abdel-Naeem
%A H. A. E. Mansour
%A H. M. B. A. Zaki
%N 2
%V 11
%P 210-214
%L eprints102
%X The available data from previous studies regarding the individual fatty acids profile of pigeon meat is limited. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the concentrations of different types of fatty acids in pigeon squabs meat. Seventy-five squabs samples were collected from butcher shops at Cairo and Giza governorates after that, the contained fat was extracted and subjected to fatty acid analysis using the gas-liquid chromatography technique. Results revealed that oleic acid had the highest percentage (36.61%) followed by linoleic acid (17.79%), palmitoleic fatty acid (8.95%), and finally, linolenic fatty acid (4.46%). On the other hand, low saturated fatty acids of pigeon meat were detected as palmitic and stearic fatty acids with percentages of 17.37% and 10.58%, respectively. Moreover, a lowered trace of trans fatty acids was detected (0.12%). Results indicated that pigeon meat could be considered as one of the beneficial meat sources due to its high content of both monosaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as low saturated fatty acids content.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Coronary heart diseases, Fatty acid profile, Gas-liquid Chromatography, Pigeon, Squab

%D 2021
%T Poultry and Wild Bird Interactions: An Assessment of Risk Factors in Kogi State, Nigeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. O. Ameji
%A A. Assam
%A P. A. Abdu
%A L. Sa’idu
%A M. Isa-Ochepa
%N 2
%V 11
%P 193-203
%L eprints110
%X Wild birds are involved in the spread of avian pathogens such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses over long distances. This study aimed to identify conditions that can promote poultry-wild bird interactions and consequently enhance risk of introduction, spread, and maintenance of avian pathogens within poultry population in Kogi State, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to poultry farmers and poultry sellers in farms, live bird markets (LBMs), and households and cross checked by observers using a checklist. Of the 108 respondents, 86.4% affirmed that wild birds scavenge for food on their farms, households, and LBMs, 73.1% kept poultry on free range and 67.9% indicated the presence of trees, where wild birds settle, on their farms, households, or LBMs. However, 53.3% were near major rivers/wetlands while 9.3% had fish ponds near their farms or households. Nonetheless, 94.7% of respondents dispose dead poultry and litter in refuse dumps and 77.2% of the respondents had farms along transit routes. Spearman’s rho showed strong positive correlations between poultry and wild bird interaction with high rates of scavenging by wild birds on farms and around households, presence of major rivers, free-range poultry and transit routes for live bird trade, spillage of poultry feed and presence of tress for roosting of wild birds on the farms. The frequencies of risk factors for poultry and wild bird interactions were high in Olamaboro, Ajaokuta, Dekina, Ofu, Ankpa, Lokoja, Okene, and Ogori-Mangogo local government areas of the State. There is a need to train poultry farmers and sellers of Kogi State on biosecurity practices to reduce the level of poultry and wild bird interactions to prevent the risk of the introduction and spread of avian pathogens by wild birds.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2021.23
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Interactions, Live bird markets, Pathogens, Poultry, Risk factors, Wild birds

%D 2021
%T Pharmacokinetics of the Slow-release Drug in the Form of Moxidectin-based Solution for Dogs and Cats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. B. Arisova
%A M. V. Arisov
%A I. A. Stepanova
%N 2
%V 11
%P 300-306
%L eprints373
%X The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the moxidectin-based drugs have been studied in the blood serum of animals after a single oral administration of the drug at the therapeutic dose in form of syrup. The drug is intended to control parasitic diseases of cats and dogs. The present studies on cats and dogs (drug administration and blood sampling) were conducted in the experimental farm of Kurilovo, Russia, for three months. The study involved six dogs and six cats, half breed, aged one to four years. The samples included six dogs (four male and two female) and six cats (three male and three female), and groups were formed according to the principle of analog groups. The drug, moxidectin, was orally administered once at the dose of 1.5 mg per one kg of animal’s weight. The active substance of the drug was identified in the blood serum of animals by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The result of the current study showed that based on the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin, the concentration of the active substance in the blood serum after three hours reached 134.80-498.09 ng/ml in cats and 479.07-1459.40 ng/ml in dogs. The obtained results indicated that a single administration of the drug at the recommended therapeutic dose could ensure the maintenance of therapeutic concentrations of moxidectin in the blood, and accordingly, the protection of animals from parasites for up to 90 days.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj40
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cats, Dogs, Moxidectin, Pharmacokinetics, Solution

%D 2021
%T (GTG)5-PCR Mediated Molecular Typing of Zoonotic Bacteria
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. Babazadeh
%A R. Ranjbar
%N 2
%V 11
%P 279-283
%L eprints380
%X The present review aimed to reveal the role of (GTG)5-PCR microbial typing in indicating the routes and source of infections, investigate the outbreaks and genotypes of clinical strains, as well as finding virulent strains and epidemiology of bacterial isolates. All available and published data in Google scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Science Direct during the past two decades that used the (GTG)5-PCR method for genotyping the bacterial isolates were included in the current study. The findings have indicated that (GTG)5-PCR can be recommended as a possible, cost-effective, fast, and easy tool for molecular typing of bacterial isolates.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Zoonotic bacteria, (GTG)5-PCR, Molecular typing

%D 2021
%T Erythroplastids of Duck Blood Produced by Cytokinesis, Lysis, and Amitosis
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A P. F. Cotter
%N 2
%V 11
%P 271-277
%L eprints151
%X The aim is to describe anuclear erythrocytes (erythroplastids), pyrenocytes (small nucleated daughter erythrocytes), and amitosis (division without chromosomes or a spindle apparatus) of the commercial duck. Wright-Giemsa-stained blood samples came from ducks between 2 and 22 weeks of age. The erythroplastids and pyrenocytes were produced by fully hemoglobinized (normochromic) erythrocytes, and their earlier developmental stages (polychromatic erythrocytes). The cytokinesis results indicated a process beginning with constriction of the cell membrane, and continuing with constriction of the nucleus; followed by its polar displacement and expulsion. Instances of intermediate stages in which both the erythroplastid and the pyrenocyte remained attached by a thin cytoplasmic isthmus were also found. Erythroplastids may be produced by a second mechanism where the RBC nucleus lyses rather than being expelled. Furthermore, there were examples of erythroplastids produced during amitosis, occurring in mature erythrocytes, and at earlier (polychromatic) stages. The causes of erythroplastid formation and amitosis remain obscure, and it is possible that they result from distinct stimuli. As Goncalves et al. (2020) reported, recently erythroplastids were used to measure the effects of air pollution in passerine birds. However, as is the case for other atypical erythrocytes they could be the consequence of toxins, DNA damage, vitamin deficiencies, or immune dysfunction. Erythroplastids and amitotic cells were present along with evidence of fungal infection in some ducks and in others deliberately exposed to aflatoxin B1 supporting a case for toxicity. Accordingly, these atypical cells may serve as sensitive cytological indicators and bio-markers useful in the study of diseases or toxin exposure.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.32
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Amitosis, Bio-marker, Erythroplastid, Mycotoxin, Pyrenocyte

%D 2021
%T Analysis of Notifications of Rapid Alert System concerning Parasites in Fishery Products
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. Dahani
%A N. Bouchriti
%A O. Elhariri
%N 2
%V 11
%P 215-227
%L eprints397
%X Fish and fishery products are one of Morocco’s most important export products. Fish parasitism is a natural worldwide phenomenon. Fish parasites have a very wide distribution and are found in both the northern and the southern hemispheres of the globe. The present study aimed to assess parasitic infestation in fishery products by analyzing notifications available in the European rapid alert system for food and feed. The analysis involved 663 notifications registered from 2001 to 2019 on the grounds of parasitic infestation. For Morocco, 651 notifications concerning the different exported food products were analyzed. Among the 663 notifications for the presence of parasites, 161 (24.3%) were border rejections. A total number of 20 countries have been detected with the presence of parasites in their exported fish and fish products. The main fish species concerned with this hazard were Hake (26%), Silver Scabbardfish (10.5%), and Angler (9.3%). In Morocco, among the 651 notifications, 373 concerned with seafood (57.2%). The number of border rejections of fishery products was 220 that is 33.8% of overall notifications. Fish and fish products category are the most concerned with 170 rejections (26.1%), with 64 notifications due to the presence of parasites (37.6%). The Silver Scabbardfish was the species most affected by parasite infestations (23.5%), followed by European Anchovy (12.5%) and Swordfish (10.9%). In conclusion, the nematode Anisakis is the most common parasite in fish infestation while the plerocercoïd larvae of the Cestoda Gymnorhynchus gigas seems to have a predilection to infest the Atlantic Pomfret (Brama brama).
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Fish, Morocco, Notification, Parasite, Rapid alert system for food and feed

%D 2021
%T Biochemical Properties and Cell Culture Affinity of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype-4 Strains Isolated from the Oviducts of Layer Hens in East Japan
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. P. Del Valle
%A S. I. Camba
%A D. V. Umali
%A K. Sasai
%A K. Shirota
%A H. Katoh
%N 2
%V 11
%P 241-251
%L eprints157
%X In the present study, the biochemical properties of two fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV4) sample strains were determined. These were previously isolated from the oviducts of laying chickens from two layer operations in East Japan, namely M and Y farms. Tests for stability and sensitivity, hemagglutinating (HA) activity, and growth in two different cell lines were performed. The results showed that the M farm strain, (Japan/Ibaraki/M-HB2/2016) was sensitive to 100% ethanol, 52°C and higher temperature, and formaldehyde. The Y farm strain (Japan/Ibaraki/Y-H6/2016) was sensitive to 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 52°C and higher temperature, and formaldehyde. Both strains were stable against ether and chloroform, and lacked HA activity. To the best of the author’s knowledge, these FAdV4 strains were the first to be detected and isolated from laying chicken’s oviduct. Their biochemical characteristics; specifically, sensitivy to heat and formaldehyde, can be included in farm cleanup and disinfection protocol. This could help in reducing environmental contamination. The strains propagated well in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) as indicated by cytopathic effect (CPE) observation with positive AAV-PCR and FAdV4-PCR results. The strains failed to propagate in MDCC-MSB1 cells as indicated by the negative results in both CPE and PCR. It appears that MDCC-MSB1 cells are not suitable for FAdV4 cultivation. However, only non-pathogenic FAdV4 strains were used in this work. It was not confirmed if pathogenic strains have the same behavior, perhaps, further trials are advisable. Future studies may benefit from the reduction of use of primary cells from live animals. This information contributes to the current understanding of FAdV4 characteristics.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biochemical properties, Cell culture, Fowl adenovirus serotype 4, Laying hen, Oviduct.

%D 2021
%T Assessing the Chronic Poisoning of White Mice Affected by Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A V. Dukhnytskyi
%A V. Sokolyuk
%A N. Kozii
%A I. Ligomina
%A V. Karpyuk
%A V. Honcharenko
%N 2
%V 11
%P 208-214
%L eprints405
%X Neonicotinoids are a relatively small group of organic compounds that are widely used in crop production as insecticides. They are highly toxic to insects, and much less toxic to mammals, including humans. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic toxicity of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids Mospilan RP (active substance acetamiprid) and Actara 25 WG (active substance thiamethoxam) on white mice. The chronic toxicity was induced by daily internal introduction of Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG to mice for 30 days at the doses of 1/10 of Median Lethal Dose reported as 65 and 363 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The affected mice showed thrombocytosis, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and lymphocytopenia. Blood plasma hyperproteinemia in mice treated with Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG was characterized by an increase in globulins content by almost 30.0% in both groups. In Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG treated groups, there was a reduction in urea content by 43.6% and 31.5%, respectively, an increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity by 80% and 60.0%, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase by 80% and almost 400%, respectively. Compared to the control group, the activity of alanine aminotransferase increased to 23.0% only in mice that were given Mospilan RP but not in mice that were given Actara 25 WG.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Actara 25 WG, Chronic Toxicity, Insecticides Toxicity, Mospilan PP, Neonicotinoids, White Mice

%D 2021
%T The Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Body Weight, Body Dimension, and Carcass Traits in Four Egyptian Chickens Strains
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. M. El-Attrouny
%A M. M. Iraqi
%A S. A. H. Mohamed
%N 2
%V 11
%P 230-240
%L eprints166
%X Body weight and carcass traits are important traits in the poultry industry. Breeding programs are powerful strategies to improve these economic traits. The challenge, however, is to choose an appropriate strategy to increase production. The estimation of genetic parameters in target strains could provide valuable information to determine the potent breeding strategy. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to assess the heritability and the genetic correlations of the Body Weight (BW), Body Dimensions (BD), and Carcass Traits (CT) in four Egyptian strains (Matrouh, Mandarah, Inshas, and Silver Montazah) of dual-purpose chickens. The BW was measured at hatching (BW0), 8 weeks (BW8), and 16 weeks (BW16) of age, and weight gain was calculated from 8 to 16 weeks of age. The BD traits included shank length (SL), keel length (KL), and Body Circumference (BC). Carcass, liver, gizzard, heart, head, and leg percentages were also determined. Data were collected on 2800 dual-purpose chickens with pedigree information. A Multitrait animal model with a restricted maximum likelihood procedure was applied to estimate heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations for BW, BD, and CT using Wombat software. Heritability estimates for BW traits were between 0.24 and 0.41 for BW0 and BW8, respectively. Heritability estimates of SL, KL, and BC were 0.49, 0.41, and 0.52, respectively. The heritability estimates for CT were low to moderate, ranging from 0.15 to 0.37 for head and gizzard percentage, respectively. The least-square means for BW, BD, and CT varied significantly between strains. The genetic correlation estimates among BW and BD traits indicated a close genetic relationship between these traits. Positive genetic correlations were found between BW and BD with CT (from 0.12 to 0.78). Based on the present results, there were strong positive genetic correlations between all traits, including BW and BD as the most important ones. Therefore, the selection for these traits would improve the carcass traits in the four strains of chickens. Hence, the inclusion of BW and BD as selection criteria in breeding programs would potently affect the improvement in carcass performance, which might positively increase the production profit of such strains.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body dimensions, Carcass, Egyptian strains, Genetic parameters, Heritability

%D 2021
%T Effect of In-ovo Injection of Herbal Extracts on Post-hatch Performance, Immunological, and Physiological Responses of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. H. El-Kholy
%A D. M. A. Sarhan
%A E. A. El-Said
%N 2
%V 11
%P 183-192
%L eprints177
%X In-ovo injection with exogenous materials, such as natural antioxidants, throughout incubation could be a technique to boost hatchlings’ performance. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of in-ovo injection of cinnamon, thyme, and clove extracts on the subsequent growth performances, immunity, and physiological responses of newly-hatched chickens. A total of 450 fertile eggs used in the current experiment were obtained from avian broiler breeder flocks of 28 weeks of age. The eggs were randomly distributed into five treatment groups which included three replicates for each one (30 eggs each group) in a completely randomized design at day 10 of embryogenesis. Treatment groups included a control group (P1: without any injection), the group received an injection of 0.5 ml deionized water (P2: sham group), and the groups injected with 0.1 ml cinnamon, thyme, and clove extracts (P3, P4, P5, respectively). The hatchlings from each treatment were randomly assigned to five replicates of 10 chickens, and reared until 35 days of age. The results showed no significant differences among groups in terms of feed consumption, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin’s A (IgA). Nevertheless, using extracts resulted in a significant increase in body weight and weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio and immunoglobulin’s G and M (IgG and IgM), compared to the control and sham groups at 35 days of age. The injected extracts had significantly positive effects on serum lipids profile, liver functions (AST, ALT, and ALP) values, and antioxidant activity, compared to the control groups. Furthermore, serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were significantly higher in the group injected clove-extracted than in other experimental groups. According to the results, it can be concluded that in-ovo injection of herbal extracts, especially clove extract on day 10 of incubation has a positive effect on the broiler chickens’ weight at hatch and post-hatch performance as well as physiological, immunological, and anti-oxidative status of hatched chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antioxidant, Broiler chicken, Herbal extracts, Immune, In-ovo

%D 2021
%T The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Whole Yeast, Extract, and Cell Wall on Production Performance and Some Immunological Parameters of Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. El-Manawey
%A E. Y. Yousif
%A A. M. Abo-Taleb
%A A. M. Atta
%N 2
%V 11
%P 257-262
%L eprints420
%X A total number of 192 male one-day-old broilers chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups of 48 chickens. Chickens of group one fed a plain diet without any supplement (control), while the diets ib groups two, three, and four were supplemented with Whole Yeast (WY, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.1%), Yeast Cell Wall (YCW, 0.3 %), and Yeast Extract (YE, 0.07 %), respectively. At the end of the experimental period (35 days), the bodyweight of chickens and the feed intake of each cage were measured, and then the feed conversation ratio was calculated. Blood samples were also collected to measure the serum components and relative spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus gland. The results obtained indicated that all productive performance parameters improved in response to the feeding supplementation. Blood parameters indicated that the treated groups had a significantly higher level of serum total protein and albumin as well as significantly lower serum total lipids and cholesterol. The enzyme activities of ALT, AST, and ALP were significantly reduced by WY, YCW, and YE supplementation. The relative organ weights of the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus increased significantly in broilers fed with WY, YCW, and YE, and the highest values were observed in the chickens fed with WY. It can be demonstrated that the supplementation of WY or its derivatives in the diet of broiler chickens improves the production performance as well as the physiological and immunological parameters, and consequently produce a healthier chicken.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj33
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Immunity, Yeast, Yeast cell wall, Yeast extract

%D 2021
%T Effect of Lysolecithin Supplementation to Low-energy Broiler Diets on Performance and Subsequent Cost-benefit Analysis
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. A. Ghazalah
%A M. O. Abd-Elsamee
%A M. M. Ibrahim
%A D. Gonzalez-Sanchez
%A A. L. Wealleans
%A M. Abdelkader
%N 2
%V 11
%P 168-173
%L eprints199
%X The use of lysolecithin as an emulsifier in the diet of chickens could improve the growth performance. Its commercial application in broiler diets containing medium to high levels of added oil is increasingly adopted. However, few studies have assessed the impact of lysolecithin supplementation in diets formulated with no added oil. Therefore, this study aimed to compare two feeding diets based on commercial low-energy diets with no added oil, with or without a nutrient absorption enhancer based on lysolecithin (LEX). The performance was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. The net benefit per chicken of LEX supplementation was determined across a range of cost and performance scenarios. At slaughter, average body weight and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in LEX-treated chickens, compared to non-treated chickens. The net benefit per chicken of LEX supplementation was €0.023 under representative market conditions and remained profitable under all considered scenarios. In conclusion, the application of absorption enhancers based on lysolecithin could improve the performance and profitability of broiler production, even in low energy-dense diets formulated with no added oil.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Cost-Benefit, Economics, Lysolecithin, Performance

%D 2021
%T Toxicological Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Duodenum Tissue and Intestinal Microorganisms of Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Z. Li
%A S. Lin
%A C. Sun
%A Z. Huang
%A H. Liu
%A K. Wang
%A T. Zhu
%A B. Yin
%A R. Wan
%N 2
%V 11
%P 259-270
%L eprints239
%X iclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. After accidental exposure via food-chain of vultures feeding on livestock carcasses containing Diclofenac sodium residues leading to massive mortalities in vultures, its toxicity to avian has received widespread attention. In the present study, toxicity models of Diclofenac sodium to 30 specific-pathogen-free chickens aged 30 days were established through oral doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, and its toxicological effects in duodenum tissues and intestinal microorganism of the chickens were explored. The results showed that Diclofenac sodium increased the content of uric acid, but decreased the activity of Xanthine oxidase indicating that its toxicity was more due to the obstruction of the urate excretion. Urate deposited in duodenum tissues induced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor, fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor-α, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A, and caused severe edema, bleeding, villi shown broken and fallen off. In addition, after oral administration of Diclofenac sodium, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes significantly increased while the relative abundance of Lactobacillales decreased. Diclofenac sodium disturbed the steady state of the intestinal environment leading to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria but reduced the abundance of beneficial bacteria. The current research gave the toxicity evidence of Diclofenac sodium in duodenal tissue and intestinal microorganism.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken, Diclofenac sodium, Duodenum, Intestinal microorganism, Toxicity

%D 2021
%T Effect of Probiotics and Magnetic Technology in Drinking Water on Production Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. Marwi
%A O. Sjofjan
%A A. Muttaqin
%A M. H. Natsir
%N 2
%V 11
%P 204-209
%L eprints250
%X The ban of antibiotics encourages the use of probiotics as natural feed additives for poultry. However, the effect of probiotics highly depends on the quality of drinking water. The use of Magnetic Technology (MT) could improve water quality, and potentially enhances the efficacy of probiotics. In the present study, the effect of probiotics and MT in drinking water on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens were evaluated using the inclusion of either non-encapsulated probiotic (PRO) and encapsulated probiotic (EPRO) along with drinking water exposure to 2,700 gausses of the magnetic field. A total of 288 57-weeks-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly divided into six treatment groups with four replicates of 12 laying hens in each. The treatments consisted of untreated drinking water (control) and drinking water treated with PRO, EPRO, MT, PRO + MT, and EPRO + MT. The results indicated a highly significant improvement in feed conversion ratio, income over feed cost, and egg weight, as well as a significant improvement in egg mass, when EPRO was combined with MT. However, there was no significant effect on the other variables of the production performance and egg quality. It was, therefore, concluded that the use of MT with EPRO improved the egg mass, feed conversion ratio, income over feed cost, and egg weight of the laying hens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Drinking water, Encapsulated, Laying hens, Magnetic, Probiotic

%D 2021
%T Genetic Evolution of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated from Chicken Poultry Flocks in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. E. Omar
%A W. A. E. M. E. Sayed
%A A. Abdelhalim
%A N. Yehia
%N 2
%V 11
%P 215-222
%L eprints280
%X Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) is highly infectious and causes severe economic losses in the Egyptian poultry industry. In the present study, 40 samples of bursa Fabricius tissue were collected from various poultry flocks residing in six governorates during 2020 in Egypt (8 from El-Daqhlia, 10 from El-Sharquia, 10 from El-Qaliobiyea, 4 from EL-Behera, 6 from Alexandria, and 2 from El-Gharbia). Among these flocks, the chicken suffered from depression, dehydration, and ruffled feather with high mortality rates (20-50%) leading to the haemorrhagic and enlarged bursa of Fabricius. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed, targeting the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene of IBDV. The 30 samples were detected positive by RT-PCR (8 from El-Daqhlia, 7 from El-Sharquia, 6 from El-Qaliobiyea, 3 from EL-Behera, 5 from Alexandria, and 1 broiler chicken from El-Gharbia). A total of 10 strains were selected for genetic analysis, representing different governorates. All identified strains belonged to a very virulent IBDV with 95.7-96.7% nucleotide identity and 98.2-99.4% amino acid identity with very virulent IBDV strains from Europe and Asia. Phylogenetically, the Egyptian strain was divided into two subgroups. All strains identified in the present study belonged to the phylogenetic subgroup I with new eight nucleotide mutation mutations when compared with HK64 and other Egyptian strains. All sequenced viruses had G254S mutation. Moreover, Y220F mutation was detected in major hydrophilic region A, in two strains (EGY/SN5 and EGY/SN10), compared with HK64. These mutations may increase viral pathogenicity and antigenicity. The Egyptian strains in the study were distinct from the vaccinal strain. Furthermore, they may explain the recent IBDV outbreaks reported in vaccinated flocks. The current study highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of mutations in IBDV, and the assessment of their effects on virus virulence and vaccine efficacy against newly evolved strains.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Genetic characterisation, Hypervariable region, Infectious bursal disease virus, VP2 gene

%D 2021
%T Improved Quality of Quail’s Egg after the Induction of Hepatitis B Vaccine and Curcumin
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. R. Saraswati
%A S. Tana
%N 2
%V 11
%P 223-229
%L eprints315
%X The present study aimed to observe the quality of quails’ eggs after being vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given supplements of curcumin and turmeric powder. A total of 36 female quails at the age of 10 days were divided into four groups, including the control (P0), vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine (P1), vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given 12 mg/quail/day of supplement curcumin (P2), and vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and given 108 mg/quail/day of supplement turmeric powder (P3). Vaccination was given twice, at the age of 32 and 60 days. The curcumin and turmeric powder were given every day until the age of three months. The results showed significantly different outcomes on glutamic pyruvate transaminase serum, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase serum, egg production (percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fat, cholesterol), and the physical quality of eggs, but it was not significantly different towards the liver weight. It can be concluded that quails vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and treated with supplements of curcumin and turmeric powder could improve liver function and increase egg production with better chemical and physical qualities.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Curcumin, Egg, Follicle hierarchy, Liver function, Quail

%D 2021
%T Role of Elastin Expression in Thickening the Postpartum Vaginal Wall in Virgin and Postpartum Rat Models
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. Setyaningrum
%A M. Yulianto Listiawan
%A B. A. Tjokroprawiro
%A B. Santoso
%A C. R. S. Prakoeswa
%A W. Widjiati
%N 2
%V 11
%P 228-234
%L eprints520
%X Childbirth induces a number of alterations, including ligament weakening and increased vaginal distensibility. The occurrence of vaginal laxity or distensibility is associated with the vaginal wall and introitus overstretching during vaginal parturition while the pathophysiology is due to increased levator dimension and trauma to the levator ani muscle through avulsion (macrotrauma) or overdistension (microtrauma). Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein that confers elastic properties to organs and tissues, particularly those requiring elasticity. Elastin plays a vital role in the functioning of numerous tissues, such as the lungs, blood vessels, heart valves, ligaments, tendons, and skin. It is also a component of the vaginal mucosa. The aim of the present was to evaluate the role of elastin in the thickening of the postpartum vaginal wall composed of epithelial mucosa, and to understand the mechanism underlying vaginal laxity or distensibility within parous and nulliparous animal models. A total of 32 female white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used in the present study. They were divided into two groups, each group consisting of 16 rats. The control group (C0) consisted of virgin nulliparous rats, which were sacrificed on the second day after vaginal parturition. Pregnant rats (group C1) were sacrificed on the second day after vaginal parturition. The median elastin expression in group C1 was higher (3 ± 0.56) than group C0 (2.85 ± 0.75). The mean thickness of the vaginal mucosal epithelium in group C0 (56,8 931µm) was greater than group C1 (44,98 349µm). The comparison of vaginal mucosal epithelium thickness between the two groups indicated a significant difference between groups C0 and C1. Elastin levels were significantly correlated with epithelial thickness. The expression of elastin significantly affects the vaginal wall thickness, which further affects vaginal laxity or vaginal distensibility.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Distensibility, Elastin, Vaginal wall, Animals

%D 2021
%T Reviewing Effective Factors of Alimentary Deficiency in Animals Reproductive Functions
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A P. Skliarov
%A S. Fedorenko
%A S. Naumenko
%A O. Onyshchenko
%A A. Pasternak
%A L. Roman
%A M. Lieshchova
%A D. Bilyi
%A O. Bobrytska
%N 2
%V 11
%P 157-169
%L eprints523
%X Animal reproduction is one of the main factors limiting the efficiency of livestock production. Its optimal level is possibly achieved when certain conditions are created for animals. As reproduction is a complex reflex process depending on neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms, the character and strength of stimuli, which, in turn, is due to a number of factors. Under normal conditions, the body of animals is affected by many different factors, which are appropriately transformed and specified by positive or negative reactions. Inhibitory factors include air pool, saturated with harmful substances and gases, ionizing radiation, poor water quality along with altered redox properties, hypokinesia combined with poor unbalanced feeding, systematic chronic stress, presence of toxic substances in feed, and the deficiency of vitamins and other bioantioxidants in feed or their excessive spending. Of the wide range of genetic and paratypic factors of negative impacts on reproductive capacity, the most common one is alimentary, which causes impaired reproductive function due to deficiencies in the rules, regulations, and feeding regime of animals. In particular, the alimentary can be associated with both general malnutrition (starvation) and overfeeding (obesity). However, the alimentary form of infertility mostly occurs due to low-quality diets when the diet lacks vital components (mainly vitamins, macro-, and micronutrients) or the quantitative ratios of the ingredients are violated. This is possible even if the total nutritional value of the diet meets the established requirements for the physiological needs of the body. Vitamins, micro-, and macronutrients are ecologically deficient factors of disturbance of animal reproductive function, the influence of which is observed on all processes of reproduction, from fertilization to the postpartum period and the preservation of young animals. The pathogenesis of their insufficiency is associated with the violation of steroido-, gameto-, and embryogenesis and the emergence of ante-, intra-, neo- and postnatal pathologies, respectively. Therefore, treatments and prevention measures should be aimed at providing animals with biologically complete balanced feeding and replenishment of the body with vitamins and minerals. However, all these issues remain incompletely studied and need further research.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Alimentary deficiency, Animals, Reproductive function.

%D 2021
%T Effect of Lysine Supplementation in Commercial Feed on Energy Retention and Feed Conversion Ratio of Carp (Osphronemus gouramy)
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Thaiin
%A . Agustono
%A M. A. A. Arif
%N 2
%V 11
%P 284-288
%L eprints534
%X The long period of raising carp (Osphronemus gouramy) causes the need for excessive feed. One way that can accelerate the growth of this fish in order to shorten the maintenance period is by the addition of essential amino acids, such as lysine. However, this certainly gives its own influence on energy retention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influences of addition of lysine in feed on energy retention and feed conversion ratio of carp. The research method used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were the addition of Lysine 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% to the feed. The present experiment was conducted for a year. The results showed that the addition of lysine as much as 2% in commercial feed can increase the energy retention of carp (Osphronemus gouramy). Moreover, the addition of lysine by giving up to 2.5% cannot reduce the feed conversion ratio in carp (Osphronemus gourami) rearing. It can be concluded that the use of lysine has different effects related to the increase in retention and decrease conversion ratio in carp.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj38
%K Carp, Conversion ratio, Energy retention, Lysine

%D 2021
%T FORAGE PARTICLE SIZE: IT'S IMPLICATIONS ON BEHAVIOR PERFORMANCE, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF DAIRY COWS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Hossain
%N 3
%V 11
%P 71-81
%L eprints25
%X Forage particle size has long been recognized as the key intricate factor determining ration contents of physically effective neutral detergent fibre, which in recent years has become the most important consideration in advanced dairy feed formulation for the rumen health, milk yield and welfare of the dairy cows. Fine chopping reduces particle size, resulting in reduced forage dry matter intake, lower retention period of digesta, decreased digestibility of fiber, inconsistent quality of ruminal mat, decreased milk yield, depression of milk fat, and health issues secondary to sub-acute ruminal acidosis. Similarly, excessive coarse forage particles may be lead to reduced total nutrient intake, poor digestibility of organic matter, reduced milk yield and quality, and compromised overall performance. The rumen is a constant fermentation vessel, containing vast amounts of hydrogen ions that can only be stabilized by a proper salivary buffer balance obtained through intake of sufficient effective neutral detergent fibre and its optimal duration. The overall impacts of particle size, however, depend on forage type, forage to concentrate ratio and, fermentability characteristics of the organic matter in the formulated ration. In general, 8-19 mm particle size irrespective of forage type measured on Penn State Particle Separator may be considered optimum for practical dairy feed formulation. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.13
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Dairy cattle Forage particle size Health Milk yield Performance

%D 2021
%T HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ATRIAL MYOCARDIUM AND SCALLOP MUSCLES OF ANGLO-NUBIAN GOAT (Capra aegagrus hircus)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V. Khvatov
%A M. Shchipakin
%N 3
%V 11
%P 82-87
%L eprints24
%X This study presents results about features of the structure of the atrial myocardium and scallop muscles of the Anglo-Nubian goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), and their morphometric parameters have been determined. Sixteen corpses of Anglo-Nubian goats at the age of twelve months were studied in the Department of Animal Anatomy of the St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. The study was carried out by making histological preparations. The atrial myocardium of Anglo-Nubian goats consists of working cardiomyocytes, tightly adjacent to each other, between which capillary blood vessels and single adipocytes are revealed. It has been determined that atrial cardiomyocytes in Anglo-Nubian goats are characterized by heterogeneity of their structure, and secretory granules and perinuclear clearances are found in cardiomyocytes less differentiated in terms of contractile activity. In the present study, the histological structure of the atrial scallop muscles of the Anglo-Nubian goat was identified. Also, the atrial myocardium's working cardiomyocytes' morphometric parameters and its scallop muscles had discovered. The thickness of the endocardium in these sections was measured by determining the diameters of its nuclei. The obtained data indicate that the histological structure of the atrial myocardium and its scallop muscles in Anglo-Nubian goats has possibly similar features in compared with small ruminants from commercial breeds (sheep and goat). These results expand the field of knowledge on pedigree anatomy and histology of the heart in farm animals, particularly in small ruminants. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.14
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Atrium Goat Histology Myocardium Scallop muscles

%D 2021
%T EFFECT OF LIME (Citrus aurantifolia) JUICE AS SOURCE OF VITAMIN C ON PERFORMANCE AND SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS IN PELUNG CHICKENS (Gallus gallus domesticus)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A L. Krismiyanto
%A H. I. Wahyuni
%A D. N. Suthama
%N 3
%V 11
%P 103-108
%L eprints22
%X Pelung chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a typical Indonesian local breed originating from West Java. Pelung chicken breeding, especially male bird, was initially used as a hobby livestock because they have tunable voice. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding lime (Citrus aurantifolia) juice as a source of vitamin C on blood parameter and performance of male pelung chickens. The experimental birds were 64 male pelung chicken aged 12 weeks, divided into 4 weight groups namely group 1: 740 - 910 g, group 2: 910 - 1,080 g, group 3: 1,080 - 1,250 g, and group 4: 1,250 - 1,420. The treatments applied were T0: formulated diet; FD, T1: FD+ lime juice 1, T2: FD + lime juice 2, and T3: FD + lime juice 3. The present experiment was assigned in body weight-based randomized block design. Measured parameters were heterophile, lymphocyte, heterophile-lymphocyte ratio (H/L), total plasma protein, the relative weight of lymphoid organs (spleen and bursa of fabricius) and performance (feed intake, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio) of birds. The results showed that the feeding diet added with 1-3 lime juice significant on heterophile, H/L ratio, the relative weight of spleen, total plasma protein, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, but not significant on lymphocyte, the relative weight of bursa of fabricius and feed intake. Male pelung chicken fed diet added with 3 lime juice (T3) indicates better blood parameter stability (H/L ratio and lymphoid organs), total plasma protein and performance. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.17
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Blood parameter Lime Pelung chicken Performance Vitamin C

%D 2021
%T THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSED RUBBER (Hevea brasiliensis) SEED MEAL ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RATION, FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN RABBITS (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Matho
%A M. C. Aimee
%A M. Mouchili
%A K. H. Mube
%A H. D. Fualefac
%A F. Fonteh
%A A. Teguia
%A J. Tchoumboue
%N 3
%V 11
%P 95-102
%L eprints26
%X This study aimed at evaluating the influence of processed rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal (RSM) on the chemical composition of feed, feed intake and nutrients digestibility in rabbits. For the purpose, 30 female (local breed) rabbits with an average weight of 2.7 ± 0.12 kg were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments (6 rabbits in 1 treatment). The feeding trial lasted for four weeks and the various rations were: negative control ration, not containing rubber seeds (R0-) and 4 different rations each containing 20 of the rubber seed meal (raw, toasted, soaked, and boiled respectively for R0+, R1, R2, and R3 rations). The rubber seed meal, faeces and feed sample were sun dried to constant weight, urine was also collected and a sample was used for chemical analysis. The results showed that the boiled seeds RSM exhibited the highest crude protein content (20.61 DM) and the low concentration of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) (21.83 mg/kg HCn; 30.53; 21.26 and 3.67 respectively for hydrogen cyanide (HCn), phenols, flavonoids and tannins) compared to seeds from other treatments. Animals receiving the ration with boiled rubber seed meal (BRSM) at 100°C for 45 minutes (R3) showed better feed intake and best rate of digestive utilization coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fibres 32.24; 38.55; 61.03 and 80.58 respectively. The ration containing the boiled rubber seeds for 45 min resulted in better nutrient intake and the best digestive utilization coefficients in rabbits. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.16
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Digestibility Hevea brasiliensis Nutritional value Rabbit Rubber seed

%D 2021
%T CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BROILER LITTER KEPT AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A C. S. Utama
%A M. Christiyanto
%N 3
%V 11
%P 88-94
%L eprints23
%X The research objective was to assess the chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter raised in broiler closed house at different altitudes. The design used was a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of T1 (broiler closed house at an altitude of &lt;100 meters above sea level (masl), T2 (broiler closed house at an altitude of 100 - 300 masl) and T3 (broiler closed house at an altitude of 300 - 500 masl). The results showed that the difference in the altitude where broilers were raised had no significant effect on moisture, ash, extract ether (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), total digestible nutrients (TDN), cuprum (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Ag), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Salmonella, E. coli, Clostridium sp., antibiotic contamination (below the threshold) and predominance of gram-positive bacteria. The results of water content 22.71-24.65, crude protein 13.13-13.47, Pb 35.15-47.80 ppm, Cu 102.46-136.96 ppm, LAB 3.48 - 7.00 x 106 cfu/g. In conclusion, the differences in the altitude did not affect the chemical and microbiological properties of broiler litter. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.15
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Altitude Bacteria Chemical properties Litter Poultry

%D 2021
%T Anticoagulant therapy in patients with atypical COVID-19 pneumonia
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ravshan Aliyevich IBADOV
%A Gulchekhra Shakhobovna KHAMRAEVA
%A Sardor Khamdamovich IBRAGIMOV
%N 03
%V 11
%P 30-35
%L eprints565
%X Aim. In a comparative aspect, this article aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of optimized intensive care protocols for severe and extremely severe COVID-19. Methods. During the study period, 4922 patients were treated in the intensive care units of the Republican Specialized Multidisciplinary Infectious Diseases Hospital (678 in the comparison group and 4244 in the main group). The developed protocol of anticoagulant therapy was applied to all patients in the main group. Results. There was an improvement in prothrombin time (PT) from 12.0±0.4 to 13.6±0.3 sec (P < 0.05) on day 3, from 14.7±0.4 to 16.2±0.3 sec (P < 0.05) on day 10, clotting time from 3.1±0.1 to 3.3±0.1 min (P < 0.05) and from 3.7±0.1 to 4.5±0.1 min, respectively, and fibrinogen from 4.6±0.2 to 4.2±0.1 g/l (P < 0.05) and from 4.0±0.1 to 3.4±0.1 g/l (P < 0.05), a decrease in the frequency of fatal thromboembolic complications from 25.1% to 16.6% (P < 0.001). Conclusion. The introduction of optimized tactics for anticoagulant therapy in patients with severe and extremely severe COVID-19 course made it possible to accelerate the dynamics of prothrombin time, fibrinogen, and blood clotting time (BCT), which ensured a decrease in the likelihood of developing fatal thromboembolic complications in the intensive care unit.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.5
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K COVID-19, Anticoagulant therapy, Respiratory therapy, Patients

%D 2021
%T Ethnomedicinal knowledge of plants used as mono, di and polyherbal formulation for the treatment of common ailments and COVID-19 in the villages of Hamedan, Iran
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Yusuf KAYA
%A Zohreh YOUSEFI
%A Mohammad AKRAMI
%A Mahshad YOUSEFI
%N 03
%V 11
%P 36-52
%L eprints566
%X Aim. This study aimed to document the native ethnomedicinal plants in mono, di and polyherbal combination used by people to cure various ailments, Qorveh-e Darjazin district of Hamedan province of Iran. Methods. Data were collected through both individual interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) using interviewing 87 people in 28 villages. Plants voucher samples were also collected and classified with their families, botanical terms, local names, usages and miscellaneous matters via international and standard questionnaires.  A total of 45 plant species belonging to 26 families are reported to be used for the treatment of a wide range of complaints, such as respiratory diseases like coronavirus (COVID-19), cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, ulcers, anemia, catarrh, digestive and urinary systems disorders, irregular menstruation, skin disorders, bone and rheumatic disorders etc. by monoherbal (45), diherbal (70) and polyherbal (57) ethnomedicinal formulations. Data were compared with those formerly gathered. Results. The authors found evidence that di and polyherbal known as Ayurvedic medicine is a preferred folk medicinal system of this area to prevent unwanted suffering of intense and prevalent ailments especially for irregular menstruation, anemia, calming the nervous systems, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, blood purification, hypertension, bone and rheumatic disorders, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2 or COVID-19) with the mixed formulation for natural elements in a particular ratio. Conclusion. The study reveals the rich polyherbal knowledge of the people of 28 villages of Hamadan that possess in traditional medicine. Recommendation. Polyherbal formulation of plants used by people of this area can be considered as an applicable safe strategy in control measures against novel diseases like COVID-19 and achieve greater therapeutic efficacy.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.6
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Ailment, Antioxidant, COVID-19, Hamedan, Hyper inflammation, Nutraceuticals, Phytochemicals, Polyherbal formulation, Questionnaires, Traditional medicine

%D 2021
%T Effect of aerobic exercise on blood hemoglobin level and quality of life in postmenopausal anemic women:  randomized controlled clinical trial
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ahmed M. ELSHERIF
%A Atef A. ALY
%A Amel M. YOUSEF
%N 03
%V 11
%P 53-57
%L eprints567
%X Introduction. Postmenopausal elderly women have an increased risk for nutritional anemia. Exercise training has a positive effect on hemoglobin mass by increasing stimulation of erythropoiesis, which assists the blood to carry bigger amount of oxygen. Aim. This study has been conducted to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercises on hematological value and quality of life in postmenopausal anemic women. Methods. Thirty anemic postmenopausal women were assigned randomly into two equal groups; A) performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise in the form of walking on treadmill for 30 minutes, 3 sessions per week and B) without aerobic exercise. Both groups received the same supplement including one capsule that contain Iron supplement (10 mg) and multi vitamins as well as essential trace elements, daily. The hematological values [hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood corpuscles (RBCs) count] and assessment of the quality of life [Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT) and Flow State Scale (FSS)] at pre and post 3 months as well as 6 months of treatment were measured and evaluated. Results. There was statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) in the Hb and RBCs values and SMWT and FSS between before and after 3 as well as 6 months of treatment in both groups. Also, comparison between both groups at 3 and 6 months showed significant differences in favors of group A. Conclusion. Aerobic exercise can increase hematological values and has a positive improvement for the quality of life in anemic post-menopausal women.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.7
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Anemia, Menopause, Exercise, Flow State Scale, Six Minute Walk Test

%D 2021
%T Improvement in quality of life by surgical management of the ascending aortic aneurysm
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Khakimjon Kabuljonovich ABRALOV
%A Umid Anvarovich MUROTOV
%A Ravshan Aliyevich IBADOV
%N 02
%V 11
%P 20-26
%L eprints563
%X Aim. The article presents an analysis of the surgical treatment results in 98 patients with ascending aorta aneurysm (AAA), divided into two groups depending on the method of prosthetics. Methods. The main group included 71 patients who underwent surgery according to the modified Bentall-De Bono procedure and the comparison group consisted of 27 patients who underwent surgery according to the standard method. Results. Results of studies have shown that the proposed option for fixing the conduit made it possible to level the need for additional reinforcing sutures on the anastomosis line (from 48.1% with the classical Bentall-De Bono technique; P<0.001), while the quality of the tightness of the anastomosis zone provided a decrease in the risk of postoperative bleeding with 33.3% to 4.2% (P<0.001). In both groups, after surgery, there was an equal tendency to improve echocardiographic parameters. Conclusion. In general, a comparative analysis of immediate results showed a decrease in the overall incidence of postoperative complications when using the proposed variant of conduit fixation from 37.0% to 9.9% (P=0.002), which made it possible to reduce the overall mortality rate from 22.2% to 5.6% (P=0.016).
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.3
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Congenital heart diseases, Ascending aortic aneurysm, Surgical treatment, Quality of life

%D 2021
%T Forbidden assisted reproduction method and the Islamic perspective
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Aisha ALSHDEFAT
%A Ehsan GHARIB MOMBENI
%N 02
%V 11
%P 27-29
%L eprints564
%X Introduction. Assisted reproductive methods are used widely around the world to cure various kinds of infertility. These technologies had not been applied in the Islamic world for decades due to Islamic teachings do not approve these methods. However, nowadays, studying for infertility cure in Islam is allowed and promoted. Against the individual's thoughts that Islam laws are restricted on assisted reproductive cure, Islam ethics are liberal. Due to Islamic laws, all assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are acceptable, under the following conditions; the sperm, ovum, and uterus come from a legally married couple during their marriage period. Aim. In this survey, a brief editorial on surrogacy from an Islamic perspective is scrutinized.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.4
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Assisted reproduction method, Surrogacy, Islamic perspective

%D 2021
%T Effects of Red and Blue Light during the Incubation of Turkey Eggs on Hatchability Performance and Expression Pattern of Some Myogenic Regulatory Genes
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. S. H. Abd El Naby
%A H. A. Basha
%A S. E. Ibrahim
%A M. I. Abo-Samaha
%N 1
%V 11
%P 129-135
%L eprints82
%X The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different light colors on hatching potential traits, including egg weight loss, scientific and commercial hatchability, mortality percentages, hatching wight as well as mRNA expression levels of some muscle growth marker genes (Myogenin, MyoD1, and FGF2) of pectoralis muscle in hatched and non-hatched non pipped Black Bronze turkey chicks. A total of 1500 hatching Black Bronze turkey eggs were assigned equally to three incubation treatment groups, namely dark (control group), red, and blue LED light (treated groups) for 25 days of the incubation period. Results indicated that colored lighting stimuli (red and blue) significantly affected hatching capability. This issue could also affect the expression of muscle growth marker genes in hatched and non-hatched non pipped turkey chicks. Incubation of turkey eggs under red or blue LED light showed an insignificant effect on mortality percentages. It can be concluded that the use of a red or blue light system during turkey eggs’ incubation could improve hatchability via upregulating the expression of muscle growth marker genes.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Hatchability, Incubation, Light color, Marker Gene expression, Turkey

%D 2021
%T Non-specific Bacterial Profiles in Reproductive Tract of Dairy Cattle during Artificial Insemination
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. I. Andriani
%A S. P. Madyawati
%A E. K. Sabdoningrum
%N 1
%V 11
%P 110-114
%L eprints369
%X One of the causes of low reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle is the presence of reproductive disorders caused by a non-specific bacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify the genus of non-specific bacteria in the reproductive tract of dairy cattle during artificial insemination. A total of 10 samples in the form of mucus attached to the plastic sheath used after artificial insemination in dairy cattle were collected in the study. The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. The obtained results of the study indicated that Staphylococcus was the dominant genus found (90%). On the other hand, other genera were Escherichia (60%) and Corynebacterium (20%).
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Artificial Insemination, Dairy Cattle, Non-Specific Bacteria, Reproductive Tract

%D 2021
%T Western Blot Analysis to Detect Cross-reaction in Toxocara vitulorum Protein with Anti-Mecistocirrus digitatus Serum
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. M. Anggraini
%A I. H. Kusnoto
%A S. Sarudji
%N 1
%V 11
%P 92-97
%L eprints370
%X Worm infections are found in livestock and can be transmitted to humans. Toxocara vitulorum is a worm species which commonly infected people. Cross-reaction among worms can generate false positive to establish helminthiasis diagnosis through antibody inspection. This study aimed to determine specific proteins that caused cross-reaction between Toxocara vitulorum antigen and anti-M. digitatus serum by using the western blot technique. In the present study, the whole worms extracted of T. vitulorum and M. digitatus have been used to make polyclonal antibodies from M. digitatus with Wistar rats as hosts. The cross-reaction between whole worm extract of T. vitulorum protein and anti-M. digitatus serum obtained 12 protein bands that each relative molecular mass (Mr) valued of 176, 124, 92, 68, 59, 47, 31, 29, 26, 16, 12, and 10 kDa. Cross-reaction occurred between T. vitulorum protein and anti-M. digitatus.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cross-reaction, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Specific protein, Toxocara vitulorum, Western blot

%D 2021
%T Formalin Potentials in the Pathogenic Attenuation of Eimeria tenella based on Oocyst Productions
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. D. Anggraini
%A E. M. Luqman
%A S. Budhy
%N 1
%V 11
%P 110-115
%L eprints115
%X Coccidiosis is a disease found in poultry caused by parasitic protozoa, namely Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), which may lead to high rates of morbidity and mortality. To prevent coccidiosis, vaccination is required to inactivate and attenuate E. tenella protozoa. One of the compounds applied for attenuation is formaldehyde. Formaldehyde reduces the pathogenicity of an organism by creating rigidity in its structure. As a result, the organism cannot inflict disease and has a higher impact on building antibodies although it is still alive. The current research was an experimental study aimed to determine the formalin potential in attenuation of E. tenella pathogenesis in terms of oocyst production. The present study was conducted using the completely randomized design method. A total number of 25 broiler chickens were applied and their feces were tested to observe oocysts production and clinical symptoms. The obtained data would be analyzed by the ANOVA statistical test. The treatment groups presented clinical symptoms of E. tenella infection. The number of oocysts in treatment group I fluctuated from the lowest number which was zero on day five and then increased by day six, seven, and eight and it has reached the peak with the most significant amount of 4,050,460 oocysts on day nine. The treatment group II with the same condition reached its peak with the highest number of 1,363,160 oocysts on day nine. The treatment group III peaked with the most significant number of 618,960 oocysts on day nine. In addition, the treatment IV group attained the apex with the highest number of 719,480 oocysts on day nine. Meanwhile, the treatment V group reached the highest number of 284,200 oocysts on day nine. The difference in formalin concentration affected the amount of E. tenella oocyst production of broiler chickens. Formalin soaking with a concentration of 1.2% was the most optimal concentration to attenuate E. tenella.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Eimeria tenella, Formalin, Oocyst.

%D 2021
%T Histopathology Description of Chicken Liver Infected by L2 Toxocara Vitulorum
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Auliyah
%A . Kusnoto
%A I. S. Hamid
%N 1
%V 11
%P 123-128
%L eprints122
%X Transmission of Toxocara vitulorum Infection causes a decrease in livestock productivity and results in various types of diseases in humans. Chickens are one of the parasitic hosts of toxocariasis which has the potential for transmission of toxocariasis to humans. The main location affected by T. vitulorum larval infection is the liver. The current study aimed to analyze the description of histopathological changes in the liver of broiler chickens infected by L2 Toxocara vitulorum. The present study was a true experiment using a completely randomized design. A total number of 28 broiler chickens aged 14 days were selected as the sample in this study. Samples were infected using L2 Toxocara vitulorum larvae and were grouped in accordance with observations of the 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the larvae were given to the samples. Toxocara vitulorum larval infection caused changes in histopathological features of broilers chickens. This infection caused hydropic inflammation and degeneration of liver cells, cholangitis, and eventually necrosis of the cells. Exposure to infection over a long period of time can worsen liver cell and other organ damages as well as increasing the potential for the transmission of Toxocara vitulorum larvae.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.16
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken, Histopathology of liver, Infection, Toxocara vitulorum.

%D 2021
%T Isolation and Identification of Newcastle Disease Virus from Ducks Sold at Traditional Livestock Market Center in Indonesia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. N. Azizah
%A C. Anwar
%A A. P. Rahardjo
%N 1
%V 11
%P 96-100
%L eprints127
%X Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the important infectious diseases in the poultry industry. The traditional poultry markets have great potential in ND transmission. The ducks infected by the ND virus rarely show clinical symptoms, thus they can potentially spread the disease to other fowls. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the ND virus from ducks in a traditional live bird market center in East Java, Indonesia. Cloacal swab samples were taken from 300 ducks. The study consisted of 100 pooled samples, each containing a cloacal swab sample obtained from 3 individual ducks. The samples were inoculated in specific antibody-negative embryonated chicken eggs for 8-10 days. Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests were performed for confirmation and identification of ND virus. Based on the result of the current study, out of 100 pooled samples, there were three to nine ducks infected with the ND virus.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.12
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cloaca Swab, Duck, Livestock, Newcastle Disease

%D 2021
%T Vaccination of Algerian Local Rabbits with Precocious Strains of Eimeria magna and Eimeria media
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. S. Bachene
%A S. Temim
%A H. Ainbaziz
%A A. Bachene
%N 1
%V 11
%P 45-50
%L eprints381
%X The present study was conducted to assess the safety and the efficacy of a vaccine containing the Algerian precocious strains of Eimeria magna and Eimeria media used separately or together against rabbit coccidiosis. The samples consisted of 56 young rabbits reared in specific pathogen-free conditions. Following the challenge inoculation, statistically significant decreases in oocyst excretion were noticed in the vaccinated rabbits with the precocious strain of Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, and both species leading toa good immune response acquired by the vaccination associated with a good growth rate. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in oocyst output following the challenge in all challenged groups. Unlike the vaccinated groups, the challenged groups showed poor weight gains. More than 50% of the young rabbits from all the challenged groups presented diarrhea. Consequently, these precocious strains constitute good candidates for mono or polyvalent anticoccidial vaccines in the future.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj6
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Precocious strain, Rabbits, Vaccination, Wild strain.

%D 2021
%T Sero-Epidemiology of Marek’s Disease Virus on Local and Exotic Chickens in Northwest Ethiopia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Birhan
%A N. Berhane
%A M. Bitew
%A E. Gelaye
%A B. Getachew
%A A. Zemene
%A K. Birie
%A W. Temesgen
%A T. Abayneh
%N 1
%V 11
%P 53-63
%L eprints138
%X Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative and neuropathic disease of domestic fowl caused by alphaherpesviruses. The current cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling method was undertaken from January 2018 to May 2020. The current study aimed to estimate sero-epidemiology and assess potential risk factors, it is very important to determine MD sero-positivity. Moreover, to measure the association of host and environmental risk factors, the occurrences and spread of MD were identified in local and exotic chickens in Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 768 serum samples from 3 zones were collected and assayed for Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to gather information on the potential risk factors of MDV sero-positivity, as well as the status of occurrences and spread in the chicken flocks. In the present preliminary study, a high flock and chicken level of MDV was demonstrated, with an overall seroprevalence of 59.11%. The mixed-effect logistic regression analysis of the host potential risk factors showed that the odds of seropositive for MD was significantly higher in local chickens (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.26-2.28) than exotic chickens, higher in chickens getting non-proper feed (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.13-0.54) than getting proper feed, higher in vaccinated chickens (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.76-1.43) than non-vaccinated chickens. Rearing chicken of different batches in one house was decreased the odds of occurrence of MD by 55% (95% CI: 0.38-0.80) than all-in-all-out, higher in the well-ventilated type farms decreased the odds of occurrence of MD by 60% (95% CI: 0.39-0.80) than in poor ones. Litter management when farmers used chickens as fertilizer has decreased the odds of occurrence of MD by 55% (95% CI: 0.01-0.47) and chickens were tossed into open sheds 40% (95% CI: 0.01-0.31), compared to buried chickens management. The study results indicated that the number of farms where farmers wearing no clothes and shoes (95% CI: 0.10-0.58) were significantly decreased the occurrence of MD by 24% than those where farmers were equipped with clothes and shoes. The study area was highest in West Gojjam (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.58) and South Gondar (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.13-0.28) compared to North Gondar zone. In conclusion, the present study revealed a high flock and chicken seroprevalence level of MDV among chicken flocks in northwest Ethiopia, suggesting that environmental dust/dander and farm management systems might be a source of this disease for chicken infection. Besides, the observed association of MD, sero-positivity with environmental dust/dander, and farm management systems may suggest the economic importance of the disease for chicken production. Therefore, it warrants control attention to reduce its economic and disease spread burden in the study areas. Further works on the economic impacts, virus isolation, and molecular characterization of the disease are suggested.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.8
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken, Marek’s Disease, Northwest Ethiopia, Risk factors, Sero-epidemiology.

%D 2021
%T Bovine Ehrlichiosis Prevalence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Molecular Studies
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. K. Bonilla-Aldana
%A K. Quintero-Rada
%A J. P. Montoya-Posada
%A D. Soler-Tovar
%A P. Barato
%A K. Arteaga-Livias
%A L. I. Zambrano
%A Á A. Faccini-Martínez
%A A. J. Rodriguez-Morales
%N 1
%V 11
%P 01-15
%L eprints390
%X While some Ehrlichia species, such as E. ruminantium and E. minasensis, are not popular even among veterinarians, they can infect cattle. The current study aimed to review studies on Ehrlichia spp. to evaluate its worldwide molecular prevalence, given the lack of information about bovine ehrlichiosis and the lack of previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this subject. In order to determine the molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia spp. in cattle, a systematic review of the literature was conducted in three databases. A meta-analysis with a random-effects model was performed to calculate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and measures of heterogeneity were reported. Subgroup analyses were performed in terms of Ehrlichia species, country, and regions. The literature search yielded 1051 papers until August 1, 2019, with 71 studies entirely eligible for review. The pooled molecular prevalence for Ehrlichia at the individual level (N = 6232) was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7-2.9%) with the highest value of 82.4%. Studies identified the highest pooled molecular prevalence of 6.6% (95% CI: 0.6-12.7%) for E. canis, followed by E. ruminantium (n = 4695, 75.33%) 52 studies, with 1.7% (95% CI: 1.1-2.3%) and E. chaffeensis with 1.5% (95% CI: 0.0-0.3%). Moreover, the obtained result was indicative of only one study addressing E. minasensis. As the findings suggested, heartwater (E. ruminantium infection) is a notifiable disease of domestic and wild ruminants, recorded by the World Organization for Animal Health. There is a possible risk of endemic heartwater in the Americas due to the climatic features. Furthermore, E. minasensis, E. chaffeensis, and E. canis were observed in cattle although the two last species could be a molecular misidentification with regard to their phylogenetic relationships with E. minasensis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacteria, Bovine, Ehrlichia, Systematic review, Tick-borne

%D 2021
%T Tekelan Leaves (Chromolaena odorata) Infusion and 10 Povidone-Iodine on Incision Wound Healing Process of Mice (Mus musculus) Infected with Staphylococcus aureus
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. C. Budi
%A I. S. Hamid
%A D. Legowo
%N 1
%V 11
%P 60-65
%L eprints393
%X Skin is considered to be the most prone organ to injury and infection compared to other body organs. Skin infections are most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The most commonly used synthetic drugs to overcome skin problems is Povidone-iodine. Considering the Indonesian traditional method, injuries could be cured by dripping Tekelan leaves (Chromolaena odorata) infusion on the wounded skin area. This study aimed to compare the treatment effects of Tekelan leaves (Chromolaena odorata) infusion and povidone-iodine in the wound healing process of mice skin. The subjects of this study were 25 mice (Mus musculus) which were incised and infected with Staphylococcus aureus in 5 groups, namely, P0 (without treatment), P1 (povidone-iodine 10%), P2 (Tekelan infusion 5%), P3 (Tekelan infusion 10%), and P4 (Tekelan infusion 20%). Observations were made microscopically on wound conditions based on a total assessment of the four observed parameters (epithelization, inflammation rate, connective tissue proliferation, and angiogenesis). The results showed that the total observation value in the P0 and P2 groups was lower than the other groups. The P1 group obtained the highest score. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference among the treatment groups (p < 0.05). While the Mann Whitney test indicated P1 had a significant difference with P0, P2, and P3, it had no significant difference with P4. It can be concluded that the Tekelan Leaves (Chromolaena odorata) infusion can be used as an alternative of povidone-iodine with an optimal concentration of 20%.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj8
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chromolaena odorata, Histopathology, Povidone-iodine, Skin, Wound healing

%D 2021
%T Biosecurity Practices and Characteristics of Poultry Farms in Three Regions of Cameroon
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. De Paul Tatfo Keutchatang
%A I. S. B. Ntsama
%A G. M. Nama
%A G. Kansci
%N 1
%V 11
%P 64-72
%L eprints155
%X The outbreak of diseases is the main factor affecting poultry production in Cameroon. The implementation of biosecurity measures in poultry farms is essential to reduce disease outbreaks. This study aimed to assess biosecurity practices in poultry farms in three regions of Cameroon. The study was carried out using a structured questionnaire on 90 randomly selected poultry farms. Most of the farmers were men (85%) with deep litter (77.8%), battery cage (2.2%), and both deep litter and battery cage (20.0%) housing systems. Amongst the farms surveyed, 9/30 (30.0%) in the Centre; 8/30 (26.7%) in the Littoral; and 13/30 (43.3%) in the West were aware of biosecurity measures. The biosecurity score (BS) of surveyed farms ranged between 2 and 3. The findings indicated that 39 farms (12 in the Centre, 14 in the Littoral, and 13 in the West) were at moderate risk, and 51 farms (18 in the Centre, 16 in the Littoral, and 17 in the West) were at high risk. Reasons for keeping chickens and the number of chickens per farm did not significantly influence BS, while the farm category could significantly affect it. The outbreak of diseases correlated with BS, showing a tendency of increase in the outbreak of diseases with increasing BS. This study underlines the fact that biosecurity practices in Cameroon have not been well implemented by chicken farmers. This leads to disease outbreaks, and consequently, important economic losses as well as massive use of drugs that may be unsafe for human consumption. Therefore, the effective monitoring of biosecurity in chicken farming should be encouraged by extension of training to the farmers to support the efficient production of chickens by respecting biosecurity that drastically reduces the risk of disease outbreaks and provides good quality chicken products for human consumption.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Assessment, Biosecurity practices, Biosecurity scores, Cameroon, Poultry farms.

%D 2021
%T Reproductive Characteristics, Serum Metabolites, and Oxidative Status in Female Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Fed with Ethanolic Extract of Dichrostachys glomerata Fruit
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. M. Djuissi
%A F. Ngoula
%A J. Kouamo
%A N. B. Vemo
%A M. F. S. Nono
%A A. F. Lontio
%A H. Tchoffo
%A A. N. Dongmo
%N 1
%V 11
%P 66-72
%L eprints404
%X Dichrostachys glomerata (D. glomerata) is an aromatic plant which is used as a spice in cooking and Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat infertility in men. This work was designed to highlight the effects of the ethanolic extract of D. glomerata on oxidative status, serum metabolites and reproductive characteristics in female guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). A total of 48 primiparous female guinea pigs, aged 4 months old with the body weight of 400 ± 10 g, were divided into four groups with two replications per group (6 guinea pigs each). During 90 days of trial, Group 1 (control group) orally received 1 ml/kg b.w. of distilled water daily, and groups 2, 3, and 4 received D. glomerata ethanolic extract once a day at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w. using the same method of administration, respectively, for 90 days, including 60 days of gestation. After the first 30 days of treatment, mating was done by placing one non-treated male into cages containing six treated females. At the end of the treatment, data were collected on reproductive characteristics, serum metabolites, and oxidative stress markers. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of D. glomerata induced a significant decrease in the number of post-implantation resorption and ovaries weight. Groups 3 and 4 showed a significant increase in the number of fetuses per dam and viable fetuses as well as placenta weight, compared to the control group. The serum level of progesterone significantly decreased in the group treated with 200 mg/kg D. Glomerata, compared to the other treated groups. The extract at 100 mg/kg body weight showed a significant increase in fetuses weight and fetuses crown-rump length, compared to the control group. Catalase activity significantly increased in the control group than D. glomerata treated groups. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of D. glomerata minimized reproductive stress and subsequently improved the reproductive performance of guinea pigs.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Dichrostachys glomerata, Guinea Pig, Oxidative Stress, Reproduction, Serum Metabolites

%D 2021
%T Impact of Offspring Sex and Dam’s Pre-partum Vaccination on Colostrum Composition and Blood Hormones in Egyptian Buffaloes
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. S. El-Din Ali
%A W. Z. A. Mikhail
%A M. A. M. Salama
%A Y. M. Hafez
%N 1
%V 11
%P 51-59
%L eprints408
%X An The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of both the gender of the new-born calf and the pre-partum vaccination status of the dam (ScourGuard-4K) on the chemical composition and some biological parameters of the colostrum. Blood serum was collected from four groups of pregnant dams (four animals in each group) during the dry period (vaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a male fetus, vaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a female fetus, unvaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a male fetus, and unvaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a female fetus), in the pregnancy period, at the giving-birth period and after 24 hours of postpartum. The levels of insulin-like growth factor hormone (IGF-1) and immunoglobuline G (IgG) were calculated in the maternal blood serum at the assigned periods. Colostrum samples were collected at the birth time and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after birth for measuring the chemical composition of the colostrum, as well as levels of IgG and IGF-1. Results of the current study showed that colostrum of dams that gave birth to male fetus had a richer content of IgG and IGF-1 levels and a higher percentage of total solids, solids-not-fat, total protein, fat, and lactose. Additionally, vaccination improved the same colostrum components except for IGF-1, which was not positively influenced by the vaccination. Generally, colostrum components were the highest at the birth time, then it decreased gradually up to 72 hours after the birth except that for the percentage of fat and lactose which showed gradual increases up to 72 hours to reach the normal composition of milk.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood hormones, Colostrogenesis, Egyptian buffaloes, Offspring sex, ScourGuard-4k

%D 2021
%T Uses of Immunoglobulins as an Antimicrobials Alternative in Veterinary Medicine
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 1
%V 11
%P 16-22
%L eprints412
%X As a result of increasing the resistance to antimicrobials in the field of veterinary medicine that reflects on human health, there is a great demand to use some drug alternatives. The application of avian immunoglobulins (IgY) is regarded as an important alternative strategy. The IgYs have been produced by several techniques and applied for animals using different methods. In addition, egg yolk IgYs have many advantages over blood type ones. There are many uses of IgYs in veterinary medicine. They have been used for the prophylaxis and treatment of different infections especially the enteric ones in cattle, pigs, rabbits, dogs, rats, mice, and fish species. Moreover, several studies showed the importance of IgY for competing for the in vivo enteric pathogens in poultry and the in vitro foodborne pathogen. Therefore, it is important to put a spotlight on applications of egg yolk immunoglobulins IgY in veterinary medicine to overcome the problems of antimicrobials’ resistance as well as the tissue residues that adversely affect human health.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Advantages, Animals, Poultry, Production, Yolk antibodies

%D 2021
%T Etiology of Respiratory Diseases of Poultry Farms in the North Coast of Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. S. El-Samahy
%A D. M. Mourad
%N 1
%V 11
%P 83-95
%L eprints183
%X The current study aimed to identify the respiratory problems in poultry farms located in the north coast of Egypt from October 2018 to November 2019. A total of 89 poultry flocks (79 broilers, 5 layers, 3 ducks, and 2 turkeys) were investigated for four major viral respiratory pathogens, namely avian influenza (AI) H9N2, AI H5 subtypes, Newcastle Disease (ND), and Infectious Bronchitis (IB) viruses. All 89 flocks were subjected to real-time PCR to investigate AI H9N2 virus. The samples of 31, 43, and 15 out of 89 flocks were selected for the investigation of ND, IB, and AI H5 subtypes viruses, respectively, using real-time PCR. Sample selection was performed according to the mortalities, clinical signs, and post mortem lesions. The positive findings indicated that 22 out of 89 flocks were positive for AI H9N2 virus (2 layers + 20 broilers), 32 out of 43 flocks were positive for IB virus (2 layers + 30 broilers), 24 out of 31 flocks were positive for ND virus (1 Duck + 1 layer+ 22 broilers) and 9 out of 15 flocks were positive for AI H5N8 virus (1 turkey + 1 duck + 7 broilers). Partial sequencing for selected isolates of six ND, five IB, four H9N2, and three H5N8 viruses was applied, then nucleotide sequences were accessed on GenBank. Six ND isolates belonged to genotype Vӏӏ viruses circulating in Egypt. Two IB isolates were related to the classical strain circulating in Egypt, while the other three IB isolates belonged to EGY/Variant ӏӏ. Four H9N2 AI isolates were related to G1-lineage of H9 viruses circulating in the Middle East and Egypt. Three H5N8 AI isolates belonged to the highly diverse clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses circulating in Egypt. It was concluded that ND and IB viruses isolated in this study were not related to their vaccinal strains. Also, AI H5N8 circulating alone in affected flocks while AI H9N2 circulating alone and/or mixed with either IB or ND viruses. Finally, there is a need to devise a complete strategy to control the isolated respiratory viruses on the north coast of Egypt.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.11
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Poultry, Respiratory, RRT-PCR, Sequence, Viruses.

%D 2021
%T Growth Performance and Health Status of Broiler Chickens Treated with Natural Kaolin
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. ElHag
%A A. A. Motelib
%A M. A. Soltan
%A M. A. Gawad
%N 1
%V 11
%P 29-36
%L eprints413
%X The The use of Kaolin as an inert ingredient in feed has been very common in the poultry industry. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different inclusion rates of Egyptian kaolinite in broiler chickens’ diet on growth performance, immune response, some blood serum changes, and bone development. A total of 240 unsexed one-day-old Avian 48 breed chickens were used in this experiment. The chickens were individually weighed and randomly allotted into 3 equal groups (80 chickens per each group) and each group was subdivided into 4 replicates (20 chickens per replicate), which received one of the three experimental diets (0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% kaolin for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively) during the experimental period (6 weeks). The obtained data revealed that kaolin addition at the dose of 0.5 or 1.0% in broiler chickens' diet insignificantly increased final body weight by 4.5% and 4.4%, respectively. On the other hand, it respectively decreased total feed intake by 1.0% and 1.8% and significantly improved the average feed conversion ratio and efficiency of energy utilization throughout the whole experimental period compared to the control. Moreover, kaolin addition had no adverse effect on the serum lipid profile and improved antioxidative activity through reduced nitric oxide and lipid peroxidase (malondialdehyde) concentrations or increased the activities of Glutathione peroxide, Catalase, and Superoxide dismutases in serum or liver tissues. Lysosomal and bactericidal activities were increased with kaolin addition at both levels in the broiler chickens’ diets. The present results suggested that the broiler chickens’ fed with kaolin-enriched diets improved growth, antioxidant activity, bone mineralization, and immune response.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antioxidant activity, Broiler chicken, Growth performance, Kaolin, Silicification, Strength

%D 2021
%T Effects of Diet Containing Fermented Canola Meal on Performance, Blood Parameters, and Gut Health of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. M. Elbaz
%N 1
%V 11
%P 01-07
%L eprints167
%X The current research aimed to study the effects of the fermented canola meal (Lactobacillus) diet on productive performance, blood parameters, and gut health of broiler chickens under high ambient temperature conditions. A total number of 320 (Ross-308) one-day-old broiler chickens were allocated randomly into four experimental groups for 42 days. Four experimental groups with four types of diet, including the control group (CON) received basal diet, and three other experimental groups were supplemented with 20% of the canola meal (CM), 20% fermented canola meal (FCM), and 20% canola meal with probiotic (PCM). The chickens that fed FCM presented improvement in live body weight, feed conversion ratio, and higher nutrient digestibility, compared to CM and PCM groups. Serum glucose, total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of levels of chickens fed by FCM were higher than chickens fed CM and PCM, while there was a decrease in cholesterol. Fermented canola meal resulted in some noticeable beneficial changes in the cecum microflora communities through increasing the population of Lactobacillus spp. and decreasing the Escherichia coli and improved its morphology by increasing villus height. The results indicated that the fermentation of canola meal has enhanced performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health, which allow using greater amounts of fermented canola meal as a replacement of soybeans meal in the broiler diet.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Canola meal, Fermentation, Gut health, Performance, Serum parameter.

%D 2021
%T Changes in Serum Lysozyme and Bactericidal Activity in Growing Heifers of Different Breeds
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V. I. Eremenko
%A E. G. Rotmistrovskaya
%N 2
%V 11
%P 68-71
%L eprints31
%X The study presents the results of a study of the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum of heifers of different breeds. The experiment involved 4 groups of heifers, 10 heads in each group: 1) Black-and-white Holstein; 2) Simmental; 3) Aberdeen-Angus; and 4) crosses of Simmental and Aberdeen-Angus breeds. Animals of all groups were kept in the same feeding and housing conditions. During the experiments, the animals were fed according to generally accepted standards. Blood was taken from animals from the tail vein in the morning before the first feeding in compliance with the aseptic rules. It was found that with an increase in gestation, the activity of serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and serum lysozyme activity (SLA) in the blood of heifers gradually increases.in conclusion, during pregnancy, the level of SBA and SLA in the blood of heifers depended on the month of pregnancy and the breed of animals. During pregnancy, hybrid heifers have higher levels of SBA and SLA, and relatively low levels of SBA and SLA are observed in Black-and-White, Simmental and Aberdeen Angus heifers. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.12
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Aberdeen-Angus Bactericidal Heifer Lysozyme activity Simmental

%D 2021
%T Performance, Carcass and Internal Organs Characterizes of Broiler Chickens with Phytase Supplementation from Burkholderia Sp. Strain Hf.7
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A . Hafsan
%A A. H. Thaha
%A A. Natsir
%A A. Ahmad
%N 2
%V 11
%P 52-56
%L eprints30
%X Feed formulation with phytase supplementation is an innovation in the feed industry to improve monogastric feed quality without increasing production costs. This study aims to determine the carcass weight of broilers and the percentage of internal organs by providing various feeds, including those supplemented with phytase in phytase units (FTU) from Burkholderia sp. strain HF.7. A completely randomized experimental design was used in this study, using 108 broilers for five weeks of maintenance in three treatments with six replicas, each replica consisting of six broilers. The experimental feed given to broilers was basal feed without phytase supplementation (P1), basal feed + 750 FTU phytase (P2) and commercial feed (P3), each with the category of starter phase and finisher phase. Carcass weight and percentage of organs in broilers (liver, heart, gizzard, and lymph) were measured in each treatment unit. The results showed that broilers that consumed phytase supplemented feed had a higher carcass weight with a lower feed conversion value than broilers fed basal feed without phytase. These findings also indicate that the addition of phytase from Burkholderia sp. HF.7 strain at 750 FTU/kg feeds does not interfere with the organs of broilers' physiological function because of no increase in the percentage of the liver, heart, gizzard, and lymph. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.9
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Broiler Burkholderia Internal organs Performance Phytase

%D 2021
%T Control of Intestinal E. coli Infection in Broiler Chicks Using Lactobacillus casei Isolated from Nono
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A O. M. Ikele
%A I. M. Ezeonu
%A C. N. Umeh
%N 1
%V 11
%P 101-109
%L eprints222
%X The current study aimed to evaluate whether the probiotic Lactobacillus casei could be effective in controlling chicken intestinal colibacillosis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli.) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) isolates were obtained from nono (a sour milk product produced by Fulani tribe of Nigeria), and were used for the chicken infection and probiotic treatment, respectively. The experimental design was conducted on three-week-old broiler chicks, which were divided into five groups, namely A (healthy control), B (infected without treatment), C (infected and treated with antibiotic), D (infected and treated with L. casei), and E (initially given L. casei before infecting with E. coli). Groups C and D were treated using 15 g/L norfloxacin and 1.5 ml of 1.1x109cfu/ml L. casei, respectively. Group E was given the oral infusion of 1.5 ml of 1.1 × 109 cfu/ml L. casei before infection with 1.5 ml of 1.3 × 107 cfu/ml avian pathogenic E. coli. Weight, hematological parameters, liver function, and fecal E. coli counts of the chicks were monitored and used to evaluate the level of protection elicited by the probiotic organism. There was weight gain in chicken groups, except for group B. There was a significant difference in the sodium, chlorine, and bicarbonate levels amongst the groups. The hematological profile revealed a significant difference in the hemoglobin, white blood cells, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts of the chicken groups. Assessment of liver enzymes showed no significant difference amongst the chick groups except in group B. Similar results were obtained for the urea, creatinine, and C-reactive protein levels. The microbial tests revealed a decrease in the total E. coli count for groups C, D, and E. The results of the current study indicated that L. casei could be used as a probiotic in the control of chicken colibacillosis.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Colibacillosis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Nono, Probiotics

%D 2021
%T Egg Production, Fertility, Hatchability and Luteinizing Hormone Profile of Progesterone Hormone Injected to Arabic Gold Chicken (Gallus turcicus)
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A . Iswati
%A M. H. Natsir
%A G. Ciptadi
%A T. Susilawati
%N 1
%V 11
%P 73-82
%L eprints224
%X The production and reproduction performance of chicken depends on their hormonal status, especially progesterone hormone, which has been known to correlate with egg production. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of progesterone hormone injection on Arabic Gold chickens (Gallus turcicus) regarding egg production and luteinizing hormone concentration in blood plasma. A total number of 60 Arabic Gold chickens aged 26-weeks were divided into three groups based on injected hormone concentration (P0: control; P1: 1 mg/chicken; P2: 2 mg/chicken). The study was conducted using a completely randomized design and the obtained data were analyzed with a descriptive analysis for qualitative data and one-way analysis of variance followed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test as a post hoc test for the quantitative data. The results presented that progesterone hormone injection had a significant effect on hen day production two and six weeks after injection. The P1 group was able to reach its peak production (82.9%) at week 29, while the P2 group reached its peak at week 26 (78.9%). In addition, it was found that the P2 group produced a soft-shelled egg and double egg yolk. Progesterone injection led to no significant effect on the egg weight, shape index, fertility, embryo viability, hatchability, and chick weight at hatch. The luteinizing hormone concentration was higher in P2 (1.52 ng/ml), compared to P0 (1.36 ng/ml) and P1 (1.34 ng/ml) groups. It was concluded that progesterone hormone injection during the production phase of Arabic Gold chicken had a significant effect on egg production and caused varying egg production peak and luteinizing hormone concentration.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Arabic Gold chicken, Egg quality, Hen day production, Luteinizing hormone, Progesterone.

%D 2021
%T Comparative Effects of Synthetic Lysine and Methionine Supplements on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finisher Broilers Fed Corn-Soybean Based Diets
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V. N. Meremikwu
%A P. N. Gboshe
%N 2
%V 11
%P 46-51
%L eprints28
%X The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of lysine and methionine supplements in corn-soybean meal diets for finisher broilers, by comparing their combined and sole effects on performance and carcass characteristics of the birds. Parameters measured were performance (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality), dressed weight, dressing percentage, carcass cuts and internal organs. The experimental diets were: T1 (control) = lysine + Methionine, T2 (sole lysine) and T3 (sole methionine) supplements. Final body weight, weight gain, carcass and carcass cuts were significantly higher in the control (lysine + methionine) than in the sole supplemented diets, while sole supplementation with methionine (T3) produced significant higher values than sole lysine (T2) in the above mentioned parameters The liver was significantly enlarged in the birds that received the sole supplemented diets. Due to the enlarged liver of the birds fed the sole supplemented diets, it was concluded that supplementation with both lysine and methionine is indispensable in corn- soybean meal based diets for finisher broilers. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.8
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Amino acid Broiler Lysine Methionine Supplement

%D 2021
%T Effects of Pre-Determined Level of Folic Acid Supplement on Performance and Carcass Characteristics Of Broiler Chickens
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A V. N. Meremikwu
%A E. D. Izuki
%N 2
%V 11
%P 57-62
%L eprints27
%X A pre-determined level of folic acid supplement (30 mg per litre of drinking water) was fed for varying durations (7, 10 and 14 days) from day-one of age to determine the effect on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. The objective was to confirm the high levels of abdominal fat pads in previous trials with graded levels of folic acid, to clarify the mechanism underlying adipose tissue growth in broilers. Parameters measured were body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, folic acid intake, mortality and dressed weight, dressing percentage, carcass cuts and internal organs. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences. The outstanding result of this research was on the conformation of the dressed carcasses of the folic acid treated birds, characterized by expanded abdominal regions filled with large mass of abdominal fat pads. There was no difference between the control and the folic acid birds in other parameters measured, except the group on the longest duration of folic acid supplementation, which had higher feed intake. Folic acid intake increased significantly with increase in the duration of administration. It was concluded that, the large mass of abdominal fat pads of the folic acid birds were as a result of cell multiplication (hyperplasia) due to the fact that folate-mediated one-carbon units transfer reactions support rapid proliferation of cells and are important during periods of active cell division. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.10
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Abdominal fat Broiler Folic acid Pre-determined level Supplement

%D 2021
%T Effect of Egg Storage Length on Hatchability and Survival of Koekoek Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. M. Molapo
%A M. Mahlehla
%A P. P. Kompi
%A M. Taoana
%N 1
%V 11
%P 31-35
%L eprints258
%X Chicken production plays a major in the livelihood of rural people due to the provision of eggs and meat which are high sources of protein. This calls for sustainable production of chickens through strategies aimed at improving the hatchability of eggs and survival of chickens. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of egg storage length on egg hatchability and survival of the Koekoek chickens. A total number of 270 eggs were divided into three treatment groups, and the eggs of each group were stored for 3, 7, and 11 days before incubation. Each treatment consisted of three replicates. The General Linear Model procedure was used to analyze the data. The eggs that were stored for three days before incubation had a higher hatching percentage, compared to those that were stored for 7 and 11 days before incubation. Storing eggs for few days before incubation resulted in reduced embryonic mortality rate and lower mortality of chickens during the first seven days after hatching. Based on these results, is recommended that Koekoek chicken eggs should be stored for three days before incubation to maximize hatchability and survival of chickens before the age of seven days.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eggs, Storage, Embryo mortality, Hatchability, Koekoek chicken.

%D 2021
%T Effect of Pre-Slaughter Antacid Supplementation of Drinking Water on Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Namted
%A K. Srisuwan
%A C. Bunchasak
%A C. Rakangthong
%N 1
%V 11
%P 16-21
%L eprints267
%X Antacid is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, bicarbonate, and citric acid, which can neutralize stomach acidity and may stabilize the pH of post-mortem carcass and meat. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the carcass and meat quality of broiler chickens by supplementing the antacid in drinking water. A total of 48 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were divided into two groups that the first group was the control group (did not receive antacid supplementation in the drinking water) and the second group was supplemented with antacid in drinking water (0.10%) for three days pre-slaughter. It was found that the antacid supplementation increased the percentage of breast meat, while carcass yield, and thigh, drumstick, and wing were not significantly affected. The pH of breast meat 45 minutes and the drip loss at 24 hours post-slaughter was significantly higher. The shear-force of breast meat was reduced (P < 0.05) by antacid supplementation. For the color of the breast meat, there were no significant differences in lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) between the two groups, but the total difference in the color of meat was slightly increased. It can be concluded that supplementing the drinking water with an antacid for three days before slaughter improves the carcass and meat quality of broiler chickens by maintaining the pH and water holding capacity of the meat.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antacid, Broiler chickens, Carcass yield, Meat quality.

%D 2021
%T Effects of Acetaminophen and Vitamin Supplement on Feed intake, Body Weight, and Acute Pain Responses of Pullets Subjected to Beak-trimming
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. O. Okoroafor
%A N. H. Okereke
%A I. R. Udegbunam
%N 1
%V 11
%P 22-30
%L eprints279
%X The first experiment aimed to compare the effects of manual and electric beak-trimming on feed intake, body weight, and some biochemical parameters of eight-week-old pullets. A total of 20 pullets aged 3 weeks were assigned to two treatment groups; those in group A were manually debeaked while the samples in group B were electro debeaked. The findings indicated that 2 hours post-beak-trimming (PBT), the packed-cell volume of group A was significantly higher than that of group B. Plasma cortisol level of group A was significantly higher than that of group B at 2 and 6 hours PBT while total plasma protein level of group A was significantly lower than that of the group at 2 and 72 hours PBT. Furthermore, feed intake and body weight markedly decreased in the pullets debeaked with both methods until 72 hours PBT. The chickens’ beak trimmed with both methods experienced intense pain of varying degrees lasting up to 72 hours. In the second experiment, 40 eight-week-old pullets were assigned to four groups; group A was the control, group B was treated with a vitamin supplement, group C was treated with acetaminophen, and group D was treated with vitamin supplement plus acetaminophen. After 24 hours, chickens were beak-trimmed using a manual cutter. The results revealed that 2 hours PBT, plasma cortisol level in groups B, C, and D were significantly lower than that of group A. Blood glucose was lowest in groups A and D at 6 and 24 hours PBT, respectively. It is concluded that the pre-treatment with vitamins and NSAIDs could reduce stress and pain in debeaked chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Anti-stress, Debeaking, Pain, Pullet.

%D 2021
%T Morphobiometric Characteristics and Biodiversity of Indigenous Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) in Benin
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. M. Orounladji
%A S. K. Tozo
%A C. A. A. M. Chrysostome
%N 1
%V 11
%P 136-150
%L eprints283
%X The present study aimed to describe the morphobiometric characteristics of indigenous guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) populations in Benin. The current study was carried out on 1320 (529 males and 791 females) adult (at least 24 weeks old) indigenous guinea fowls from three climatic zones (Sudanian, Sudano-Guinean, and Guinean) of Benin. Each guinea fowl was subjected to a direct phenotypic description, biometric measurements, and photography. The results showed that the plumage coloration of indigenous guinea fowl in Benin was significantly diverse, but the most widespread plumage colors were pearl grey (30%), black (29.5%), and cinnamon (9.8%). The most common beak colors were grey (64.9%) and yellow-orange (24.8%). The eyes were predominantly black-white (67.1%). Grey-orange (33.7%), grey (32%), and black-orange (21%) colorations were more represented on the shanks with wattles relatively dominated by red-white (59.4%) and white-red (30.5%). The average live weight of guinea fowl was 1.34 kg in males which was 4.38% heavier than females. All the biometric measurements were significantly higher in males. The live weights of guinea fowl in the Sudanian zone (1.40  0.18 kg) were higher than those of guinea fowl found in the Sudano-Guinean zone (1.27  0.24 kg) and Guinean zone (1.33  0.28 kg). Principal Component Analysis indicated that three distinct groups of guinea fowl can be formed based on their biometric measurements (live weight, chest circumference, body length, drumstick length, shank length, shank diameter, and wingspan). The phenotypes’ diversity was relatively abundant (1-Hill: 0.69) in all climatic zones. The phenotypic biodiversity observed in the populations of indigenous guinea fowl in Benin can guide farmers to select specific phenotypes to meet consumer preferences.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.18
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Benin, Biodiversity, Climatic zone, Indigenous guinea fowl, Phenotypic characteristic.

%D 2021
%T The Protein Digestibility of the Broiler Chickens Fed Jamu Formula, a Local Herbal Solution
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Rusny
%A M. N. Hidayat
%A U. Kalsum
%A M. Masri
%N 2
%V 11
%P 63-67
%L eprints29
%X Jamu (local herbal drinking) have been known for a long time by inhabitants in Indonesia as conventional home grown pharmaceutical and to progress digestion system within the body. Jamu, not as it were for people but also for creatures. Local farmers have moreover utilized jamu for chicken for a long time, and it’s utilize is expanding. This Research points to decide the impact of jamu to extend protein in vivo digestibility in broilers and for knowing the ideal level of jamu for optimum protein digestibility in broilers. The strategy utilized in this investigate is Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatment and 5 replications, each redundancy comprises of 1 broiler chickens, so there are 20 chickens. The treatment comprises of P0 (control), T1 (jamu 1.5 mL/500 mL), T2 (jamu 2.5 mL/500 mL) and T3 (jamu 3.5 mL/500 mL). The parameters watched were digestibility protein in broilers. Based on the examination of fluctuation, it appears The treatment had no critical impact on chicken protein broilers' digestibility given jamu. However, seeing each treatment's average value, T1, T2 and T3 tend to increase to 99.62, 99.68 and 99.71, respectively. In conclusion, supplemented with jamu formula does not significantly affect broiler chicken protein's digestibility, but the digestibility increases with increasing formula, up to the formula 3.5 mL/500 mL (T3) as the ideal level. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.11
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Broiler Digestibility Herbal treatment Jamu Protein

%D 2021
%T The Effects of Mixed Vitamins, Minerals, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids Supplementation into Drinking Water on Broiler Chickens’ Performance and Carcass Traits
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A . Sadarman
%A R. Arisandi
%A A. Hamid
%A E. Saleh
%A W. N. H. Zain
%A M. M. Sholikin
%A T. R. Prihambodo
%A R. P. Harahap
%A R. Solfaine
%A A. Sofyan
%A A. Irawan
%N 1
%V 11
%P 47-52
%L eprints305
%X The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of the feed supplement containing minerals, fatty acids, vitamins, and amino acids added to drinking water on broiler chickens’ performance and carcass traits. A total of 100 one-day-old Cobb 707 (mean weight 46.7 g) were randomly assigned into four treatments, including control group (C), C + 2.25 ml/L Viterna Plus (V1), C + 2.50 ml/L Viterna Plus (V2), and C + 2.75 ml/L Viterna Plus (V3). Each treatment group contained 5 replicates of 5 birds in each (25 birds per treatment). Birds were maintained for 28 days. The results suggested that feed supplement at 2.50 ml/L could successfully improve final body weight, performance index, and carcass weight (P < 0.05). Concurrently, the treatment also reduced the percentage of abdominal fat (P 0.05). In conclusion, the incorporation of commercial feed supplement containing mixed of minerals, vitamins, and amino acids at 2.50 ml/L into drinking water improved the overall performance of the broiler chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Carcass, Feed supplement, Tropics, Viterna plus.

%D 2021
%T Clinicopathological Findings in Suspected Cases of Virus-induced Neoplastic Diseases in Commercial Layer Chickens in Nigeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. A. Sani
%A C. I. Ugochukwu
%A S. E. Abalaka
%A A. Saleh
%A M. S. Muhammed
%A S. B. Oladele
%A P. A. Abdu
%A C. Njoku
%N 1
%V 11
%P 08-15
%L eprints313
%X Avian neoplastic diseases, including Marek’s disease (MD), avian leukosis (AL), and reticuloendotheliosis (RE), are of economic importance in the chicken industry. However, it is difficult to differentiate MD from AL and RE by clinical signs and postmortem examination. Therefore, the present study aimed to classify the avian neoplastic diseases affecting commercial layer chickens in Nigeria using clinical history, postmortem examination, and histopathological technique. Carcasses of commercial layer chickens from 7 and 20 poultry farms in Kaduna and Plateau States were studied, respectively, from February 2017 to March 2018. The age, morbidity, and mortality rates in each of the affected farms were determined. Detailed postmortem examinations were carried out on the carcasses from the affected farms, and organs observed to have neoplastic lesions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histopathology. The age means of the affected layers were 20.6 weeks and 20.8 weeks in Kaduna and Plateau States, respectively. The average morbidity rates of neoplasm in the affected layers were 3.9% and 9.3% in Kaduna and Plateau States, respectively, while the average mortality rates were 8.6% and 8.5% in Kaduna and Plateau States, respectively. The clinical observation of affected chickens indicated that they were anorexic and emaciated. Generally, the neoplastic lesions were characterized by white to gray, multifocal, firm nodules of varying sizes on the affected organs. In Kaduna State, the neoplasms were commonly observed on the liver (85.7%), spleen (71.4%), heart (42.9%), and kidneys (42.9%), while in Plateau State, the affected organs included liver (50%), spleen (25%), proventriculus (25%) and lungs (25%). The histopathological changes in the affected tissues were similar and characterized predominantly by the infiltration of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and macrophages. The patterns of distribution of the pleomorphic neoplastic cells within the liver were multifocal and perivascular in most cases. Findings from the current study indicated that cases of neoplasms in commercial layer chickens in Kaduna and Plateau States, Nigeria, could be attributed to MD.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian neoplastic diseases, Layer chickens, Pathology.

%D 2021
%T Identification of Somatic Antigens of Adult Fasciola gigantica Isolated from Bali Cattle
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Sriasih
%A A. Munjizun
%N 1
%V 11
%P 138-145
%L eprints525
%X In most tropical countries, such as Indonesia, fasciolosis is generally caused by Fasciola gigantica known as tropical liver fluke. However, most fasciolosis serodiagnostic tests have been developed solely for diagnosing fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica (non-tropical liver fluke), and very few have been specifically designed for F. gigantica. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of antigenic proteins from the somatic extract of F. gigantica isolated from Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). The liver flukes were collected from a slaughtering house in Mataram, Indonesia. The somatic extracts were prepared by homogenizing in buffers containing 0.05 M NaCl, 0.02 M PMSF, and 0.05% Triton X-100. The characterization of the somatic extract proteins was performed using one-dimension gel electrophoresis and followed by Western blotting to determine the profile of its antigenic proteins. There were 14 bands of the somatic extracts with an estimated molecular weight ranging from 8 to105 8 kDa shown on the gel electrophoresis. The results of the Western blot show that there were five prominent protein bands. Three out of five prominent antigenic proteins with molecular weights of 8, 27, and 33 kDa are promising to enrich the existence of antigens that have immunodiagnostic value for fasciolosis. Therefore, further studies are required to examine more deeply the potency of those three antigenic somatic proteins of F. gigantica.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj19
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bali cattle, F. gigantica, Immunodiagnostic, Somatic extract, Western Blot

%D 2021
%T Changes of Body Condition Scores, Serum Biochemistry and Liver Triacylglycerol in Periparturient Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows Raised in a Small-Holder Farm
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. Triwutanon
%A T. Rukkwamsuk
%N 1
%V 11
%P 23-28
%L eprints535
%X This Negative energy balance (NEB) inevitably occurs in periparturient dairy cows.  Its consequences are related to reduced cows’ performances. Most studies concerning the NEB are performed in dairy cows of large-scale farms, particularly raised under non-tropical climate. The current study aimed to investigate the changes in body condition score, serum biochemical parameters, and liver triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in periparturient Holstein Friesian dairy cows raised by a small-holder farm. In this regard, 10 healthy pregnant dairy cows in a small-holder farm were recruited for the study. At 4 weeks before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after calving, blood samples were collected for determination of glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations. BCS was evaluated at 4 weeks before and 2 weeks after calving. Liver samples were collected 4 weeks before and 2 weeks after calving to determine TAG concentration. Results revealed that serum NEFA and liver TAG concentration were elevated postpartum. Serum BHBA concentrations increased postpartum and the concentration indicated that dairy cows entered NEB condition as type I ketosis with a longer period. Serum IGF-I concentrations and BCS did not differ between before and after calving. In conclusion, dairy cows raised under small-holder tropical conditions suffered from serious NEB, though the cows had low milk production, as compared with the commercial non-tropical condition.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood biochemistry, Dairy cow, Liver triacylglycerol, Negative energy balance, Small-holder farm

%D 2021
%T Diallel Analysis on Breast and Thigh Muscle Traits in the Cross of Three South African Indigenous Chicken Genotypes
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. L. Tyasi
%A J. W. Ng’ambi
%A D. Norris
%N 1
%V 11
%P 116-122
%L eprints334
%X The present study aimed to estimate carcass characteristics of pure and crossbred chickens produced from three parental populations. A 3 × 3 complete diallel mating system involving three indigenous breeds, namely Potchefstroom Koekoek (P), Venda (V), and Ovambo (O), was used to produce three purebred (P × P, V × V, O × O), three crossbreds (P × O, P × V, O × V) and three reciprocals (O × P, V × P, V × O). The nine genetic groups were reared from hatch to 10 weeks of age in an open house with deep litter. At 10 weeks of age, six chickens per genetic group were randomly selected for slaughter. After slaughtering the breast and thigh muscles samples for analysis of the carcass characteristics (Meat colour, meat pH, and Shear force). The results showed that the Potchefstroom Koekoek breed had higher values in all colour indicators, L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness), compared to the other chicken breeds. The Potchefstroom Koekoek and P × O breed had higher pH values ranging from 5.66 to 6 at two hours post-slaughter and from 5.54 to 6.38 at 24 hours post-slaughter. The pH declines in all the nine genetic groups after two to 24 hours, with the exception of the crossbred P × O, which increased from 6.06 to 6.38. In terms of shear force, the O × P had the highest shear value, ranging from 35.89N to 74.80N, compared to other genetic groups. Potchefstroom Koekoek had normal meat colour and pH, whereas the Venda breed had tougher meat than other genotypes. The results of the present study might be useful for local chicken farmers to improve carcass traits.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2021.15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Crossbred, Meat colour, Meat pH, Purebred, Shear force.

%D 2021
%T Nutritional Composition, in Vitro Gas Production and in Sacco Degradability of Processed Croton Megalocarpus Nuts for Ruminant Feeding
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. K. njoroge
%A C. C. wambui
%A C. B. wasike
%N 2
%V 11
%P 36-45
%L eprints32
%X This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of processed croton nut on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and in sacco degradability. Four forms of croton nut namely: whole nut (WN), peeled nut (PN), De-husked nut (DhN) and De-fatted seed (DfS) were subjected to proximate analysis, Van Soest fibre fractionation, mineral composition analysis, phytochemical and aflatoxin tests. Degradability analyses were conducted using in vitro gas production and in sacco degradability techniques. Defatted seeds recorded significantly high level of CP and NFE (198 g/kg and 174 g/kg), whereas, ash content and ether extract (EE) were significantly high in WN (59 g/kg) and DhN (362 g/kg) respectively. Low fibre fractions of NDF (556 g/kg) and ADF (490 g/kg) were observed in DhN, while the mineral content was high in DfS which had calcium at 2.13 g/kg and phosphorus at 5.04 g/kg. High level of flavonoid was recorded in WN (124 g/kg), whereas low level of alkaloids was found in DfS (60 g/kg) and tannins in PN (7.1 g/kg). The potential in vitro gas production (a+b) was highest in DfS (22.2 ml/0.2 gDM) while potential in sacco degradability (a+b) was highest in DhN (58.4 ). High level of organic matter digestibility (OMD) (41 ) was observed in DfS. At kp=0.025 rumen outflow rate, DhN had the highest effective degradability of dry matter (56.6), while the rate effective crude protein degradability was 80.0 . Processing through peeling and dehusking improved the protein, energy and mineral content of DhN and DfS while crude fibre content reduced. Nutritional composition and degradability characteristics of all forms of croton nuts imply that they could be used in a total mixed ration (TMR) to supply requisite nutrients for maintenance of ruminant animals, while DhN and DfS could be used to supplement energy and protein for increased productivity. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2021.7
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Chemical composition Croton nut degradability Gas production technique Processing

%D 2021
%T Effect of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on palmar fibromatosis
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Menna Allah M. SAAD
%A Amal M. ABD ELBAKY
%A Ashraf ABO ALFOTOOH
%A Karim I. SAAFAN
%N 01
%V 11
%P 13-19
%L eprints562
%X Introduction. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is therapeutic modality that applies shockwave from outer part of the body to a specific lesion and promotes revascularization and hence stimulates the curing process of connective tissues, relieves pain and improves function. Aim. The present study was done to detect the role of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in reducing palmar fibromatosis using Arabic version of modified QuickDASH-9 scale. Methods. Thirty patient with age ranged from 50 to 70 suffering from palmar fibromatosis were randomly selected from faculty of physical therapy modern technology and information university outpatient hand clinic, Cairo, Egypt and distributed into two equal groups: study group (A) received ESWT once a week for six weeks, done at frequency of 6–8 Hz with 1700 pulse/session at 0.18 mj/cm2 with traditional physical therapy protocol (U.S, massage, stretching ex, range of motion (ROM) ex and splinting). Group B received traditional physical therapy protocol. The measurements were conducted pre and post six weeks of treatment using Arabic version of Modified Quick DASH-9 scale and Jamar hand dynamometer. The study was carried out from April to December 2020. Descriptive statistics and unpaired t-test were conducted for comparison of age between groups. Results. There was a significant decrease in the score of Arabic modified Quick DASH scoring which is a good sign of improvement and increase in the hand grip strength. Conclusion. Extracorporeal shockwave is a beneficial method in reducing the progress of palmar fibromatosis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.2
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), Shockwave Therapy, Palmar fibromatosis, Arabic Modified Quick DASH-9 scale, Jamar hand dynamometer

%D 2021
%T CHARACTERISTICS OF OSTRICH MEAT IN MANUFACTURING SAUSAGE IN COMPARISON WITH BEEF
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Y. H. Elhashmi
%A S. Y. Falih
%A M. E. Ibrahim Abdalmageed
%N 1
%V 11
%P 23-27
%L eprints37
%X Ostrich meat has become one of the most popular meat around the world. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the quality characteristics of processed meat, compared to products made from beef. The Ostrich and beef meat was prepared and stored frozen. Sausage was processed in laboratory and analyzed for chemical composition (crude protein, moisture, fat and ash). Physical properties include Water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss and microbiological analysis were done. The findings of this study revealed that, chemical composition of sausage from ostrich and beef had highly significant differences in moisture, crude protein, lipids and ash among all types of products. Physical attribute of sausage revealed that, there were highly significant differences among all types of products. The microbiological in sausage observed that, the highly significant differences in E. coli, staphylococcus aurous, total coli form, yeast and mold and total viable count but was not significant differences in Pseudomonas among all types of sausage. The study recommended that ostrich meat can be used on manufacturing of meat as an alternative to beef meat in limited amount. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.5
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Animal Product Meat Ostrich Processing Sausage

%D 2021
%T TOXICITY OF AUTO-DETOXIFIED Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, 1753 KERNEL CAKE MIXTURES WITH BOVINE BLOOD (ADMJKC/BB) USING BRINE SHRIMP Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A D. Ewane
%A B. O. Oben
%A K. J. Ngoh Ndamukong
%A K. A. Etchu
%A E. E. Ehabe
%A J. M. Chah
%A K. F. Chah
%A P. M. Oben
%N 1
%V 11
%P 1-7
%L eprints35
%X In present study, brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) was used to determine the toxicity of auto-detoxified Jatropha kernel cake (JKC) mixed with bovine blood (ADMJKC/bb). The powdered-JKC was mixed with bovine blood (bb) at three ratios (1:1=X, 2:1=Y and 3:1=Z of JKC: bb) and the resultant mixtures processed using four protocols: Heated, Spread Dry = 1, Unheated Spread Dry = 2, Heated Spread Remoisten to 66 dry matter (DM) = 3 and Unheated Spread Remoistened to 66 DM = 4). The resultant 12 treatment combinations (X1, X2, X3, X4, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z4) were placed in a Solar J. curcas auto-detoxification apparatus from where samples were retrieved periodically and evaluated for detoxification using the brine shrimp lethality test. There were no significant differences within the same ratio of mixes among the four protocols. However, there was a tendency for mean LC50 values to increase between the ratios. Specifically, Protocol 2 recorded a significant difference between X2 and Z2 treatments, having 1:1 and 3:1 JKC: bb mixes respectively. Upon ranking the level of auto-detoxification, the most detoxified treatments (Z2 with LC50=4674 and Z4 with LC50 =3692) differed significantly from the least two (X1 with LC50=1383 and X2 with LC5o=1459). Addition of bovine blood to JKC increased the dynamics of JKC auto-detoxification, probably due to the presence of some innate auto-detoxifying microbial inoculum and bovine blood which boost the rapid growth, development and succession of these microbes. Thus combining JKC with bovine blood is complementary for JKC auto-detoxification, with the most detoxified ingredients (Z2, Z4 and Y3) appearing most suitable for further development and testing as feed ingredient for farm animals. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.1
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Auto-detoxification Bovine blood Feedstuff Jatropha Shrimp

%D 2021
%T Stem cells: source and therapeutic application
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Haben FESSEHA
%N 01
%V 11
%P 01-12
%L eprints561
%X Introduction. Stem cells spontaneously renovate themselves into a specialized adult cell type. These defining characteristics have a lot of advantages in stem cell-based therapies. The two key types of stem cells are pluripotent and multipotent, which can differentiate to various cells in the adult body and only restricted cell types, respectively. Currently, Stem cell treatment is now very promising, bringing tremendous promise for medical medicine by offering treatments for untreatable disorders. Regulated laboratory steps of stem cell development and derivation are needed to ensure the genesis of stem cells. Besides, before implementation, stem cells should undergo quality control and teratoma development tests, which are necessary to determine their properties. While progress in the clinical use of stem cells is being made, there are still barriers to stem cell therapy being embraced internationally. Aim. The biology, cell sources, characteristics, differentiation, therapeutic application potential and manipulation achievement are discussed.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2021.1
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Differentiation, Therapeutic application, Stem cells, Pluripotency, Source

%D 2021
%T EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF PROBIOTIC, PHYTOBIOTICS OR THEIR COMBINATION ON PERFORMANCE, BLOOD INDICES AND JEJUNAL MORPHOLOGY OF LAYING HENS DURING POST PEAK PRODUCTION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Hidayat
%A V. D. Yunianto
%A B. Sukamto
%A S. Sugiharto
%N 1
%V 11
%P 8-12
%L eprints33
%X The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus), phytobiotics (bay leaves, onion peel and garlic peel) or their combination on blood parameters, morphology of digestive tract and performance of laying hens. The experiment used 144 laying hens aged 72 weeks old, and divided into 6 treatments including Ctl (basal feed as control); Pr (basal feed + 1.2 mL/day of probiotic L. acidophilus); Ph2 (basal diet + 2 phytobiotic of diet); PrPh2 (basal diet + 1.2 mL/day probiotic + 2 phytobiotic); PrPh4 (basal diet +1.2 mL/day probiotic + 4 phytobiotic) and PrPh6 (basal diet + 1.2 mL/day probiotic + 6 phytobiotic). Feed intake and egg mass were weekly recorded. One chick from each replicate was blood sampled and then slaughtered for data collection. Results showed that treatments had no effect on hemoglobin, erythrocyte and leukocyte of hens. The control hens had higher levels of cholesterol and LDL than that of PrPh2, PrPh4 and PrPh6 hens. HDL level tended to be higher in PrPh2 and PrPh4 as compared to control hens. Compared to control, the villi height of jejunum was higher in the treated hens, with PrPh4 had the highest villi height. Ileal protein digestibility tended to be higher in the treated than that in control hens. Also, there was a clear tendency that feed conversion ratio was lower in the treated hens than that of control. In conclusion, the combined use of probiotics and phytobiotics improved physiological condition, ileal histomorphology, ileal protein digestibility and feed conversion of laying hens during post peak production. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.2
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Garlic Herb Laying Hen Phytobiotic Probiotic

%D 2021
%T EFFECT OF LACTATION LENGTH AND LITTER SIZE ON MILK COMPOSITION OF BOER GOAT WITHIN ONE MONTH OF PARTURITION
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Regmi
%A P. Mahato
%A K. R. Sapkota
%N 1
%V 11
%P 18-22
%L eprints36
%X The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lactation length and litter size on the milk composition of Boer goats. Milk samples from 23 lactating Boer goats reared in NLBO (National Livestock Breeding Office), Pokhara, Nepal, were collected and analyzed in a laboratory present within a farm. Goats were reared under the same environment and provided with similar care and management. Lactation length showed a non-significant effect on fat content in the milk whereas all other constituents were influenced significantly. Similarly, litter size showed a significant effect on the freezing point of milk only. Litter size and all milk constituents were negatively correlated. However, Litter size and freezing point showed moderately strong correlation. Twinning did not significant influence fat, protein, lactose and solids nonfat content of goat milk. All constituents were weakly correlated to litter size however freezing point showed moderately strong correlation. Thus, more focus must be given to the nutritional management of triplets and twins to improve their growth rate compared to a single kid. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.4
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Boer goat Lactation length Litter size Milk composition Twinning

%D 2021
%T BIOMASS YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER FROM SELECTED VARIETIES OF LABLAB (Lablab Purpureus L) IN NANDI SOUTH SUB-COUNTY OF KENYA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. J. Wangila
%A C. Karuku Gachuiri
%A J. W. Muthomi
%A J. O. Ojiem
%N 1
%V 11
%P 28-35
%L eprints38
%X Low quality feeds is the main challenge ailing livestock production among the small-scale farmers in the tropics. Cheaper sources of alternative high quality fodder supplements are needed to improve livestock productivity. The objective of this study was to determine biomass yield and quality of fodder from selected lablab varieties. Eight lablab varieties namely, DL1002, Ngwara Nyeupe, Echo-Cream, Black-Rongai, EIdo-Kt-Cream, EIdo-Kt-Blackl, Brown Rongai and Eldo-Kt-Black2 were established in three sites of Nandi south sub county, Kenya. Randomized complete block design was used at farm level with four replications per site. Data on biomass yield, chemical composition and in vitro-dry matter digestibility of the eight lablab forages was collected. Biomass yield differed significantly among the lablab varieties ranging from 5.6-12.6 t DM/ha across the three sites. Highest biomass yield was recorded for Brown Rongai (12.6 t DM/ha) and lowest with DL1002 (5.6 t DM/ha). Crude protein (CP) content varied significantly between varieties with sites ranging from 19.6-23.9 g/100g. Highest CP was recorded with Eldo-Kt-Cream and Black Rongai (23.9 g/100g and 23.7 g/100g) across the three sites. For all the varieties, Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 44.4-48.6 g/100g, acid detergent fibre (ADF) 31.6-35.7 g/100g and acid detergent lignin (ADL) 9.0-11.9 g/100g across the three sites. Highest NDF was recorded with DL1002 (48.6 g/100g), ADF with Eldoret-Kitale-Black2 (35.9 g/100g) and acid detergent lignin with DL1002 (11.7 g/100g). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) varied significantly between varieties and sites ranging from 67.6-75.7 g/100g between the varieties across the three sites. Eldo-Kt-cream and Black Rongai had the highest IVDMD (75.7 and 74.4 g/100g) across the three sites. Eldoret-Kitale-Cream and Black Rongai varieties had better dry matter yield, crude protein and low fibre fractions compared to the other varieties signifying their potential to be recommended as supplement to low quality fodder by small-scale farmers. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.6
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Biomass yield Digestibility Feed Fodder Lablab

%D 2021
%T EFFORTS, SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF GREEN FEED PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. A. Woldemariam
%N 1
%V 11
%P 13-17
%L eprints34
%X Improving the feed supply and digestibility of roughage through green feed supplementation was the aim of forage production in Ethiopia. In spite of the time-consumed efforts made, the success is still low. This review summarizes efforts, challenges, good practices and indicates where the focus of future efforts should be. The efforts made in improve forage production (IFP) includes selection of forage species and development strategies, preparation of extension manual, training of stakeholders, formulation of forage seed production system, and introduction of hydroponic fodder. As a result farmers increased milk production and reduce feed cost by 20 and 40 , respectively, and fatten ruminants in 2 to 3 cycles per year as a result of improved forage use. However, there is no management model for communal grazing land. IFP constrained by long dry period, scarcity of land, irrigation and the subsistence system of livestock production and the free grazing practice. Consequently, the communal grazing lands are devastatingly overstocked and degraded, livestock become dependent on crop residues, IFP practice remains low and livestock feed deficit is common. Therefore, it is recommended that future efforts should focus on designing communal grazing land tenure model and development package. Green forge production (GFP) should concentrate on livestock excluded areas and tree legumes to produce green feed in the dry period. GFP best practices should be expanded to the areas similar to that the practices found effective. Reduce feed deficit by improving crop production to increase the crop residue and the grain yield. The subsistence system of production should be transformed into market-oriented by introducing a technology package that reduces young stock mortality, increases fertility, calf/ lamb crop and livestock offtake rate. Technical simplicity and cost-effectiveness, of the hydroponic fodder system, should be assessed before implemented in a wider setting. © 2021, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.3
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Animal Nutrition Forage Grazing Green feed Livestock

%D 2021
%T NUTRITIVE VALUE OF Gymnarchus niloticus AND Heterotis niloticus
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A H.M.A. Sulieman
%A O.M. Omer
%N 6
%V 11
%P 213-218
%L eprints712
%X Major aspects of flesh nutritive value of Gymnarchus niloticus and Heterotis niloticus were studied in present research work. The body yield of H. niloticus followed the following decreasing order; fillet, head, skeleton, skin and viscera while in G. niloticus it is fillet, skeleton, head, skin and viscera. The fillet yield was found to be 46.9 in G. niloticus and 42.3 in H. niloticus. The length weight relationship, body weight and yield weight were significantly correlated in both species. Both species showed relatively high fat content. Significant negative correlations were found between moisture and ash in H. niloticus and between moisture and fat in G. niloticus. On the basis of nutritional value (fat/protein) ratio of H. niloticus recorded 1:11.69, while the calculated caloric value of H. niloticus was found to be 308.572 kcal/g and 253.474 kcal/g for G. niloticus. Present study provides a base line data on yield indices, chemical composition and nutritional value of these species and considered both species as a good source of food with high nutritive value. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/OJAFR.2021.31
%I Scienceline Publication
%O Department of Biology, College of Science, Yanbu Branch, Taibah University 039, Saudi Arabia; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Health and Irrigation, Khartoum, Sudan
%K Body yield; Gymnachus niloticus; Heterotis niloticus; Nile Fishes; Nutritional value

%D 2020
%T Phytobiotics in Poultry Industry as Growth Promoters, Antimicrobials and Immunomodulators – A Review
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. A. Abd El-Ghany
%N 4
%V 10
%P 571-579
%L eprints84
%X Due to the hazardous use of antimicrobials in poultry production sector, development of drug resistance have become a worldwide problem. Therefore, using biotic or natural products, such as phytobiotics (phytogenics or botanicals) have received a great attention as antibiotic substitutes. The use of phytobiotics or their constituents have been considered as a relatively new class of natural herbs that gained popularity and acceptability among poultry farmers. The incorporation of several types of phytobiotic additives in poultry feed have proved their ability to enhance the productive performance of broilers as well as layers. Moreover, phytbiotics presented great efficacy in counteracting intestinal pathogenic microorganism while maintaining the population of normal inhabitant beneficial microflora. Immunostimulatory effect on both humoral and cellular immunity as well as antioxidant properties were recorded as characters of phytobiotics. Therefore, this review article aimed to give a spotlight on the uses of different types of phytobiotics as poultry dietary additives to improve the productive parameters, reduce the pathogenic intestinal bacteria, and potentiate the immune response, especially after vaccination processes.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.65
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antimicrobial, Immunity, Performance, Plants, Poultry

%D 2020
%T Impact of In-Ovo Injection of Folic Acid and Glucose on Hatchability, and Post-Hatching Performance of Broiler Chicken
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. A. Abdel-Halim
%A F. R. Mohamed
%A M. A. R. El-menawey
%A H. B. Gharib
%N 4
%V 10
%P 481-491
%L eprints349
%X The present study was designed to investigate the impact of in-ovo injection of folic acid and glucose on hatching eggs from 55 weeks old broiler breeders. A total number of 900 hatching eggs were collected from Arbor Acres broiler breeders, then, eggs were divided into 6 groups including 1) Negative Control (non-injected, NC), 2) Dry Punch Control (pricked without injecting any solution, DPC), 3) Positive Control (eggs were injected with 0.5 mL normal saline, PC), 4) Folic Acid group (eggs were injected with 0.2 mg/ egg folic acid, FA), 5) Glucose group (eggs were injected with 125 mg/ egg glucose, Glu), and 6) Folic Acid with Glucose group (eggs were injected with 0.2 mg folic acid with 125 mg/ egg glucose, FA+Glu). Each treatment was divided into five replicates of 30 eggs each. Eggs were injected into the albumen under the air sac. After in-ovo injection, the eggs were stored for four days before hatching. After hatching, the chickens were reared in groups according to the treatments. All treatments were divided into 10 replications of 9 chickens in each. In-ovo injection with folic acid decreased the albumen pH significantly to 9.19 after 4 days of injection, while the negative control was 9.43. Hatching quality was severely affected by all in-ovo injection treatments, but no significant differences were found between the treatment groups concerning the hatchability of fertile eggs. Injection treatments had no significant effect on the growth rate or the production number in any of the weeks. Injection of folic acid and (FA+Glu) significantly increased chickens’ body weight at two and four weeks of age. Also, the dressing percentage when using folic acid and (FA+Glu) was significantly increased to 72.1% and 72.5%, respectively, compared to the positive control group (68.3%). In conclusion, our data suggested that in-ovo injection with a mixture of folic acid and glucose (0.2 mg folic acid+ 125 mg/ egg glucose) could be used to enhance carcass characteristics. Further studies should be conducted to find the effects of in-ovo injection folic acid and glucose on different incubation days and at different sites of injection.
%R 10.29252/scil.2020.wvj58
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Folic Acid, Glucose, Hatchability, In- Ovo injection, Old breeders, Post-hatch

%D 2020
%T Microbiological Studies on Naturally Present Bacteria in Camel and Buffalo Milk
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. M. Abdou
%A R. H. Hedia
%A S. T. Omara
%A M. M. Kandil
%A M. A. Bakry
%A M. M. Effat
%N 4
%V 10
%P 562-570
%L eprints351
%X The aim of current study was to isolate and identify naturally occurring probiotic Lactobacillus species in buffalo milk, camel milk, and camel urine to investigate their susceptibility to antibiotics and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. A total number of seven samples which included three milk samples from buffalo, three milk samples from camel, and one urine sample from camel were collected and used in this study. The samples were cultured, and 18 isolated strains were identified by using 16S rRNA multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis, which was performed following DNA extraction from the isolated bacteria. Buffalo and camel milk were different in their Lactobacilli content. All Lactobacilli strains that were found in both camel milk and camel urine, were also found in buffalo milk, Lactobacilli strains in camel milk and urine were generally more resistant to the antibiotic. Lactobacilli isolated from buffalo milk, camel milk, and also camel urine presented variable degrees of antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Further studies should be conducted with more samples to gain more information in the field of antibacterial activity of probiotic lactobacilli and to understand the mechanisms of their activity. Hopefully, they can be used as natural alternatives instead of synthetic antibiotics.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj67
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibacterial, Antibiotics, Lactobacillus, Probiotics.

%D 2020
%T Incidence of Appendicular Bone Fracture in Dogs and Cats: Retrospective Study at Veterinary Hospital of Cairo University and some Private Clinics in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. A. M. Abo-Soliman
%A A. E. Ahmed
%A H. A. M. A. Farghali
%N 4
%V 10
%P 638-652
%L eprints354
%X Appendicular bone fractures in small animal practice constitute a major challenge facing veterinary orthopedic surgeons concerning affected limb and bone as well as the extent of tissue damage, site, and shape of the fracture line. Therefore, this retrospective study was designed to provide descriptive data at referral veterinary teaching hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University, and some private pet clinics in Cairo district, Egypt to identify and determine the prevalence of appendicular fractures arising from trauma in dogs and cats treated from January 2017 to January 2020, and emphasizing the information that characterized the population (breed, age, gender, and animal size). The investigated fractures were classified according to the specific limb (forelimbs / hind limbs), specific bone fractures (Humerus, radius and ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, and the other bones), extent of tissue damage (open or closed and incomplete or complete), site (proximal, diaphyseal or distal zones), number (single or comminuted), and the direction of the fracture line (transverse, oblique or spiral). From the obtained data, it could be concluded that there was a high incidence of the appendicular long bones concerning the different bone fractures with significantly higher records in dogs, compared to cats. The highest records of fracture were in mongrel dogs, and cats as rescued animals. Excluding mongrel dogs and cats, the highest incidence of fracture-cases in dogs was recorded in Miniature breeds and svelte breeds for cats. Male dogs and cats showed a higher incidence than females. The bone fracture mostly occurred in dogs younger than one-year-old, and cats aged one to three years. A fracture in the hindlimbs was more significant than forelimbs with the highest incidence in femoral bone among both dogs and cats. The percentage of open fractures were more common in cats than dogs. Incomplete fractures were recorded more frequently in dogs than cats. In dogs, the most common fractures in the femur, tibia/fibula, humerus, and radius/ulna were complete comminuted diaphyseal femoral, complete oblique diaphyseal tibial/fibular, complete transverse distal humoral, and complete transverse diaphyseal radial/ulnar fractures respectively. Moreover, cats were complete transverse distal femoral, complete oblique diaphyseal tibial/fibular, complete spiral diaphyseal humoral, and complete transverse distal radial/ulnar fractures. In conclusion, appendicular bone fracture among dogs and cats referred to the veterinary teaching hospital, Cairo University and some private clinics in Egypt showed high incidence (87% in dogs and 71.8% in cats) out of total fracture cases and this incidence correlated with some predisposing factors (including breeds, weight, age, and gender) and causative agents that resulted in different types of appendicular fractures.
%R 10.54203/scil.2020.wvj77
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cat, Dog, Femur, Fracture, Orthopedic

%D 2020
%T Immune-Complex Infectious Bursal Disease Virus versus Live Attenuated Vaccines to Protect SPF Chicken against Very Virulent Virus Challenge
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. S. Abou El-Fetouh
%A M. H. Hafez
%A E. R. El-Attar
%A M. Ezzat El-Agamy
%N 4
%V 10
%P 556-564
%L eprints90
%X In this study infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccinations were evaluated against very virulent IBD (vvIBDV) challenge and were compared. A total of 120-day-old white Leghorn SPF chickens were divided into 6 groups (each was 20 birds). Two groups were vaccinated on either day 1 with an immune-complex vaccine. The second groups were vaccinated at days 9 and 14 of age using intermediate and intermediate plus IBD vaccines, respectively the balance groups are controls. All vaccines were administered according to the manufacturer's instructions. The challenge was conducted on the 16 days of age using 105 EID50 /0.1 ml of a vvIBDV strain via the oculonasal route. The antibody immune response was monitored in all groups at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. The performance, bursal gross lesions, challenge virus detection, and bursal histopathology were evaluated in vaccinated non challenged and vaccinated challenged birds at days 21 and 28 of age. All vaccinated groups were protected against the vvIBDV challenge compared to 40% mortality in the challenge control group. Both the immune-complex and live attenuated IBD vaccine groups showed similar bursa body weight (BB) ratios compared to the negative control group. The immune-complex vaccinated groups antibody titers were significantly higher except on 28th day of age. Upon challenge, the intermediate/intermediate plus vaccinated challenged group showed higher antibody titers at 21 and 35th with the challenge virus detection and quantification on day 28. The immune-complex vaccinated challenged group developed milder bursal histopathology signs but no differences between the 2 vaccine programs were seen. It can be understandable, the use of either immune-complex vaccine at day-old or early vaccination with intermediate followed by intermediate plus live attenuated IBD vaccines induced protective antibody titers and protect chickens against an early vvIBDV challenge. The suggested schedules need further evaluation in commercial broilers with maternal derived IBD antibodies to simulate field conditions.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.63
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Immune-Complex vccine, Infectious Bursal Disease, Live Attenuated Vaccine, SPF Chicken

%D 2020
%T Coxiella Burnetii in Horses of Algeria: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. Ansel
%A K. Benfodil
%A A. M. Cherif
%A A. Abdelli
%A R. Kaidi
%A K. Miroud
%A K. Ait-Oudhia
%N 4
%V 10
%P 602-608
%L eprints371
%X The Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii (an obligate intracellular bacterium). This pathogen affects humans, ruminants, equines, carnivores, rodents, and birds. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2017 to May 2018 to assess the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors of C. burnetii infection in horses (Equus Caballus) residing in three districts of Algerian, namely Tiaret, El-Bayadh, and Ghardaia. Serum samples collected from 182 horses were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Association of seropositivity with potential risk factors related to animals (e.g., age, gender, breed, housing, and presence of ticks), breeding characteristics (e.g., geographical localization, contact with animals), and environmental characteristics (i.e., presence of water source) was analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. An overall seroprevalence of 9.9% (18/182) was obtained. The univariate analysis of risk factors for C. burnetii seroprevalence demonstrated higher seropositivity in horses that had contact with small ruminants (p=0.004) and dromedaries (p=0.002) as well as in those living near a water source (p=0.036) and in El-Bayadh district (p=0.005). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk of C. burnetii infection was significantly higher in horses that were in contact with small ruminants (RR: 15.6). Algeria is endemic for Q fever in horses and prophylactic measures must be taken to reduce /prevent its transmission to animals and humans.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj72
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Algeria, Coxiella burnetii, ELISA, Horses, Q fever, Seroprevalence

%D 2020
%T Effect of Heat Stress on Developmental Competence of In Vitro Matured Oocytes of Camelus Dromedaries with Different Qualities
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. Ashour
%A A. El-Sayed
%A M. Khalifa
%A N. Ghanem
%N 4
%V 10
%P 658-664
%L eprints375
%X The deleterious effect of heat stress on cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) competence is well recognized in different livestock species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physiologically relevant heat stress on the developmental competence of camel COCs during in vitro maturation (IVM). A total of 1548 COCs were divided into six groups in this study. The groups were named K1 and K2 representing good and low-quality COCs incubated at 38.5oC for 30 hours. While K3 and k4 represent good and low-quality COCs exposed to 41oC for the first 6 hours of IVM. Finally, K5 and k6 represent the groups of good and low-quality COCs exposed to 42oC for the first 6 hours of IVM. After exposure of COCs to heat stress at 41°C and 42°C during the first 6 hours of in vitro maturation, the COCs were incubated at 38.5°C for 24 hours of IVM. The in vitro matured COCs were activated to cleave using ethanol followed by 4 mM 6-DMAP and developed embryos were cultured in vitro for 7 days post parthenogenetic activation. The results of this study indicated that heat stress at 42oC significantly decreased the Pb (polar body) extrusion rate in K4 and K6, compared to other groups. Additionally, the embryo cleavage rate was significantly lower for good and low-quality oocytes exposed to heat stress (K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6), compared to good quality COCs of the control group (K1). The cleavage rate was lower for low quality (K2; 63 ± 1.28) than good quality COCs (K1; 53 ± 1.85). The percentages of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage were lower for K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6 than K1. Moreover, the blastocyst rate was lower for K2 (9 ± 0.22) than K1 (15 ± 0.22). The results of this study indicated that exposure of camel oocytes to heat stress for 6 hours during in vitro maturation severely reduced extrusion of polar body, cleavage, and blastocyst rates. The low-quality camel COCs were reduced developmental capacity than good quality oocytes.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj79
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Camel, Embryo development, Heat stress, Oocyte

%D 2020
%T Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella spp. Isolated from Apparently Healthy Pigeons in a Live Bird Market in Chattogram, Bangladesh
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Z. B. Bupasha
%A R. Begum
%A S. Karmakar
%A R. Akter
%A M. Bayzid
%A A. Ahad
%A M. S. Sarker
%N 4
%V 10
%P 508-513
%L eprints394
%X Multidrug-resistant Salmonella could pose a severe public health threat. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and some antibiotic-resistant genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from pigeons in a live bird market, Chattogram, Bangladesh. A total of 100 cloacal swab samples were collected aseptically from apparently healthy pigeons in the live bird market, namely Riazuddin Bazar in Chattogram city, Bangladesh. Different bacteriological and biochemical tests were used for the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. The susceptibility test of Salmonella isolates to different antibiotics was performed by the disk diffusion method. PCR assay using specific primers was used for antibiotic resistance genes detection. The results indicated that the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 29% in sampled birds. The highest antibiotic resistance rate was found to be ampicillin (93.1%), followed by both sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and tetracycline (86.2%). In contrast, 65.5% of isolates were found sensitive to ciprofloxacin, followed by colistin (62.1%), kanamycin (55.2%), and gentamicin (48.3%). 96.6% of Salmonella isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant and harbored blaTEM, tetA, sul1, and sul2 genes. In conclusion, pigeons as carriers of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. may pose a health risk to other birds and humans.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj61
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiogram, Antibiotic resistance genes, Pigeons, Prevalence, Salmonella

%D 2020
%T Characteristics of Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Reared under Conventional and Free-range Systems
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A P. Davoodi
%A A. Ehsani
%N 4
%V 10
%P 623-630
%L eprints153
%X Alternative chicken production systems have become popular in recent years due to animal welfare criteria and consumer’s perceptions. General beliefs express that the meat quality of chicken reared under free-range systems is better than that of chickens under conventional production conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the meat quality and carcass traits of chickens raised in conventional and free-range systems. Either conventional or free-range systems used meat-type Hubbard JA57 birds with a slaughter age of approximately 78 days. For assessing carcass traits and meat quality, six male chickens were selected from each system. The meat quality parameters, pH at 45 minutes, ultimate pH, color coordinates, drip loss, cooking loss, and water-holding capacity were measured. Furthermore, proximate parameters, such as crude protein, total fat, and crude ash were determined. There were no significant differences in main carcass yield and breast muscles between chickens reared in two systems, however, color values dramatically were influenced by rearing systems. Breast muscle samples from birds reared under the conventional system had a smaller hue angle and saturation value than those from the free-range birds. Moreover, the drip loss parameter was significantly higher in free-range chickens. The ash and protein contents of breast muscles were similar although raw breast meat from free-range birds had significantly lower fat content. The results prove that a free-range rearing system can modify the appearance, color values, and fat content of chicken meat and it can be a part of the interests of meat production consumers.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.71
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chickens, Free-range, Hubbard JA57, Intensive rearing system, Meat quality

%D 2020
%T Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Livestock and Residents of New Valley Governorate, Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. S. Diab
%A S. A. Allah Zidan
%A N. A. A. Hassan
%A H. Elaadli
%A A. M. Bayoumi
%N 4
%V 10
%P 531-539
%L eprints402
%X Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease which is now considered endemic in most parts of Egypt. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2018 to February 2020 to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and livestock residing in two regions located in New Valley Governorate, Egypt. A total of 1254 animals (673 cattle, 348 sheep, and 233 goats) and 523 human serum samples were examined for brucellosis using Rose Bengal test (RBT) and then randomly selected sera (15 from cattle, 7 from sheep, 3 from goats, and 45 from humans) were further analyzed by complement fixation test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to compare and detect the sensitivity and specificity of RBT. The prevalence of brucellosis was 0% in cattle, sheep, and goats while it was 23.9% in humans using RBT. Concerning humans, there was a higher percentage of infection in EL Kharga (33.6%). The prevalence of this infection was also at a higher level among individuals aged above 40 years (28.57%). Furthermore, men (26.11%) were more inclined to be inflicted, compared to women (22.5%) with no significant difference. Considering the human occupation, abattoir workers were the most predominant group of people at risk (33.3%), followed by farmers (31.25%) and animal keepers (20.6%) while the lowest prevalence was demonstrated in the housewives where the prevalence was 18.8 %. As a result, risk factors of the age range, locality, time of infection, contact with animals, and occupational groups could significantly affect the prevalence of human brucellosis in the New Valley Governorate. In conclusion, brucellosis is an alarming problem among residents of the New Valley Governorate. Thus, reducing the prevalence in humans and animals in the region of study may include restriction of the marketing the raw milk and enhancing public health awareness.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj64
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Brucellosis, Cattle, Complement fixation test, ELISA, Human, Rose Bengal test, Sheep and goats.

%D 2020
%T Coccidiosis: A Parasitic Disease of Significant Importance in Rabbits
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 4
%V 10
%P 499-507
%L eprints411
%X Rabbits are considered an important and healthy source of animal protein all over the world. They are susceptible to important diseases that can reduce their productivity, causing severe economic losses. Coccidiosis is one of the important protozoon diseases caused by Eimeria species. Rabbits are highly susceptible to coccidiosis, especially after weaning time. Coccidiosis in rabbits has two forms, namely hepatic and intestinal. Affected animals indicated the symptoms of diarrhea, reduced appetite, dehydration, and weight loss as well as liver and intestinal lesions. Diagnosis is based on the detection of the infective stages of the protozoon in feces or affected tissues. Prevention and control are achieved by adopting hygienic measures and using different anticoccidial drugs. The use of natural alternatives for the prophylaxis of coccidiosis in rabbits indicated promising results. Vaccine production trials are still under investigation. Accordingly, this review article aims to shed light on coccidiosis in rabbits considering pathology, diagnosis, and control.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj60
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eimeria, Intestine, Liver, Rabbits, Treatment

%D 2020
%T Identifying the Virulent Factors of Clostridium perfringens Locally Isolated from Different Species
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H. A. El-Helw
%A M. M. Taha
%A E. F. El-Sergany
%A E. E. Z. Kotb
%A A. S. Hussein
%A Y. A. Abdalla
%N 4
%V 10
%P 617-624
%L eprints415
%X Clostridium perfringens incriminated in many diseases among different species of animals due to its ability to produce many virulence factors. In the current study, 135 intestinal samples were collected from different animal species of different localities in Egypt. Samples were subjected to isolation and identification (morphologically and biochemically) for obtaining Clostridium perfringens isolates (n=26, 19.25%). The PCR was carried out to elucidate the virulence factors. It was indicated that all the 26 Clostridium perfringens isolates had CPA gene and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE gene), whereas 23% of isolates of chicken and cattle intestinal samples contained CPA, Net B, and CPE genes as virulence factors. Consequently, those isolates are highly recommended to be used in the preparation of enterotoxemia and necrotic enteritis vaccines as they are more virulent strains.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj74
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Clostridium perfringens, CPA gene, CPE gene, Net B gene

%D 2020
%T Molecular Breeding of Three Genes Associated with Egg Production Traits in Three Strains of Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. S. El-Tahawy
%A M. M. Abdel-Rahman
%N 4
%V 10
%P 605-614
%L eprints185
%X Breeding programs play an important role in increasing the performance of chickens. The poultry industry regards growth and reproduction as the two most economically valued characteristics for providing adequate animal proteins. Genetic variations are the basis of animal breeding. The present study was conducted on three genes, including Prolactin, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR), and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GNRHR). DNA was isolated from 48 chickens taken from three strains Lohmann Brown (17), Sinai (24), and Gimmizah (7) for Prolactin, HMGCR, and GNRHR gene amplification by using the PCR protocol. Electrophoresis was performed on the PCR products and the bands were viewed on a transilluminator. The size of the Prolactin gene, HMGCR, and GNRHR were 154, 675, and 210 bp, respectively. For the Sinai strain, five bands for Prolactin, two bands for HMGCR, and six bands for GNRHR were found while for the Lohmann Brown strain, five bands of Prolactin gene, three bands for HMGCR, and five bands for GNRHR were found. Regarding the Gimizah strain, two bands were found for Prolactin and GNRHR genes and there was only one band for the HMGCR gene. The Lohmann Brown strain respectively matured 13 and 91 earlier than Gimizah and Sinai strains with a higher egg number during the first 90 days.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.69
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Breeding, Chickens, Egg production, GNRHR gene, HMGCR gene, Prolactin gene, PCR

%D 2020
%T S-Methyl Cysteine Protective Effects in Oreochromis Niloticus Fish Contaminated by Thiobencarb Herbicide
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. Elmadawy
%A W. Abdo
%A A. A. E. D. Omar
%A N. B. Mahfouz
%N 4
%V 10
%P 551-561
%L eprints418
%X Thiobencarb which is a carbamate herbicide is used for managing undesirable weeds during rice cultivation in Egypt. This study was designed to investigate the adverse effects of a field dose of thiobencarb on Nile tilapia and ameliorating the role of the low dose of S-methyl cysteine (SMC). Experimental fishes were divided into four groups; first group was reared without any treatments and served as a control group; the second group was exposed to thiobencarb (36µg/L); the third group was fed on a commercial feed containing 200 mg of SMC/Kg in conjunction with thiobencarb added to aquarium (36µg/L) while, the fourth group was fed on a feed containing 200 mg of SMC/Kg only. Fishes were sacrificed at the end of the experimental course (two months) and sampling was carried out. Catalase, Glutathione S Transferase activities, Glutathione reduced, and Malondialdhyde levels were assayed. Genotoxic effect of thiobencarb and SMC on treated fish was investigated in erythrocytes, gills, and liver tissues using micronucleus and comet assay. Histopathological examination of livers, gills, and brain was also carried out. The results indicated that fish exposed to thiobencarb indicated herbicide dependent oxidative stress and genotoxic effect justified by a significant difference in antioxidant biomarkers as well as nuclear abnormalities and comet parameters compared to control values. Moreover, histopathological findings were in line with other results. SMC ameliorated the adverse effects which were effective in the improvement of DNA and oxidative damage in thiobencarb intoxicated fish.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj66
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carbamate, Fish, Genotoxic damage, Histopathology.

%D 2020
%T The Effect of Dietary Administration of Virgin Coconut oil on Differential Leukocytes in Infected Chicken with Eimeria tenella
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Z. S. Faradilla
%A M. Yunus
%A H. A. Hermadi
%N 4
%V 10
%P 615-622
%L eprints192
%X Coccidiosis is the main problem in poultry diseases. It is caused by the parasite Eimeria tenella, which induce the immune response of leukocyte. Anticoccidial drugs are administered in the poultry feed to control coccidiosis. However, taking medication for a long time can lead to resistance. Recent studies have indicated that Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has some benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects. The present research aimed to identify the effect of VCO at the different doses in improving the various leukocyte counts of chickens infected with E. tenella. Male chickens were divided into five groups (T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4) and treated for 28 days. T0 was neither infected with E. tenella nor get treatment, T1 was only infected with E. tenella, T2 was treated with 5 ml/kg VCO feed and had E. tenella infection, T3 was treated with 10 ml/kg VCO feed and had E. tenella infection, and T4 was treated 20ml/kg VCO feed and had E. tenella infection. Differential leukocyte was counted with a blood cell counter. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results indicated that a dose of 10 ml/kg feed and 20ml/kg feed of VCO could improve the differential leukocyte counts of chickens infected with E. tenella by maintaining the counts of basophil, eosinophil, heterophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte in the normal range. The present study concluded that VCO by a dose of more than 10 ml/kg would improve the differential leukocyte counts of chickens infected with E. tenella.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.70
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Differential leukocyte count, Eimeria tenella, Virgin Coconut Oil

%D 2020
%T Effect of L-Carnitine and Yeast Chromium Supplementation on Productive Performance in Pekin and Sudani Duckling during Growth Period
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A H. M. S. Hassan
%A K. A. E. M. A. Ali
%A A. R. A. E. H. Gouda
%N 4
%V 10
%P 587-596
%L eprints447
%X The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of L-carnitine and Yeast chromium supplementation on the productive performance of Pekin and Sudani duckling breeds. A total number of 450 both unsexed Pekin and Sudani ducklings (225 per each breed) one-day-old were investigated in the current study. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks of age. Experimental ducklings were randomly divided into the 5 equal treatments with 90 ducklings (45 number from both Pekin and Sudani ducklings per each). Each experimental treatment was randomly divided into 3 equal replicates of 30 ducklings (15 ducklings in each breed). The five experimental treatments were as follows: the first treatment was the control with basal diets, treatments 2 and 3 received basal diets supplemented with 300 and 450 mg/kg diet L-carnitine (LC), respectively, while treatments 4 and 5 received basal diets supplemented with 400 and 600 μg/kg diets Yeast chromium (Cr), respectively. The results indicated that growing duckling fed diets supplemented with LC and Cr were significantly improved in live body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. The relative weight of carcass quality and weight of lymphoid organs significantly increased with supplemented diets. Therefore, both duckling breeds fed on diets supplemented with 450 mg LC/kg resulted in better performance without any adverse effect on carcass quality as well as economic efficiency.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj70
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K L-carnitine, Pekin ducks, Productive Performance, Sudani ducks, Yeast chromium.

%D 2020
%T Phenotypic Correlations among Various Egg Quality Traits in Pearl Grey, Lavender, Royal Purple, and White Varieties of Helmeted Guinea Fowl
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. Manyeula
%A O. Tumagole
%A P. Kgwatalala
%N 4
%V 10
%P 580-586
%L eprints249
%X Guinea fowls are increasingly popular in Botswana since they not only provide an alternative to access protein in the form of eggs and meat but also become a good source of income for the peasants. There are different varieties of Guinea fowl in Botswana, including pearl grey, lavender, royal purple, and white. Indeed, there is a need to conduct more studies related to the phenotypic correlations among egg quality traits in different varieties of helmeted guinea fowl found in Botswana. Therefore, the present study was targeted toward the evaluation of both the external and internal quality characteristics of the four different varieties of the domesticated helmeted guinea fowl found in Botswana. In this regard, a total of 150 eggs were collected from the so-called varieties of domesticated helmeted guinea fowl. The egg weight was positively and significantly correlated with egg length, egg width, shell weight, egg surface area, and egg volume; however, the egg weight was negatively correlated with egg shape index. Of the four varieties of domesticated helmeted guinea fowl found in Botswana, the white variety had the strongest correlation coefficients with various external egg quality traits and different internal egg quality characteristics. The lavender variety had the highest correlation coefficients with internal and external egg quality traits. It seems that the selection for higher egg weight as is the case in the current egg grading system can lead to the greatest improvements in other egg quality characteristics in the white and lavender varieties, compared to the pearl grey and royal purple varieties. Therefore, the lavender and white varieties are the potential candidates for the possible selection of layer-type guinea fowl varieties.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.66
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Botswana, Egg traits, Guinea fowl, Layer-type

%D 2020
%T Effect of Amphora coffeaeformis and Star anise as Dietary Supplementson the Immunity and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Mohamed Shawky
%A S. Ibrahim Fathalla
%A S. Hassan Orabi
%A H. Hassan El-Mosalhi
%A I. Said Abu-Alya
%N 4
%V 10
%P 631-642
%L eprints256
%X The present study was designed to evaluate the impacts of daily dietssupplemented with Amphora coffeaeformis and Star anise on growth performance and immunity of Cobb broiler chickens. Amphora coffeaeformis is considered a potent free radical scavenger due to the presence of β-carotene and fucoxanthin, which are used widely as food additives. Star Anise has a natural antioxidant, which can also be used for the chemo-prevention of disease occurring due to oxidative deterioration. A total of 270 broiler chickens were divided into three groups, each with three replicates of 30 birds. The control group (G1) was given the basal diet, the Amphora group (G2) received Amphora in a dose of 1g/Kg in the ration, and the Star anise group (G3) received Star anise in a dose of 2g /Kg in the ration. The results indicated that Amphora and Star anise significantly improved the final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, total white blood cells count, phagocytic activity percentage, phagocytosis index in plasma, IgM, IgG, and A/G ratio in serum. In addition, Amphora and Star anise significantly increased mRNA expression of hepatic growth hormone gene, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) genes (IGF1), and mRNA expression of splenic interferon-gamma (INF-γ) and Interleukin 12 (IL-12p35) genes from broiler chickens, compared to the control group. In conclusion, the use of fed additives, such as Amphora coffeaeformisand Star anise in the diet of broiler chickens for 35 days was sufficient to improve broiler growth performance and could modulate their immunity.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.72
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Amorphacoffeaeformis, Broiler chickens, Diet supplementation, Growth performance, Immunity, Star anise

%D 2020
%T Reproductive Performance of Koekoek Chickens at Different Levels of Feed Restrictionsa
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. M. Molapo
%A E. Webb
%A M. A. Mahlehla
%A T. Chabeli
%A P. Kompi
%N 4
%V 10
%P 565-570
%L eprints259
%X The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of the feeding levels on the reproductive characteristics of Koekoek chickens. A total of 270 Koekoek chickens were randomly assigned to 4 feeding level treatments in a completely randomized design. The four feeding level treatments were fully fed during the rearing and laying phase (AA), fully fed during the rearing phase and restricted feeding during the laying phase (AR), restricted feeding during the rearing phase and fully fed during the laying phase (RA), and restricted both during the rearing and laying phase (RR). The General Linear Model procedure (SPSS software, version 17) was used to analyze the data set. The pubic bone measurements were 23.6, 25.1, 16.1, and 15.1 mm for chickens that received AA, AR, RA, and RR treatments, respectively, at 18 weeks of age. At 32 weeks of age, chickens given AA and RA treatments had wider pubic bones than chickens given AR and RR treatments. Combined ova and oviduct weights were higher in the fully fed chickens at 18 weeks of age. Koekoek chickens in AA treatment had the highest average egg production. Chickens given AR treatment had lower average egg weights than those given AA, AR, and RR treatments. Chickens treated with AA and AR reached puberty earlier than those that were treated with the RA and RR treatments. The eggs produced by chickens given RR treatment had a higher average hatching percentage. The lowest percentage of hatches was observed in chickens that were fed ad libitum during the rearing phase. In conclusion, the feed restriction only during the rearing phase improved the reproduction performance of Koekoek chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.64
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Egg weight, Fully fed, Hatchability, Koekoek, Laying percentage, Oviduct, Pubic bone, Restricted

%D 2020
%T Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H5 among Poultry Workers of Central Traditional Markets in Indonesia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A D. Novitasari
%A C. Anwar
%N 4
%V 10
%P 643-648
%L eprints275
%X Avian Influenza (AI) has been spread rapidly in almost all the provinces of Indonesia by the end of 2007, and it has become endemic. Avian Influenza viruses can be infecting to human from direct or indirect contact with the infected or dead poultry, and a visit to the wet poultry market in the neighborhood. Seroprevalence studies can be used to identify the clinical key, epidemiological studies, and the spread of AI viruses in humans. The aim of present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Avian Influenza (AI) virus, subtype H5 among poultry workers at the central traditional market in industrial. To meet the mentioned demand, 26 blood samples were collected from the poultry workers via the median cubital vein. The antibody titer was examined using Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) assay using H5 antigen from duck licensed under A/Dk/Indonesia/AU-78/12 (H5N1) and three kinds of red blood cells taken from horse, chicken and guinea pig. The serum samples were added with Receptor Destroying Enzyme (RDE) with a ratio of 3:1 (v/v) for an overnight, and pretreated with 10% of red blood cells before the HI assay was conducted. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the percentage of seroprevalence of Avian Influenza (AI) virus, subtype H5 among poultry workers at central traditional market was 0%. Thirteen samples showed a negative result of the HI test. All of the workers’ blood serum obtained less than 24 antibody titer from the HI test. As the results showed, the research on the poultry workers in the traditional market was carried out, and it obtained negative results; all the workers were not infected with the Avian Influenza virus. In other words, Avian Influenza is not meaningful in poultry farm workers in Sidoarjo suburb traditional farms.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.73
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian Influenza, Poultry workers, Seroprevalence, Traditional market.

%D 2020
%T Polymorphism of the Prolactin Gene in Egyptian Duck Breeds
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. M. Sabry
%A D. M. Mabrouk
%A M. A. Abdelhafez
%A E. M. El-Komy
%A K. F. Mahrous
%N 4
%V 10
%P 587-598
%L eprints304
%X In avian, the prolactin hormone triggers and regulates ovarian follicle development. This study aims to detect the Prolactin (PRL) gene polymorphisms (exons 1and5) in four Egyptian duck breeds, namely Campbell, Moulard, Muscovy, and Pekin using PCR-RFLP technique and sequence analysis. It also investigated the association of this gene with egg production, egg weight, and body weight. The present results revealed that PRL gene exon 1 and part of intron 1 showed two alleles A and B (polymorphic) in each of Campbell and Moulard, however, Muscovy and Pekin had only one allele (monomorphic). The allele A was more dominant with frequencies of 0.70, 0.60, and 1.00, compared to the allele B (0.30, 0.40, and 0.00) for Campbell, Moulard, and Muscovy, respectively. For Pekin, the allele B only appeared with the frequency of 1.0. Ducks with the high frequency of allele A were superior at egg weight, compared to others. Furthermore, for PRL gene exon 5, there were two alleles G and C (polymorphic) in Campbell, Moulard, and Muscovy, however, Pekin had only one allele (monomorphic). The allele G was more dominant (0.15, 0.74, 0.0, and 0.84) than the allele C (0.85, 0.26, 1.0, and 0.15) for Campbell, Moulard, Pekin, and Muscovy, respectively. Ducks having a high frequency of allele C were superior at egg production. Furthermore, there were many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the sequences in all breeds. The utmost ones exist at the restriction sites of XbaI enzyme for the amplified fragment, in the promotor, exon 1 and intron 1 (T378C in intron 1), and DraI enzyme for that in exon 5 (A5871G in exon 5).
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.67
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Duck, Genetic polymorphism, Genotyping, Prolactin gene

%D 2020
%T Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Antifungal Resistance in Candida albicans Isolated from Raw Goat Milk
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. M. Soliman
%A M. M. Kandil
%A E. Sa
%A A. S. Abuelnaga
%N 4
%V 10
%P 670-677
%L eprints524
%X The contamination of goat milk with pathogenic fungi can cause health hazards for the consumers either they consume it raw or even in the processed form. Since there are few studies concerning yeasts in raw goat milk, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of yeasts and isolate Candida albicans from raw goat milk samples. Also, this study determined the distribution of virulence genes and the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida albicans isolates. A total of 30 goat milk samples (collected from free-grazing goats) were mycologically examined. The confirmed Candida albicans isolates were subjected to PCR assay to detect the virulence genes (SAP4, RAS1, ALS1, HWP1, and PLB1). Also, antifungal sensitivity testing was performed against the commercially available antifungal agents and probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum). The mycological examination revealed that 14 out of 30 (46.7%) goat milk samples were positive for yeasts and only 4 (13.3%) isolates were confirmed as Candida albicans. The results from the PCR assay showed that RAS1 and ALS1 were found in 4 (100%) isolates, HWP1 and SAP4 were found in 2 (50%) isolates, while PLB1 was not detected in tested Candida albicans isolates (0%). Antifungal sensitivity testing results showed that ketoconazole gave the best activity against Candida albicans isolates, followed by fluconazole, nystatin, and itraconazole. All isolates were resistant to terbinafine. Moreover, both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum showed antifungal effects against Candida albicans, but Lactobacillus plantarum was more effective than Lactobacillus acidophilus. Antifungal resistance is a major problem that can lead to failure of candidiasis treatment. Regular antifungal sensitivity testing and searching for an alternative bio-eco-friendly approach for proper control and treatment of candidiasis are strongly needed to prevent treatment failure and emergence of resistant isolates.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj81
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antifungal sensitivity testing, Candida albicans, Goat milk, Virulence genes, Probiotics.

%D 2020
%T Peculiarities of Mineral Metabolism of Holstein Heifers’ Diet Supplemented with Copper Nanopowders
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. A. Stepanova
%A A. A. Nazarova
%A M. V. Arisov
%N 4
%V 10
%P 492-498
%L eprints527
%X The current study aimed to investigate the effect of copper nanopowder on physiological and mineral metabolism indicators of Holstein cattle during the growth process of the animal. There were two experimental groups (control and treatment) and each one included seven Holstein heifers. From the first month of each heifer in the experimental group, a suspension of copper nanoparticles in a dose of 0.04 mg/kg was orally administered daily to the usual diet. The biologically active additive was administered to the animal’s diet at intervals. The weight of the animals was measured monthly, a clinical blood test was performed, the mineral composition of the blood was studied, the mineral composition of animal hair was also examined. The findings indicated a positive dynamics in the increase of body weight in the treatment group, compared to the control group. As a result of clinical blood tests, it was noted that the number of erythrocytes, the level of hemoglobin, and hematocrit increased in the experimental animals due to copper nanoparticles compared to these parameters in these animals at the beginning of the tests. Mineral analysis of blood samples in the treatment group presented an increase in the levels of copper, potassium, iron, zinc, and manganese while in animals of the control groups there was an increase in sodium, calcium, and phosphorus. According to the blood serum and hair analysis, copper in the nanodispersed state indicated antagonistic effects on boron, silicon, antimony, molybdenum of the treatment group and there was a synergist in aluminum, titanium, manganese, cobalt, iron, and potassium levels compared to the beginning of the experiment. The obtained results indicated that the addition of copper nanopowder to the diet of experimental animals increased the growth, stimulated the function of hematopoiesis, and improved the characteristics of mineral metabolism of the Holstein heifers.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj59
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Copper nanopowder, Cattle, Mineral metabolism, Physiological characteristics

%D 2020
%T The Effect of Anchovy Fish Supplementation on the Level of N-3 LC-PUFA in Egg Yolk
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Sugata
%A A. Atmadja
%A A. Darmawan
%A Y. Tatulus
%A S. C. Djojo
%A D. Rizkinata
%A D. Rosa
%A H. Victor
%A T. T. Jan
%N 4
%V 10
%P 599-604
%L eprints324
%X Since the recommended daily intake of n-3 LC-PUFA is rarely met, interest in food enrichment has been increasing. It is known that dietary supplementation could alter the level and type of PUFA in the egg. Hence, the present study focused on the enrichment of egg yolk by the addition of 10% anchovy fish to the chicken diet. Based on gas chromatography analysis, dried and pre-dried anchovy from Indonesia contained a considerable amount of total eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which was 60.10 g and 68.80 mg/100 g, respectively. After 24 days of anchovy supplementation, DHA-rich anchovy fish oil diet caused a significant increase of DHA but not EPA in egg yolk. Hens fed with anchovy could produce eggs with a higher amount of total EPA and DHA, which was up to 155.98-201.53%, as compared to control eggs. Furthermore, the sensory profile of control and enriched eggs was also evaluated. There was no significant difference in texture, aroma, flavor, and appearance between control and enriched eggs. In conclusion, this study indicated that anchovy fish supplementation could increase the level of EPA and DHA in egg yolk without causing any sensory changes in the yolk.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.68
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Anchovy, DHA, Egg yolk, Enrichment, EPA

%D 2020
%T Ultrastructural and Molecular Characterization of Sarcocystis Species Derived from Macroscopic Sarcocysts of Domestic Sheep and Goats in Soran City, Erbil, Iraq
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. O. Swar
%A B. H. Shnawa
%N 4
%V 10
%P 540-550
%L eprints530
%X This study aimed to identify Sarcocystis species isolated from macroscopic sarcocysts from naturally infected domestic sheep and goats using the molecular method, as well as investigating the morphological and the ultrastructural characteristics of the isolated species. A total of 1000 esophagi were collected from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of sarcocysts. Macroscopic sarcocysts were isolated from the infected esophagi, and Sarcosystis species were identified molecularly by 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Moreover, the ultrastructure of the sarcocysts was investigated by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The macroscopic sarcocysts were detected in 9.1% (91/1000) of the esophagi. The results of electron microscopy indicated the characteristic features of the macroscopic sarcocysts. The cysts contained numerous merozoites and banana-shaped bradyzoites. The bradyzoites were characterized by possessing a double-membrane pellicle and consisted of a conoid in one of the apices, numerous micronemes, two rhoptries, as well as a long, convoluted mitochondrion, subterminal nucleus, and several amylopectin granules. The partial analysis of the 18S rRNA gene presented that all isolates produced bands of expected sizes on gel electrophoresis. The findings from the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified Sarcocystis species were most closely related to S. gigantea, S. moulei, and S. medusiformis. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time S. medusiformis has been recorded in goats. Goats and sheep can be proposed as alternative intermediate hosts for S. gigantea and S. moulei, respectively, cross-infection may also occur between them and the host specificity of these species of Sarcocystis is questionable.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj65
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Goats, Phylogeny, Sarcocystis, Sheep, Ultrastructure, 18S rRNA

%D 2020
%T Genome Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors in Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter fetus Subspecies Isolated from Sheath Wash
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. E. Tshipamba
%A N. Lubanza
%A M. Mwanza
%N 4
%V 10
%P 465-480
%L eprints536
%X Campylobacter fetus subspecies are mostly characterized by reproductions problems in cattle and sheep. This study aimed to study the genetic profile and assess the genes mechanism of resistance and their virulence factors using genome sequence analysis. A total of 59 confirmed Campylobacter fetus subspecies based on molecular assays and DNA sequencing were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 14 antibiotic agents representing the five classes of antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. In addition, sequencing the genome of all strains induced complete resistance against all tested antibiotics. The results of the antimicrobial test indicated that 54.4% had a resistance profile, 26.3% were intermediate, while 19.3% were observed to be susceptible. The Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) result revealed the presence of different genes, such as Broad-specificity multidrug efflux pump and 16S rRNA (guanine527-N7)-methyltransferase (gidB), efflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance (MacA and MacB), protein-altering cell wall charge conferring antibiotic resistance (PgsA), which have never been reported in Campylobacter fetus subspecies. The WGS also revealed the presence of genes that involved in colonization, adhesion, motility, and invasion, such as type IV secretion system protein (VirD4), S-Layer, cytolethal distending toxin (A, B, and C), Campylobacter invasion antigen (CiaB), and fic domain protein (fic) were among important CDS. The presence of these uncommon genes explains the resistance of Campylobacter fetus subspecies against different tested antibiotics. The results of this study can be used to implement molecular surveillance of Campylobacter fetus subspecies and conduct further studies on the resistance mechanism in these subspecies.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj57
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broad-specificity multidrug efflux pump, Campylobacter fetus subspecies, Genome analysis, Methyltransferase gidB, Multidrug resistance.

%D 2020
%T Survival and Productivity of Culinary Herb Species in a Nutrient Film Technique-type Aquaponic System with Nile Tilapia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A C. Valdez-Sandoval
%A D. Guerra-Centeno
%A M. Lepe-López
%A M. Díaz-Rodríguez
%A L. Pineda-Alvizuris
%N 4
%V 10
%P 578-586
%L eprints539
%X Aquaponics is an evolving technology for producing plants and fish (or other aquatic organisms) in an integrated water recirculating system. However, the survival and productivity of terrestrial plants in aquaponic systems have not been evaluated for most plant species. The present study aimed to analyze the survival rate, growth, and biomass production of eight culinary herbs, commonly used in Guatemala, in a Nutrient Film Technique-type (NFT) aquaponic system with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The investigated herbs included coriander (Coriandrum sativum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), peppermint (Mentha spicata), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), samat (Eryngium foetidum), oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus), dill (Anethum graveolens), and basil (Ocimum basilicum). A total of 50 individuals of each herb species and 150 juvenile Nile tilapias were distributed in 5 aquaponic modules. The survival rate, growth, and biomass production were measured for herbs and tilapias. All the herb species survived against the NFT aquaponic conditions. The findings indicated that the herb survival was species-dependent and ranged 42-98%. There was a significant effect of the herb species both on height and biomass gains. Post hoc comparison showed interspecific differential abilities to grow biomass in NFT aquaponics conditions. Among the investigated herbs, M. spicata and O. basilicum were the most productive species. Refinement in the selection of initial plants and aquaponic management could improve plant performance.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj69
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Ecological production, Hydroponics, Oreochromis, Recirculating water, Sustainable aquaculture

%D 2020
%T Characterization and Analysis of the Major Structural Protein Genes of the Recently Isolated Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. Yehia
%A D. Said
%A A. M. Zanaty
%N 4
%V 10
%P 649-661
%L eprints338
%X Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a severe infectious disease affecting chickens and causing serious economic loss. Although several studies have been conducted to characterize HVRs-S1 (Hyper-Variable Regions of Spike 1 gene) in Egypt, few of which aimed to characterize the major structural protein genes. In the present study, the genetic characterization of the major structural protein genes was carried out in 10 isolates selected from six governorates in 2019. Phylogenetically, the S1 gene was clustered into genotype GI-23 (variant II), with seven viruses that were clustered into Egy/Var II occurring in two subgroups (I, II) when aligned with previously isolated Egyptian strains. It had a specific character of 40 Amino Acids (AA) mutations except for IBV/EG/CV32/2019, which had 50 AA mutations, specifically in HVRs regions (HVRI, II, and III). The other three strains were clustered into Egy Var I with 17 AA mutations except IBV/EG/F859/ 2019, which had 15 AA mutations, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014 reference strain. The examined isolates had an additional glycosylation site at position 280 and one was missing at position 139 with the exception of two strains that only had an additional one, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014. The viruses in this study differed genetically from various vaccine seeds in the range of 69-83%. The Nucleocapsid, genetically characterized in the group of variant II (Egy/Var II) and the glycoprotein membrane genes genetically characterized in the variant group in a new sub-group with 11 and 9 AA mutations, respectively. The recombination event was only detected in the S1 gene in two isolates of IBV/EG/CV32/2019 and IBV/EG/F859/2019 from D274 and QX, respectively. In this regard, it is important to conduct continuous surveillance, pathogenicity study, and vaccine efficacy evaluation.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.74
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Characterization, Infectious bronchitis virus, Major structure protein, Matrix, Nucleoprotein, Spike

%D 2020
%T Potential Biomarker for Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A L. Zhu
%A R. Liao
%A C. Xiao
%A G. Zhu
%A N. Wu
%A Y. Tu
%A C. Yang
%N 4
%V 10
%P 545-555
%L eprints344
%X Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome is more common in laying hens with excess body weight (BW) and in the middle and late phase of egg production. However, no specific biomarkers in chickens can be used to diagnose liver steatosis or liver injury. The present study aimed to assess whether BW can be used to predict fatty liver in aged laying hens. This study also searched for potential plasma FLHS biomarkers. For these purposes, correlation among BW, relative weight of liver and abdominal fat, and plasma markers were analyzed in Hy-line brown laying hens. Furthermore, plasma levels of potential biomarkers were analyzed during the formation of fatty liver. Concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol were positively associated with BW in aged laying hens, while liver fat deposition was similar among chickens with different BW, indicating that BW cannot be used as the only criterion to discriminate aged laying hens with liver steatosis. A trend of increasing triglyceride, total cholesterol, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and lipoprotein lipase levels was found as age increased, and they were positively associated with BW indicating that they might be risk markers for FLHS in laying hens. The findings indicated that the plasma level of FABP4 was positively associated with the severity of fatty liver in aged laying hens. All the above results suggested that FABP4 might be a potential diagnostic indicator for FLHS.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.62
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biomarker, Egg production, Fatty liver, Laying hens, Poultry

%D 2020
%T Application of Natural Antimicrobial Additives and Protective Culture to Control Aerobic Spore Forming Bacteria in Low Salt Soft Cheese
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A E. K. A. shaala
%A S. A. Awad
%A A. M. Nazem
%N 4
%V 10
%P 609-616
%L eprints521
%X There is an increasing interest in the application of natural antimicrobials instead of chemical ones to enhance the microbiological quality of dairy products. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of some natural antimicrobial additives and protective culture for reducing the usage of chemical preservatives, shelf-life extension, retarding microbial spoilage in low-salt soft cheese. The antimicrobial agents (protective culture, nisin, lysozyme, and natamycin) were studied on the activity of 28 isolates of spore-forming bacteria. Inhibitory effect of different natural antimicrobial additives as protective culture (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 40 mg kg -1), nisin (25 mg kg -1), lysozyme (100 mg kg -1), combination of nisin and lysozyme (25 mg kg -1/100 mg kg -1), and combination of protective culture and natamycin (40 mg kg -1/25 mg kg -1) were studied on the growth of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in low-salt soft cheese during the storage period (30 days) at 4±1°C. The results revealed that the addition of different natural antibacterial additives with various concentrations had a significant effect on aerobic spore-forming bacteria, compared to other treatments and control. The growth pattern of aerobic spore-forming bacteria gradually decreased in all treatments along the storage period with variable reduction percentages in comparison with control cheese which was in continuous increment. The application of a combination of nisin and lysozyme had the most significant reduction of aerobic spore-forming bacteria, compared to control and other treatments.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj73
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aerobic spore-forming bacteria, Lysozyme, Nisin, Natamycin, Protective culture

%D 2020
%T PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN CAMEL IN POTENTIAL AREAS OF ETHIOPIA (THE CASE OF AFAR REGIONAL STATE)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. F. Ahmed
%A W. G. Aregawi
%A B. Urge
%A M. Endris
%N 6
%V 10
%P 321-325
%L eprints47
%X A cross sectional study was conducted from April, 2017 to October, 2018 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) helminthes and protozoan parasites in relation to contributing risk factors in camels of afar region. Accordingly, a total of 407 camels were examined. Random and purposive sampling was made in the respective districts for screening of camels. Fecal samples were collected and processed by sedimentation and floatation methods. The coprological finding indicated that about 30.22 (n = 123) of the camels harbored and excreted helminthes and protozoan parasites. Of which, the prevalence of nematodes, protozoa, cestodes, and trematodes were 144 (35.38), 28 (22.76), 8 (6.50) and 5 (4.07), respectively. The most frequently encountered parasites were Strongylus sp. 68 (55.28), Trichuris sp. 40 (32.52) Strongyloides sp. 36 (29.27), Coccidia 28 (22.76), Moniezia 8 (6.50), and Paraphystomum 5 (4.07), respectively. 17.44 of the cases were single infection while 10.57 were mixed infections. Age and body condition of the animals were significantly associated (P©0.05) with the occurrence of parasites. In conclusion, gastrointestinal parasites are the major health problems of camel in the study areas. Therefore, it is important to undertake the detailed epidemiological investigations such as seasonal dynamics, fecal culture for larvae recovery and species identification to generate parasite mitigation methods. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.43
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Afar region Camel Gastrointestinal parasite Prevalence Risk factors

%D 2020
%T EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTED COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata) HAY AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCENTRATE ON PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ABERGELLE GOATS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A B. Amare
%A A. Girmay
%N 6
%V 10
%P 313-320
%L eprints44
%X The study were conducted at Sekota district using twenty four yearling male Aberegelle goats for 100 days to evaluate the effect of substitution of concentrate mix with cowpea hay on biological and economic benefits. The treatments were natural grass hay alone (T1) and supplemented with 100 concentrate mix (T2), 75: 25 (T3), 50:50 (T4), 25:75 (T5) concentrate mix: cowpea hay and 100 cowpea hay (T6) per head per day. Randomized complete block design with six treatments and five replications was used. The crude protein (CP) content of grass hay, concentrate mix and cowpea hay were 6.80, 16.30 and 19.62, respectively. Daily hay dry matter (DM) intake of the control was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than other treatments. Apparent DM, organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), CP digestibility and body weight change of supplemented treatments were significant (P<0.001) as compared to the control, however there were no significant differences in intake, digestibility, linear body measurement and growth performance of goats fed different proportion of concentrate and cowpea hay. However, sole cowpea hay supplementation performs better in terms of net return and farmers’ preference. Therefore, supplementation of sole cowpea hay would be both biologically, economically and socially acceptable level for Abergelle goats bred. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.42
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cowpea Digestibility Feed intake Ruminant

%D 2020
%T EFFECT OF ADDING RAPESEED OIL, FISH OIL AND SELENIUM ON THE DIET ENRICHED WITH VITAMIN E AND ZINC ON THE YIELD AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF EGGS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Y. Bahrami
%A E. Rezvannejad
%A F. Ahadi
%N 6
%V 10
%P 297-301
%L eprints40
%X The present study was investigated the simultaneous effect of fish oil and rapeseed, selenium, vitamin E and zinc supplementation on laying hens. 288 white-line layers were used from 45 weeks of age. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications for 75 to 90 days. Performance of hens and organoleptic properties of eggs were evaluated. The results showed that there was no any significant difference between groups on the yield. Results obtained from the tasters including overall taste, natural smell and overall acceptability showed that although increasing fish oil to 2 + 2 rapeseed oil did not have a significant effect on the overall taste and overall acceptability of eggs in this group, but were significantly reported in natural smell. Therefore, diet with 2 fish oil+2 rapeseed oil (T3) can be considered as an enriched omega-3 ratio without showing major quality drop in eggs acceptance. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.40
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Egg taste Fish oil Laying hen Quality of egg Rapeseed oil

%D 2020
%T ON-FARM MONITORING OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF INDIGENOUS GOAT IN AMHARA REGION OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A K. Golla
%A Y. Mekuriaw
%A B. Kassa
%A M. Hailemelekot
%N 6
%V 10
%P 282-289
%L eprints43
%X The study was conducted in Amhara region of Ethiopia, with the objective of characterizing the goat husbandry practice and on-farm monitoring of growth performance. The data were collected by interviewing 180 sample households who are selected purposively from three agro ecologies using semi- structured questioner. Besides, on farm monitoring of growth performance of 60 kids owned by farmers was done for three months. The data was analyzed using SPSS (version 20). Majority of households (68.9) have an experiences of feeding crop residue for their goat and faced feed shortage mainly during dry season (65.6). The main source of water for goat was river which is 51.1 in wet season and 88.9 in dry season. 51.7 of goat keepers had a separate goat house. The major disease reported were anthrax (40.6), goat pox (26.7) and foot and mouth disease (12.8). Purpose of goat keeping was mainly for income source (62.8). 84.4 of the goat owners are experienced selection of male and female animal for production purpose. Body length and height (60.6) and color (34.4) were used as major selection criteria. Higher kidding was reported during months of October (20.55), November (39.44) and December (18.88). Drought (42), shortage of feed and water (38.5), disease and parasite (16), inconvenient climate condition (2) and lack of breeding male (1) were reported as major problems in the breeding objective. The overall birth weight, 60 days and 90 days weight of kids was 1.69±0.08 kg, 7.45±0.41 kg and 12.02±0.25 kg, respectively. The survival rate of kids up to 90 days of age was 74. The production system of the area was characterized by mixed crop-livestock farming system on which crop residue was the main feed source of the goats as other livestock species. Even though the current productivity of goats in the area is fairly good, full potential need to be exploited by improving husbandry practices, applying appropriate disease prevention methods and applying strategic forage development and feeding practices. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.38
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Birth weight Husbandry practices Indigenous goats On-farm monitoring Survival rate

%D 2020
%T SUB-ACUTE RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN DAIRY COWS: ITS CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Hossain
%N 6
%V 10
%P 302-312
%L eprints39
%X Current feeding programs for cattle prescribe concentrate rich diets to meet their ever increasing demands for high levels of milk production. These diets, however, can impair rumen health and thus cattle production, milk yield and welfare. High energy diets are rapidly fermented in the rumen because they are high in fermentable starch, low in NDF and contain finely chopped digestible forages. Feeding rapidly fermentable diet to the cows predominantly adapted to digest and metabolize forage based total mixed ration (TMR) substantially increases short term milk yield, but the risk of sub- acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) increases. Additionally, too high concentrate to forage ratio, too fast a switch from high forage to high concentrate, diet composed of highly fermented feeds, improperly mixed TMR and mycotoxins in feed also increases the incidence of SARA in dairy herds. SARA causes depressed feed intake, cycling feeding, reduced cud chewing, poor fibre digestion, rumenitis, mastitis, metritis, dehydration, diarrhoea, abomasal displacement, pulmonary bacterial emboli, systemic inflammation, liver abscesses, low milk fat, low milk protein, sore hooves, laminitis and low fertility. Therefore, SARA is a major challenge for animal health, productivity, economic efficiency and welfare issue even in well managed dairy herds. Feeding higher amounts of forages, supplying adequate peNDF, processing grains less thoroughly, reducing fermentability of the carbohydrate fraction and adapting rumen to the dietary changes are the key factors to be considered for preventing SARA. Continued research for accurate quantification of peNDF in diet, grain processing, optimization of meal size, dietary cation-anion balance, narrowspectrum rumen modifier, inoculation of lactate utilizing microbes, inhibition of lactate producing microbes and innovation of the unique fermentability characteristics of feed ingredients to promote sufficient buffering and rapid absorption of VFA from rumen will explore new horizon for reducing incidence of SARA in future. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.41
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Acidosis Cattle Dairy herd Rumen Total mixed ration

%D 2020
%T THE EFFECT OF EGG SIZE (WEIGHT) ON THE EGG SHELL THICKNESS, EGG YOLK AND HATCHABILITY IN KOEKOEK CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Molapo
%A M. Motselisi
%N 6
%V 10
%P 278-281
%L eprints46
%X The aim of this study was to determine the effect of egg size on egg shell, egg yolk, fertility rate and hatchability of Koekoek chickens. A Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used with egg size being the treatment factor. The treatments were large (>55g), medium (45-54g) and small (<44g) sized eggs. Eggs were collected from the nests and weighed using the digital scale and classified according to their respective weights before incubation. The egg yolk weight was measured with the digital scale. The shell thickness was measured using a Vanier caliper. The fertile and infertile eggs were identified. The fertility rate, hatching percentage and embryonic mortality were recorded. Data collected was subjected to statistical analysis by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The medium sized eggs had higher fertility and hatchability percentage compared to large and small sized eggs. The mortality was higher in large and small sized eggs. Therefore, select eggs at the range of 45 to 55 grammes for incubation can be useful to increasing hatchability. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.37
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Egg size Embryo mortality Fertility rate Hatchability Koekoek breed chickens

%D 2020
%T BODY MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN HARMO CATTLE (RAYA-AZEBO CATLTLE) IN SOUTHERN TIGRAY OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Mustefa
%A T. Belayhun
%A A. Melak
%A M. Hayelom
%A A. Hailu
%A A. Assefa
%N 6
%V 10
%P 259-268
%L eprints42
%X Twenty-four qualitative and nine quantitative variables on a total of 251 adult cattle from two purposively selected districts were recorded to characterize Harmo cattle at its natural production environment in 2019. Effect of sampled district, sex and age on the quantitative measurements and qualitative characteristics were analyzed using General linear model (GLM) procedure and non-parametric (Chi-square) test of Statistical Analysis System (SAS 9.0) respectively. The qualitative characteristics and quantitative measurements of Harmo cattle were partially affected by district, sex and age categories. Majority of Harmo cattle were horned (100) with lyre shaped (83.73) upward orientation (92.46) and wide horn spacing (≥ 30 cm) (96.03). They also possess straight edged ear (97.22). Harmo cattle hump was erected (98.81), and small (88.1) and found at cervical thoracic (78.57) position. The results also revealed that Harmo cattle were characterized by flat face (99.21), straight back profile (88.49), long tail (95.24) and large dewlap (75). Body color pattern of Harmo cattle was uniform (61.11), spotty (26.98) and others (11.9). Red and light-red were the body and head color of the majority of the studied cattle populations. Beside their large horns Harmo cows also possess medium (38.8) and large (42.4) naval flap. Similarly, the oxen also possess medium (46.4) and large (50) preputial sheath. The overall measurements of body length, Heart girth, Height at withers, Pelvic width, Muzzle circumference, Ear length, Horn length, Canon bone length, Hock circumference for Harmo oxen and cows were 127.8±1.22, 146.7±1.37, 121.7±0.92, 35.5±0.45, 39.5±0.35, 21.2±0.31, 65.5±2.08, 25.0±0.30, 33.0±0.28 and 121.3±0.43, 138.9±0.48 116.5±0.32, 35.0±0.16, 36.9±0.12, 21.3±0.11, 61.8±0.73, 24.0±0.11, 31.3±0.10, respectively. These results show Harmo cattle possess long and thin body and long ear and horn in comparison with most of the Ethiopian cattle breeds. The thin body of Harmo cattle might be due to shortage of available feed in and around the breeding tract of the breed. The long ear and horn may help them to adapt the hot bushy grazing land environment and protect themselves from the enemy existed in their natural habitat. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.35
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Biometry Breeding Harmo Cattle Morphometric characterizes Raya-Azebo

%D 2020
%T EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND HUSBANDRY PRACTICES OF ETHIOPIAN INDIGENOUS GOATS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Yemane
%A A. Melesse
%A M. Taye
%N 6
%V 10
%P 268-277
%L eprints41
%X The study was conducted in Limu Seka, Nono Benja and Omo Nada districts of Jimma zone with the objectives to assess production system and husbandry practices of indigenous goat. Data were collected through questionnaire, focal group discussion and secondary data. A total of 210 households were selected for an interview and case study. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ranking index. The results showed that the overall family size and mean goats flock size per household are 7.10 and 7.78 respectively. The farming activities were mixed crop and livestock systems. Natural pasture (herbs and shrubs), fallow land, crop residues and non-conventional feeds were the feed resources of the study area. Free grazing/browsing, riverside grazing/browsing, aftermath grazing, and herding were the major grazing management types for goats in the dry season. In wet season, grazing management were herding and tethering alone and both herding and tethering together. In the study area, rivers were the main source of water in both dry and rainy season. All households in all the study districts provide nighttime shelter (house) for goat throughout the year. On average about 63.8 and 61.9 of respondents have been practicing fattening and castrating goat. Castration was primarily practiced to improve fattening and get a better price. Disease, feed shortage and lack of superior genotypes were major constraints of goat production in the study area. In general, goat production system and husbandry practices in the study area was traditional with mixed livestock system that challenged by serious disease problem and feed shortage, so interference is needed to solve identified problems. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.36
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Husbandry practices Indigenous breeds Jimma zone Rural farming system

%D 2020
%T Recent drugs and vaccine candidates to tackle
COVID-19
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Ehsan GHARIB MOMBENI
%A Mahshad YOUSEFI
%A Saeid CHEKANI-AZAR
%A Mohamed Samy ABOUSENNA
%A Kosar ARMIN
%A Fatemeh SHAVANDI
%A Elham EMAMI
%A Yadollah BAHRAMI
%N 06
%V 10
%P 70-79
%L eprints559
%X Introduction. The global devastating pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide multisystemic infection caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has emerged as a menace to the global public health and countries economy. There is a crucial necessity for the suggestion of effective drugs to eliminate the virus outbreak. Several candidate drugs with existing emerging evidence try to offer a pharmacological strategy that may inhibit infection in COVID-19 patients. By, October 2020, scientists have nominated some reliable and safe types of coronavirus vaccines like Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, CureVac, CoronaVac, etc. that are effective and showed 95% to 90% protection, respectively. Aim. This review highlights important clinical and in vitro studies, uses of potent antiviral drugs and most recent vaccines against COVID-19 disease.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.9
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Actemra, Antiviral medicines, ARCoV, AstraZeneca, ChulaCov19, CoronaVac, COVID-19, CureVac, CytoSorb, Ivermectin, Moderna, Oleandrin, Pfizer, Remdesivir, Ritonavir, Vaccines.

%D 2020
%T Low level diode laser therapy on wound healing post gingivectomy
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Esraa MAHMOUD
%A Amal M. ABD EL-BAKY
%A Osama M. SAID
%A Hussein G. HUSSEIN
%N 06
%V 10
%P 80-86
%L eprints560
%X Aim. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level diode laser therapy on wound healing after gingivectomy. Methods. Forty patients (male and female) with ages ranged from 20-40 years, and who received gingivectomy were participated in this study. They were selected randomly from dental outpatient clinic at Badr university in Cairo and randomly divided into two equal groups, including the study group (A) and control group (B). The study group (A) was irradiated with Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) laser of wavelength 850 nm for 4 sessions on day 0, 3, 7 and day 14 post gingivectomy, while the control group (B) received placebo laser. Assessment of healing was done before starting the first session (day 0), after session (days 7 and 14) and follow up on day 21. The healing assessed by Landry index. Results. The results of this study supported that the low-level diode laser therapy was significantly effective (p < 0.001) on wound healing in patients after gingivectomy. Conclusion. It was concluded that the low-level diode laser therapy is an effective method for increasing wound healing after gingivectomy.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.10
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Low level diode laser therapy, Wound healing, Gingivectomy

%D 2020
%T Effect of Different Dietary Crude Protein Levels and Citric Acid on Broiler Chickens' Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Intestinal Morphology, and Blood Components
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. O. Abd-Elsamee
%A H. F. A. Motawe
%A M. M. Selim
%A H. M. R. Elsherif
%N 3
%V 10
%P 362-374
%L eprints350
%X The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels and citric acid on the growth performance, carcass yield, abdominal fat, chemical composition of meat, intestinal morphology, and blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 160 Cobb 500 unsexed one-day-old broilers were assigned to 4 dietary treatments, 4 replicates of 10 chickens each. A factorial design arrangement 2×2 was used, including two protein levels, 100% (optimal level) and 90% (low level) of recommended dietary crude protein for cobb 500 broiler chickens, each protein level supplemented with or without 20-gram citric acid /kg. The results showed that chickens fed the diet containing 100% required Crude Protein (CP) supplemented with citric acid which could significantly improve body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, abdominal fat, fat content in meat, intestinal morphology, cecal microbial content, and blood parameters (Albumin, haemoglobin Ac1, fructosamine, and cholesterol). Chickens fed the low CP diet supplemented with citric acid could compensate for the growth performance equivalent to those fed the optimal CP diet. Both required protein level and citric acid were significantly improved blood albumin and reduced haemoglobin Ac1 and fructosamine, which could serve as indicators of the blood protein glycation. In conclusion, citric acid addition could alleviate the negative effect of feeding broiler chickens on low CP diets through its beneficial impact on intestinal morphology, cecal bacterial counts, blood cholesterol reduction, and glycated proteins.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.wvj45
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Citric Acid, Glycation, Performance, Protein level.

%D 2020
%T Incidence and Prevalence of Hard Ticks in Ruminants of Al-Ahsa Oasis Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. H. Abdally
%A T. M. Al-Marri
%A H. M. Abdally
%A O. A. Al-Jabr
%N 3
%V 10
%P 276-285
%L eprints347
%X In the present study, a number of camels, cattle, sheep, and goat herds have been examined and followed up to record the incidence of tick infestation in Al-Ahsa Oasis in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. From 24 herds distributed in eleven localities, a total of 4068 animals (123 camels, 60 cattle, 1780 sheep, and 2105 goats) were individually examined every second week during the period from January to December 2010. In total, 5320 ticks were collected from 1125 infested animals (27.65%). The overall prevalence rate of identified Ixodide ticks was: Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (18.33%), Hyalomma dromedarii (17.63%), Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (14.29%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (14.04%), Hyalomma impeltatum (11.28%), Rhipicephalus praetextatus (8.56%), Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (6.20%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (3.57%), Rhipicephalus kohlsi (2.33%), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (2.09%), Hyalomma schulzei (1.03%), Amblyomma variegatum (0.47%), and Amblyomma gemma (0.18%). Tick infestation in terms of mean intensity, abundance, and prevalence rates was highest in camels (41 tick/infested camel, 30 ticks/camel, and 73.17%, respectively). This was followed by cattle (15 tick/infested cow, 5 ticks/cow, and 33.33%, respectively), goats (1.35 tick/infested goat, 0.33 tick/goat, and 23.52%, respectively), and sheep (1.27 tick/infested sheep, 0.3 tick/sheep, and 29.21%, respectively). The incidence rate of ticks significantly increased during the warmest summer months of the year (highest recorded temperature ranged between 47℃ and 50℃), mainly due to the management practices of farmers. During this period animals were housed and water was supplied ad libitum during hot months, thereby increasing animal density and humidity in the shaded farms. According to the obtained results of the current study, tick control can be started in Al-Ahsa area in early May for all animals with the focus on camels as they are the harbor of the tick biomass, or on goats as they had initially increased in incidence rates.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.wvj36
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Prevalence, Ruminants, Ticks.

%D 2020
%T INFLUENCE OF PELLETED BROWSE-BASED SUPPLEMENTS FED WITH A BASAL DIET OF Adropogon gayanus HAY ON INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY, GROWTH AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A L. Adjorlolo
%A E. Ampong
%A A. Mensah-Bonsu
%A F. Obese
%N 5
%V 10
%P 231-239
%L eprints52
%X This study evaluated the nutritional value of pelleted supplements based on four major feed resources fed to small ruminants by smallholder farmers in the Accra Plains. Leaves of Samanea saman, Acacia auriculiformis and Ficus exasperata, and cassava peels were dried, milled, mixed with other ingredients and pelleted to form Samanea saman (SS-S), Acacia auriculiformis (AA-S), Ficus exasperata (FE-S) and cassava peel (CP-S) based supplements. The supplements were fed to twenty West African Dwarf goats on a basal diet of Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) hay in a completely randomised design experiment. Voluntary intake of dry matter did not differ (P>0.05) by the type of supplement. However, crude protein intake was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed FE-S than those fed CP-S. Acid detergent fibre intake was higher (P<0.05) for SS-S, AA-S and FE-S than CP-S. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre were lowest (P<0.05) for goats on CP-S. Average daily weight gain and Feed conversion ratio were not affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatments. Also, dietary treatment did not affect (P>0.05) the concentrations haematological and blood biochemical constituents determined except urea which was higher (P<0.05) in goats fed SS-S than the other treatments. In conclusion, the above results suggest that browse-based and cassava peel-based supplements could be fed to confined goats on roughage diets especially in the dry season without any deleterious effects on intake, growth and physiology of goats. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.32
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Accra plains Performance Shrub Leaves Smallholder Farmers Supplementation

%D 2020
%T Rapid Detection of Streptococci in Cultured Tilapia Fish Using PCR and Chemical Analysis
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. I. E. Ali
%A H. A. M. Abd El-Hady
%A M. A. M. Abou Zeid
%N 3
%V 10
%P 286-296
%L eprints361
%X Streptococcosis causes economic losses due to the high mortality in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The present study was carried out to detect the streptococci by PCR and chemical analysis in cultured tilapia fish. A total of 100 cultured tilapia fishes and 20 water samples were collected from 4 different fish farms at different locations in Kafr El-sheikh Governorate for bacteriological and chemical analysis. The results of water quality parameters examination revealed that the mean values of pH, dissolved oxygen, unionized ammonia, and nitrite were 8.2 ± 0.73, 7.44 ± 0.54 parts per million (ppm), 0.05 ± 0.008 ppm, and 0.00 ppm, respectively. All water quality parameters except for ammonia were within the permissible limit. The bacterial isolation results revealed 38 % positive samples for Streptococcus species isolated from tilapia fishes and 40 % were positive for Streptococcus species isolated from water samples. Of those 38 positive fish samples, 25 (65.78%) were Enterococcus faecalis, 15 (39.47%) were Streptococcus pyogenes, 6 (15.78%) were Enterococcus faecium, 5 (13.15 %) were Streptococcus agalactiae, and 3 (7.89 %) were Streptococcus iniae. On the other hand, from 8 positive farms water samples, 7 (87.5%) were Enterococcus faecalis, 2 (25%) were Streptococcus pyogenes , 2 (25%) were Enterococcus faecium, 3 (37.5%) were Streptococcus agalactiae, and 1 (12.5%) was Streptococcus iniae . Using mPCR to identify Streptococcus for some fish and water isolates, 6 Enterococcus faecalis with 310 base per (bp) were detected while 3 Streptococcus agalactiae with 153 bp and 2 Enterococcus faecium at 215 bp were detected. However, the mPCR from Streptococcus species directly from organs from fish and water samples revealed that 5 Enterococcus faecalis were detected at 310 bp while 2 Streptococcus agalactiae was identified at 153 bp. The biochemical results indicated that the infected fish with the streptococcal species had reduced total protein, albumin, and globulin in the blood serum while total cholesterol, urea, creatinine levels, and AST, ALT, GPX, CAT, SOD activities significantly increased, compared to non- infected fish.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biochemical parameters, PCR, streptococci, Tilapia fish, Water examination.

%D 2020
%T IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY BASED BREEDING PROGRAM TO IMPROVE GROWTH RATE AND MILK PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF ABERGELLE GOAT
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A B. Amare
%A M. Gobeze
%A B. Wondim
%N 5
%V 10
%P 197-202
%L eprints51
%X The study aimed to identify farmers breeding objective and trait preference criteria, devising and implementing a pilot selective breeding scheme and establishing a model goat development scheme that can be applied under village conditions. A total of 1372 goats from 32 households were monitored for selection and data collection on growth performance, milk production, reproductive performance and other important characteristics. Best bucks were selected at yearly basis based on their indexed estimated breeding value and unselected bucks were culled from the population through castration and sale. Birth type, year of birth and parity had significant effect on pre-weaning growth performances. In this intervened pilot village with three round selections mean birth and yearling weight of kids had increased from 1.6±0.05 Kg and 15.4±0.4 Kg to 2.3±0.06 Kg and 16.8±0.45 Kg, respectively. Total lactation milk yield was significantly affected by birth season and year while lactation length was affected by parity of doe’s in addition to birth season and year. Average daily milk yield of doe’s was 422.3±120.3 ml and it was significantly differed between years. Higher body weight of the adult male (birth weight through yearling weight) with its color and strong feeding behavior were the most preferable traits, on the other hand milk production and good mothering ability were set for the doe’s. In general, the breeding program was feasible, simple and compatible strategy to the smallholder farmers breeding practices as it avoids negative selection by allowing elite selected bucks for next generation. Genetic improvement in a single pilot-village will not bring an overall population improvement of the breed, and hence there is a need of scaling out of the breeding program to all the neighboring communities. Reproductive technologies (estrus synchronization with timed artificial insemination) need to be used. Since larger number of nine month to yearling male goats are leaving the village in one or other reasons, selection of bucks starting from nine months of age should be emphasized in the future. All doe’s are not productive in terms of higher litter size and milk production at every stage of their reproductive age. So, keeping of very high parity dams will not provide profitable income to the households. Forage development strategies should be designed to improve data quality, increase production capacity of the breed and sustainability of the breeding program. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.28
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Abergelle goat Birth weight Selection Traditional breeding system Yearling weight

%D 2020
%T Spatial Monitoring of Pyrethroid Residues by RP-HPLC in Raw Bovine Milk in West Delta Region of Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. A. E. H. Amr
%A A. A. A. E. Sarah
%N 3
%V 10
%P 429-436
%L eprints368
%X The massive implementation of pesticides in agronomy, public health series, manufacturing, and production can increase pesticides in the environment leading to tremendous effects on human health. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the concentration and frequency of pyrethroid residues in raw bovine milk sourced from local producers at West Delta of Egypt carefully chosen from three cities on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography system. A total of 200 of raw bovine milk samples (Alexandria 75, El- Behera 75, and Matrouh 50) were analyzed. The achieved results indicated that Cypermethrin, Cyhalothrin, and Deltamethrin residues were respectively screened at frequencies of 18.66%, 17.33%, and 14.66% in Alexandria, 21.33%, 17.33%, and 16% in El- Behera, and 44%, 28%, and 24 % in Matrouh. Cypermethrin was detected in a mean concentration level of 6.63, 5.98, and 10.74 in Alexandria, El- Behera, and Matrouh, respectively. However, Cyhalothrin and Deltamethrin had lower mean values of 4.66 and 2.45 in Alexandria, 5.14 and 3.05 in El- Behera, and finally 2.84 and 2.69 in Matrouh. There was no α- Cypermethrin in all the investigated samples while Cypermethrin was present with the highest mean concentration and frequency levels in Matrouh, compared to other cities. Concerning the compatibility of examined samples with maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Commission and Codex regulation, indicated only 2.66%, 1.33%, and 0.00 % for Cyhalothrin, and 1.33%, 4%, and 2% for Deltamethrin examined samples in Alexandria, El- Behera, and Matrouh cities exceeded MRLs, respectively. As for Cypermethrin, its concentrations did not exceed MRLs. These results indicated a significant amount of these chemical pollutants in raw bovine milk offered by local producers in the West Delta of Egypt, which can threaten human life. Accordingly, continual assessment of pyrethroid residues in milk is of utmost importance to guarantee Egyptian consumers’ health.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj53
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bovine milk, Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, MRLs, Pesticides, Pyrethroids, RP-HPLC

%D 2020
%T Effect of Crude Extracts of Edible Mushroom Species of Agaricus bisporus and Auricularia auricula on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. H. Ardyansyah
%A D. N. Adli
%A M. Halim Natsir
%A O. Sjofjan
%N 3
%V 10
%P 436-442
%L eprints118
%X The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of Agaricus bisporus and Auricularia auricula crude extracts as feed additives on the growth performance of broiler chickens. The samples included 240 one-day-old chicks randomly divided into 8 dietary treatments, each treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 10 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatment groups were control group (T0), basal diet + zinc bacitracin (T1), basal diets + 0.4% Agaricus bisporus extract (T2), basal diet + 0.8% Agaricus bisporus extract (T3), basal diet + 1.2% Agaricus bisporus extract (T4), basal diet + 0.4% Auricularia auricula extract (T5), basal diet + 0.8% Auricularia auricula extract (T6), and basal diet + 1.2% Auricularia auricula extract (T7). The measured variables included feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and production index. In addition, the study aimed to evaluate the reducing sugars level, antioxidant IC50, and antimicrobial efficacy of mushroom extracts prepared using three different solvents (i.e., water, ethanol, and methanol). The findings indicated that methanolic extract contained higher reducing sugars and had better antimicrobial efficacy. The results of experimental research revealed that mushrooms crude extracts had no significant effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.50
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotic, Broiler performance, Extract, Mushroom

%D 2020
%T Risk Factor Analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Standard Plate Count and Somatic Cell Count in Bulk Tank Milk in Cattle Dairies
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. F. Azooz
%A S. A. El-Wakeel
%A H. M. Yousef
%N 3
%V 10
%P 338-361
%L eprints379
%X Bulk tank milk analysis was referred to as a useful and appropriate diagnostic tool to evaluate milk quality and mastitis pathogens in cattle dairy herds. Out of the total number of 150 pooled tank milk samples collected from 150 cattle dairy farms, 13 locally field Staphylococcus aureus isolates were detected and confirmed phenotypically by culturing, gram staining, biochemical, and molecular identification to be Staphylococcus aureus in the overall herd by the prevalence of 8.6%. Isolation and identification of Salmonella Typhimurium field isolates from bulk tank milk samples revealed that 20 locally field isolates were detected and confirmed phenotypically by culturing, gram staining, biochemical and molecular identification to be Salmonella Typhimurium in the overall herd by the prevalence of 13.3%. The results of total bacterial plate count (cfu/ml) revealed that the geometric mean of 150 dairy farms was 3.2×108 cfu/ml. The geometric mean of somatic cell count (SCC)/ml in Bulk tank milk samples of 150 cattle dairy farms were 556.7×103. The geometric mean value of Staphylococcus aureus count in this study was 3.7×103 cfu/ml. Serological identification of the 20 isolates revealed that they were Salmonella Typhimurium. The study provided various risk factors that had a clear and effective role in determining the level of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Standard plate count, and Somatic cell count in bulk tank milk. The PCR amplification with (hlg) gene-specific primers revealed a product with an approximate size of 937 bp. (hlg) gene found in 13 (54%) Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The PCR identification of sopB (SigD) virulence gene for Salmonella Typhimuriym revealed a product with an approximate size of 517 bp. SopB gene found in all Salmonella Typhimurium isolates (100%). Phylogenetic and partial gene sequence analysis of (hlg) Staphylococcus aureus gene of Egyptian isolated strain showed a great identity with the different Staphylococcus aureus strains uploaded from the gene bank. Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium (sopB) virulence gene of Egyptian isolated strain indicated a great homology with the different Salmonella Typhimurium strains uploaded from the gene banks. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of more efficacious preventive programs for controlling the mastitis and bacteriological quality of bulk tank milk and monitoring mastitis economic losses.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj44
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Mastitis, PCR, phylogenetic analysis, risk factors, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus.

%D 2020
%T Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium Infection in Raw Vegetables in Yazd District, Iran
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. F. Bafghi
%A F. Mirzaei
%A M. R. Yavari
%A M. R. Yavari
%A A. Siyadatpanah
%A W. Mitsuwan
%A V. Nissapatorn
%A M. de Lourdes Pereira
%A R. Norouzi
%A S. A. Hosseini
%A S. A. Hosseini
%N 3
%V 10
%P 260-266
%L eprints382
%X Consumption of raw vegetables is an important route of parasites transmission. It is an important source for foodborne outbreaks in both developed and developing countries, and outbreaks of parasitic diseases in humans. The objective of the present study was to detect the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw fresh vegetables in Yazd city, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. A total of 275 fresh vegetable samples were collected and tested using a sucrose flotation medium of 1.21 specific gravity and a Modified Ziehl-Nielsen staining procedure. Of the 275 vegetables examined, 85 (31.5%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Lettuce had the highest rate (n= 16, 47.1%) of contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts while basil and parsley showed the lowest rates of contamination (n= 6, 20%). There was a significant association between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and the investigated vegetable types. According to the locations of the vegetable field, Amir Abad and Bahaman Hospital area had the highest (n: 16, 59.3%) and lowest (n= 5, 18.5%) rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts contamination, respectively. The plant part showed that the root vegetables had the highest contamination rates (n= 41, 45.6%), followed by leafy vegetables (n= 44, 24.4%). The analysis further indicated a significant association between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and the route of vegetable consumption. Based on these results, the edible vegetables in Yazd city are one of the potential sources of Cryptosporidium infections in humans. Moreover, the vegetable fields within the city of Yazd are contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts which can pose public health problems.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cryptosporidium, Oocysts, Raw vegetables, Yazd city, Iran.

%D 2020
%T Effect of Dietary Dried Fennel and Oregano and Thyme Supplementation on Zootechnical Parameters of Growing Rabbit
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. Benlemlih
%A A. Barchan
%A A. Aarab
%A M. Bakkali
%A A. Arakrak
%A A. Laglaoui
%N 3
%V 10
%P 332-337
%L eprints387
%X The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of fennel, oregano, and thyme dietary supplements on the feeding of rabbits. In this regard, 96 weaned rabbits (30-day-old), white New Zealand, were divided into 4 groups and submitted to the following dietary treatments: Control diet, F diet (Control diet + 5% Foeniculum vulgaris), O diet (Control diet + 5% Origanum compactum), and T diet (Control diet + 5% Thymus capitatus). The essential oils of the above mentioned aromatic plants were extracted and were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The treatment of fennel, oregano, and thyme had no beneficial effects on the growth performance of the rabbits but reduced the mortality rate. The phenylpropanoid and the phenolic monoterpenes were the major components of Foeniculum vulgaris, Origanum compactum, and Thymus capitatus essential oils. The aromatic plants and their active compounds can be used as additives in rabbit nutrition.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj43
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Essential oil, Fennel, Growth performance, Oregano, Rabbit, Thyme.

%D 2020
%T Effects of Bacillus Subtilis DSM 32315 on Immunity, Nutrient Transporters and Functional Diversity of Cecal Microbiome of Broiler Chickens in Necrotic Enteritis Challenge
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. M. Bodinga
%A K. Hayat
%A X. Liu
%A J. Zhou
%A X. Yang
%A A. Ismaila
%A R. N. Soomro
%A Z. Ren
%A W. Zhang
%A X. Yang
%N 3
%V 10
%P 527-544
%L eprints140
%X This study was conducted to determine the effects of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 probiotic and antibiotic enramycin in broiler chickens with Clostridium perfringens induced-Necrotic enteritis on cecal microbial populations, functional diversity, nutrients transporters and cytokines mRNA expression. Day-old broilers (n= 360), Arbor Acre were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments such as control, basal diet fed-group only; antibiotic, basal diet plus enramycin 5 mg/kg; and probiotic group, basal diet plus Bacillus subtilis 2 x109 CFU/g. Antibiotic and probiotic fed groups was challenged with Clostridium perfringens at day1, and from day 14 to day 21. The results of present study showed that broiler chickens supplemented with antibiotic and probiotic significantly exhibited higher abundance of gut beneficial bacteria at the 21 and 35 days of age, while upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine enterleukin-10 and secretory immunoglobulin-A. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma were downregulated. Nutrient transporters of Peptide transporter-1, L amino transporter-2 and Cationic amino acid transporter-2 were upregulated in supplemented groups. More so, glucose transporter-2 Sodium glucose transporter-1, Solute carrier family 3, member 1, carbohydrates and vitamin metabolism cofactor enriched in probiotic fed-group, while control group exhibited up-regulation in interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma. Overall, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis DMS 32315 reduced the negative impact of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, and enhanced the gut-microbial community.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.61
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotic growth promoter, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium perfringens, Immune response, probiotic

%D 2020
%T Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Pentadiplandra brazzeana Powder on Growth Performances, Gut Microbiota, and Haemato-Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A N. T. Boris
%A K. J. Raphaël
%A N. T. Ruben
%A E. D. Agwah
%A D. Mikael
%A T. D. Gilchrist
%A K. N. Josiane
%N 3
%V 10
%P 391-397
%L eprints392
%X This study was designed to assess the rearing performances of broiler chickens under two Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder feeding diets. A total of 256 day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 16 birds each in a completely randomized design. This trial involved administrating Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder to broiler chickens via drinking water (2 g/l) or dry feed (2 g/kg) and comparing the result to those obtained from chickens fed on antibiotic (1 g/kg) and chickens fed without additive. The results revealed that the incorporation of Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in chickens’ diet and drinking water could decrease feed intake, compared to the negative control diet. The inclusion of Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in water and antibiotic in diet recorded the high live weight and weight gain, compared to the birds fed with the powder in feed and the negative control diet. The low feed conversion ratio was reported with the water supplemented with P. brazzeana powder. The carcass yield was significantly higher with the inclusion of the powder via drinking water, compared to the inclusion via feed and with the control diet. The feeding method did not affect the haemato-biochemical parameters, compared to the control diet. Chickens fed with a diet containing Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in water recorded the highest (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria count, compared to E. coli and Salmonella. In conclusion, dietary supplementing with Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder through drinking water at a rate of 2 g/l can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to improve the growth performances of broiler chickens.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj48
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Growth performances, Gut microflora, Haemato-biochemical profile, Pentadiplandra brazzeana

%D 2020
%T Circulating Antibodies Against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease in Semi-Captive Peacocks in Southwestern Guatemala
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Castillo-Grijalva
%A D. Guerra-Centeno
%A Y. Talgi
%A C. Valdez-Sandoval
%A M. Lepe-López
%A B. Santizo
%N 3
%V 10
%P 507-512
%L eprints146
%X Avian Influenza and Newcastle disease are the two most important diseases of poultry and are globally considered as threats to public health and economy. There is little information published about these diseases in peacocks and other common backyard poultry in Guatemala. Therefore, an exploratory serosurvey was conducted to determine the presence of circulating antibodies to Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) viruses in a semi-captive population of peacocks in southwestern Guatemala. Additionally, the circulation of antibodies to these pathogens in backyard chickens, ducks, and turkeys from a neighboring community was explored. Blood samples were obtained from 48 peacocks, 30 chickens, 6 ducks, and 4 turkeys. The samples were processed in the Regional Reference Laboratory for Animal Health, at the Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of San Carlos of Guatemala, located in Guatemala City. Antibodies against AI virus were investigated by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion, and antibodies against ND virus were examined using Hemagglutination Inhibition. No antibodies against AI virus were detected. Most of the samples (97.7%) were negative for antibodies against ND virus, except for two turkeys that carried low antibody titers. The findings of the present study indicate that no virulent strains of AI or ND viruses were circulating in the investigated site.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.58
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian influenza, Epidemiology, Newcastle disease, Serology, Zoonoses

%D 2020
%T Isolation, Molecular, and Pathological Characterization of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus among Broiler Chickens in Morocco
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Cheggag
%A K. Zro
%A M. Terta
%A S. Fellahi
%A M. Mouahid
%A M. El Houadfi
%A G. Sebbar
%A F. Kichou
%N 3
%V 10
%P 493-506
%L eprints148
%X Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious viral disease of young chickens that causes immunosuppression, mortality, and growth retardation. This pathology has severely affected the Moroccan poultry industry. The objective of the present study was the isolation, molecular characterization, and histopathology examinations of infectious bursal disease virus collected from 49 suspected farms from different regions of the country from 2013 to 2016. The real-time PCR results indicated that 41 out of 49 farm cases were found positive with a prevalence of 41% for classical virulent IBD virus (IBDV) and 59% for very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV). Pathological examinations showed the presence of two types of lesions, including acute to subacute lesions with a prevalence of 86%, and the sub-chronic to chronic lesions with a prevalence of 14%. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the hypervariable region of VP2 for 7 vvIBDVs were compared to worldwide IBDV isolates and the findings suggested that it belonged to a group of very virulent strains. Phylogenetically, all the Moroccan vvIBDV field isolates were grouped in the same cluster with Malaysian and European vvIBDV isolates. This report demonstrated the continuous circulation of vvIBDV in commercial poultry farms in Morocco since 2013.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.57
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Histological investigations, Infectious bursal disease virus, Phylogeny, Morocco, Virulent infectious bursal disease virus, VP2

%D 2020
%T Antibacterial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles against Escherichia coli in Minced Meat
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. A. El-Aziz
%A H. M. Ibrahim
%A N. A. El-Roos
%A B. Anis
%A R. Elsabagh
%N 3
%V 10
%P 267-275
%L eprints406
%X Antibacterial nanoparticles are a new approach to control the safety of meat and meat products. This work aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, alone or together, against Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity of these nanomaterials was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. In this regard, minced meat samples were inoculated with E. coli and treated with different concentrations of two nanomaterials (approximately 20 nm), including 6 mM and 12 mM ZnO, 6 mM and 12 mM TiO2, and a combination of 6 mM ZnO and 6 mM TiO2, then stored at 4°C for 17 days. The results indicated that ZnO (12 mM) had a significant reduction effect on E. coli count in minced meat, followed by the combination of ZnO and TiO2, and 12 mM TiO2 alone. The antibacterial activity of ZnO, TiO2, and combination of ZnO and TiO2 was also examined using a transmission electron microscope and it was found that 12Mm ZnO had a higher destructive effect on bacterial cell than the mixture of ZnO + TiO2, and 12Mm TiO2 alone. The disc diffusion method showed that ZnO (12 mM) was the most effective concentration used against E. coli. It is concluded that 12 mM ZnO nanoparticles have the best antibacterial effect against E. coli in minced meat stored at 4 °C for 17 days.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj35
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K E. coli, Minced meat, Nanoparticles, TEM, Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide.

%D 2020
%T Physiological and Reproductive Responses of Domyati Ducks to Different Dietary Levels of Coconut Oil as a Source of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Laying Period
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. H. El-Kholy
%A A. I. A. Ghonim
%A M. A. Ahmed
%A H. A. Gad
%A M. N. Ghazal
%A M. A. A. El-Aik
%A R. A. M. Ali
%N 3
%V 10
%P 485-492
%L eprints175
%X The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of coconut oil (CO) supplementation in the diet to enhance the performance of Domyati ducks. A total number of 300 Domyati ducks (240 females and 60 males) aged 25-week-old were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups of three replicates, each replicate included 5 males and 20 females of Domyati ducks. The groups received CO at 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% during the experimental period. The results indicated that egg weight, egg number, and egg mass significantly increased in treated groups, compared to the control group. Furthermore, fertility and hatchability percentages were superior in 1.0, and 1.5% CO groups, compared to other experimental groups. Low-density lipoprotein in ducks that received CO was significantly lower than that of the control group. It is concluded that the inclusion of CO at a 1.5% level could be enough and useful for improving the reproductive and physiological performance of Domyati ducks.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.56
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood, Coconut oil, Ducks, Egg, hatchability, Laying period

%D 2020
%T Physical Performance of Broiler Chickens Affected by Dietary Biological Additives
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. H. El-Kholy
%A S. M. Rakha
%A H. T. Tag El-Din
%N 3
%V 10
%P 443-450
%L eprints176
%X The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast as a probiotic, compared to sodium butyrate as an organic acid on the productive performance of broiler chickens, with special attention to their economic efficiency. Therefore, 270 of one-day-old Hubbard broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups. The first group included chickens receiving basal ration without any treatment (and considered as a control group). The second group was composed of chickens treated with 0.2 g SB/kg, the third group embraced chickens treated with 0.3 g SB/kg, the fourth group included chickens treated with 0.2 g SC/kg, and the fifth group consisted of chickens treated with 0.3 g SC/kg. The obtained results showed that administration of sodium butyrate or yeast showed a significant improvement of final body weight (BW), body weight change, feed conversion ratio and performance index from third to fifth weeks of age. Nevertheless, all treated groups showed an insignificant effect in feed intake, compared to control group. Furthermore, the dietary addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was detected more profitable than sodium butyrate addition. Accordingly, it can be concluded that sodium butyrate and yeast can be successively used as a natural substitute for antibiotic growth-promoting agents in the broiler chickens. Yeast can be considered as the most important alternative followed by sodium butyrate.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.51
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carcass, Economic efficiency, Hubbard; Productive, Sodium Butyrate, Yeast.

%D 2020
%T Sequencing of bcfC Gene of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Ducks in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. S. El-Maghraby
%A A. Mwafy
%A H. E. A. El-Sawy
%N 3
%V 10
%P 380-390
%L eprints419
%X The main objective of this study was to applying bcfC gene sequence of Salmonella Typhimurium recently isolated from ducks to give insight into the source and origin, molecular epidemiology, disease pattern of Salmonella Typhimurium in Egyptian duck farms. Out of 75 fecal swab samples, 15 (20%) local field isolates were detected and confirmed phenotypically by culturing, gram staining, biochemically and serologically to be Salmonella Typhimurium. The PCR amplification with bcfC gene-specific primers was conducted with genomic DNA, which revealed a product with the approximate size of 467 bp. TheBcfC gene was found in 7 (46.6%) isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium. Phylogenetic and partial gene sequence analysis of bcfC gene of Salmonella Typhimurium showed clear clustering of Egyptian isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and different Salmonella strains uploaded from GenBank. Sequence identities between the isolated Egyptian strain and different Salmonella Typhimurium strains from GenBank revealed 99.8-100% homology. Open reading frame (ORF) analysis of Salmonella typhimurium bcfC gene using NCBI tool and ORF analysis of bcfC gene protein translation using ExPasy (SIB Bioinformatics Resource Portal) indicated all open reading frames of a specified minimum size in a sequence of (453 bp). The 3 conserved domains region in the nucleotide sequence were PapC N-terminal domain (107-394bp), PRK15193 outer membrane usher protein (56-424bp), and FimD Outer membrane usher protein FimD/PapC (cell motility, extracellular structures, 56-424bp). The PapC N-terminal domain was a structural domain found at the N-terminus of S. typhimurium PapC protein and had a central role in the pili assembly chaperone usher system (CUP). Amino acids alignment report of the sequenced 415 amino acid of Salmonella Typhimurium bcfC gene showed great homology between the Egyptian Salmonella Typhimurium strain and the different Salmonella strains uploaded from GenBank. Nucleotide alignment report of the sequenced Salmonella Typhimurium bcfC gene at (417bp) demonstrated great homology between the Egyptian Salmonella Typhimurium strain and the different Salmonella strains uploaded from GenBank. In conclusion, the Egyptian Salmonella Typhimurium isolate was related to the common sequence types isolated from humans and bovine-based products across the world especially in the United Kingdom, USA, Ireland, and México. Most of the duck farms from which we isolated the Egyptian Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were located in the same geographical area of cattle farms in addition to the duck farms lacked the requirements of biosecurity, which could facilitate the circulatory transmission of salmonella strains between the human beings and other animal farms, including duck farms. Moreover, the PapC N-terminal domain was a central conserved domain encoded by bcfC gene of S. Typhimurium. A PapC N-terminal conserved domain can be used as a vaccine target for vaccine production against S. Typhimurium.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj47
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K bcfC gene, Conserved domain, Duck, GenBank, ORF, Phylogenetic tree, Salmonella Typhimurium, Sequencing.

%D 2020
%T Dog as Potential Source of Helicobacter pylori in Egypt: Public Health Significance
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. Elhelw
%A M. Elhariri
%A E. Ragab
%A M. Kadry
%A D. Hamza
%N 3
%V 10
%P 446-450
%L eprints416
%X Helicobacter species are a group of Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacteria, which are known to colonize the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts of humans and various animal species. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in owned dogs and their role in the transmission of H. pylori to the dog owners. For this purpose, 60 gastric biopsy samples from dog owners and 80 stool samples from owned dogs were collected and examined for the presence of H. pylori 16s rRNA gene by nested PCR. The PCR positive samples from human and dog isolates were further subjected to partial Helicobacter genus-specific 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequence of this gene was performed to determine the relationship between human and dog isolates. H. pylori was detected in 62.5% and 91.6% of dog and human samples, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of Helicobacter genus-specific 16s rRNA gene of human and dog isolates were similar. In conclusion, this study indicated a high prevalence of H. pylori in both dogs and dog owners in Egypt. Zoonotic transmission of H. pylori between dogs and humans is probable and represents a public health concern.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj55
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Dogs, Helicobacter pylori, Humans, Phylogenetic analysis, 16s rRNA sequencing

%D 2020
%T PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF INDIGENOUS CATTLE IN WEST GONDAR ZONE OF ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Emru
%A S. Abegaz
%A A. Getu
%A A. Mengistu
%A T. Fantahuni
%N 5
%V 10
%P 240-248
%L eprints53
%X This study was conducted to identify and phenotypic characterization of the existing indigenous cattle genetic resources in the three districts of West Gondar zone of Amhara Region based on their descriptive morphological characteristics. A total of six sampling sites were purposively selected based on the distribution of unique cattle types. Key informant and focus group discussions were used to identify the new genetic resources. A total of 180 adult male and 720 female cattle were selected for 20 morphological and 9 biometrical traits. The focus group discussions revealed that, diversified indigenous cattle were found (Fellata in Quara, Rutana in Metema, Miramir in West Armachiho and Qocherie from all Districts). The overall mean linear body measurements of male cattle for horn length, body length, heart girth, canon bone length and cannon bone circumferences were 23.92 cm, 127.97 cm, 161.15cm, 20.37 cm and 19.81 respectively. Females had horn length (25.86 cm), body length (122.85 cm), pelvic width (37.47 cm) and canon bone length (19.26 cm), canon bone circumferences (18.36 cm) and mouth circumferences (36 cm). In a discriminate analysis, all sampled populations were classified with the overall hit rates of 75 for males and 60 for females. The shortest and longest mehalanobis distances were between Abrajira with Dubaba (0.762) and Gendawuha Birshign with Mirt Gelegu (37.88) for male and Gendawuha Birshign with Dubaba (0.358) and Gendawuha Birshign with Mirt Gelegu (29.37) for females, respectively. In stepwise discriminate analysis the top traits which were highly discriminated male cattle populations were cannon bone length, horn length and cannon bone circumferences. This was similar in females except the replacement of cannon bone circumferences with mouth circumferences. Three clusters were formed (Fellata from Mirt Gelegu in cluster one and Qocherie from Gendawuha Birshign, Dubaba and Abrajira in cluster two and Rutta from Lominat Forgena and Miramir from Gilal Wuha in cluster three. Three indigenous cattle types were identified with their phenotypic features and further molecular characterization should be done to confirm their genetic distinctiveness. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.33
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cattle Characterization Genetic Resources Phenotype West Gondar Region

%D 2020
%T Trace Elements Profiles of Pregnant Camels (Camilus dromedaries), Fetus, and Amniotic Fluid at Birth and their Associations with Calf Birth Weight
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. M. Essawi
%A H. F. Gouda
%N 3
%V 10
%P 312-319
%L eprints425
%X Amniotic fluid is a dynamic complex mixture that carries components contributing to the regulation of fetal development. The present study aimed to measure the levels of trace elements, such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Se, and Mn in amniotic fluid, maternal serum, and venous umbilical cord serum at delivery. The study further investigated the relationships among levels of elements in amniotic fluid (AF), maternal serum (MS), and venous umbilical cord serum (VUCS) in order to assess the possibility of monitoring abnormal fetal growth. Blood samples were obtained from 30 pregnant female camels at delivery and the corresponding VUCS and AF were examined. The Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Se, and Mn were analyzed on the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Concentrations of trace elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Se, and Mn in VUCS were significantly higher, compared to MS or AF. The trace elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Se, and Mn were present in significantly lower concentrations of AF than in MS or VUCS. Neonatal birth weight did not correlate with MS levels of the trace elements. However, neonatal weight correlated positively with venous cord serum Fe, Se, and Zn levels. There was a scarcity of correlation between maternal and fetus trace elements in the pregnant camels. In conclusion, AF could even be the result of simple filtration of maternal blood. Evaluation of selected trace element levels in MS did not appear to be useful within the assessment of fetus growth. The findings of this study indicated an active transport for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Se, and Mn between pregnant camels and fetus.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj40
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Calf birth weight, Dromedary camel, Placental barriers, Pregnancy, Trace element.

%D 2020
%T Therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies:
a review
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Haben FESSEHA
%A Tadesse DEGU
%A Dereje ENDASHAW
%N 05
%V 10
%P 59-69
%L eprints558
%X Introduction. Antibodies are an important class of proteins produced when a foreign entity elicits an immune response in the body. There are 5 major classes of antibodies, IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The structure and immune function of immunoglobulins differ. An antibody contains two light and two heavy chains, which are linked by multiple disulphide bonds. Variable regions are found on light and heavy chains, known as the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region, and a constant region, which is also known as the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Antibodies are, as a class, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents with activity against all classes of pathogens. However, individual antibodies are usually pathogen-specific. Monoclonal antibodies, which specifically recognize one epitope of the cognate antigen, can be generated by using antibody engineering techniques such as hybridoma, phage display, and transgenic technologies. Removal of the entire constant region or part of the whole Fc portion generates antibody fragments such as Fab, scFv, and diabodies. Better tissue or tumor penetration characteristic of antibody fragments make them suited for the therapy overusing the whole antibody, hence most suited for therapy. Aim. Nowadays, it is possible to use antibodies for different therapeutic applications by modifying either their structural or functional properties.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.8
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Antibody engineering, Monoclonal antibodies, Therapeutic antibodies

%D 2020
%T Effects of Tribulus terrestris Fruits on Renal and Lung Tissues in Female Mice Administered with Cadmium
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. S. Farhan
%N 3
%V 10
%P 414-420
%L eprints428
%X The current study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Tribulus Terrestris on kidney and lung tissues against cadmium toxicity in female mice. In this regard, 20 female albino mice were randomly assigned into three groups; the first group served as the control group, the second group was given the toxic substance (cadmium 6 mg/kg) only, and the third group was given cadmium (6 mg/kg) plus the alcoholic extract of the Tribulus terrestris fruit (200 mg/kg). The substances were administered orally by stomach tube daily for 10 days. On the last day of the study, the animals were euthanized, and their kidney and lung were sampled for histological study. The kidney tissue in mice exposed to cadmium showed cellular inflammation, necrosis, hyperplasia, and large urinary space in Bowman's capsule in comparison to the normal appearance of tissues in the mice in the other two groups. The large aggregations of lymphocytes around the bronchus and edema in the lungs exposed to cadmium were observed. The lungs of some mice exposed to cadmium and treated with Tribulus terrestris fruit indicated normal tissue appearance, while others showed large aggregations of lymphocytes between alveolar sacs and thick interalveolar septa. The Tribulus terrestris protected the kidneys against the toxicity of the cadmium while this plant had fewer protective effects against cadmium in the lung tissue. These results demonstrated that Tribulus terrestris ameliorated cadmium toxicity.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj51
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cadmium, Kidney, Lung, Mice, Tribulus terrestris

%D 2020
%T PREVALENCE OF ECTOPARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTS (CASE: AFAR REGION OF ETHIOPIA)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Feki
%A S. Gebre
%A A. Shumet
%A Y. Gobena
%A H. Mohammed
%A A. Ebregergious
%N 5
%V 10
%P 203-209
%L eprints48
%X A study was conducted from August 2016 to November 2017 to investigate the prevalance of major ectoparasites of small ruminant and associated risk factors in fourteen districts found in the three Zones of Afar Regional State of Ethiopia. A total of 5376 small ruminants were examined to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites, includes 3696 goats and 1680 sheep. 1443 (39.00) goats and 839 (49.90) sheep were found infested with different ectoparasites. The result of the study showed that statically significant difference was found between species of sheep and goats in related to ectoparasite infestation. The overall prevalence of ectoparasite indiocates that 2282 (42.45) small ruminants were infested by ectoparasites. The most common ectoparasites encountered in order of their predominance were 1968 (36.6), 155 (2.88), 105 (1.95) and 54 (0.56 ) ticks, mange mites, lice and flea infestation, respectively. In the present study, five genera of ticks (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Boophilus), two genera of lice (Linognathus and Damalina) three genera of mites (Sarcoptes, Demodex and Psoroptes), and one genera of flea ctenocephalides were identified on the study animals. Rhipicephalus, Hylomma, Boophilus, Ambylomma was identified as the predominant genera. The prevalence of ectoparasite infestation for different age groups, sex and body condition score were found to vary significantly. In conclusion, among ectoparasites species recorded in the area ticks was found to be highly prevalent in sheep and goats. Tick was predominant followed by mite, lice and flea. The present study revealed an overall ectoparasite prevalence of 2282 (42.45) in both small ruminant species. Of this, 839 (49.9) and 1443 (39) was in sheep and goats, respectively. It also revealed that ticks, mites, lice and fleas are common ectoparasites in the study area. to reduce high prevalence of ectoparasites and their impact on the productivity in small ruminants requires immediate attention, control interventions. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.29
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Ectoparasite Ethiopia Prevalence Ruminant Ticks

%D 2020
%T SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS OF DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A T. Fentahun
%N 5
%V 10
%P 216-230
%L eprints54
%X This systemic review was conducted to identify, critically assess, and bring together available data from primary researches conducted so far on gastrointestinal (GI) helminthes of domestic ruminants in Ethiopia. In the country, GI helminths of domestic ruminants have been identified; examined and informative statistics has been extracted since a few decades ago. For this review, relevant articles were retrieved from English databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scientific Information Database (SID). Additional studies were recognized by scanning the African Journal Online (AJOL) that includes the Ethiopian Veterinary Journal and Bulletin of Animal Health and Production. Out of retrieved (n=154) articles, thirty three (n=37) articles which fulfilled the eligibility criteria were selected. Accordingly, twenty three GI helminthes species which belong to the three classes of helminthes have been found to occur in domestic ruminants in the country. The main genera reported so far are Haemonchus, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, Fasciola, Monezia and Paramphistomum whereas, Haemochus contortus, Moneizia expansa and Fasciolahepatica are the most frequently reported species from Nematode, Cestode and Trematode classes respectively. The overall GI helminths prevalence ranged from 2.3 to 100 were reported. Simple flotation, sedimentation, modified McMaster technique and faecal culture are the most common and routine diagnostic methods which have been used in the country. Management aspects like husbandry practices, climate and host influences are found to be the principal contributing factors that affect GI helminths infections. So far, the control of GI parasites in the country is mainly focusing on the use of anthelmintics. Consequently, due to the lack of effective control strategies, antihelmintics are exclusively used which result in antihelmintics resistance. Generally, occurrence, epidemiological features, realistic control strategies, common diagnostic procedures and frequently encountered species are reviewed. Finally, the relevance of epidemiological knowledge and the development of efficient, sustainable and conventional control measures which cover wider ago-climatic zones of the country are suggested for controlling GI helminths infections and should be assessed timely. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.31
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Anthelmintics Domestic ruminant Ethiopia Gastrointestinal helminthes

%D 2020
%T Contribution of Veterinary Sector to Control COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Gautam
%A A. Khanal
%A D. Subedi
%A S. Bhandari
%A K. Kaphle
%N 3
%V 10
%P 297-305
%L eprints434
%X Nepal has been identified in a high-risk zone by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Nepal’s first official reported case was confirmed on 13 January 2020 and so far, 24,000 cases have tested positive with 91 deaths. The imposition of lockdown has begun since March 24 and it was extended until 22 July. Reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction and rapid diagnostic tests are used by the Government of Nepal to identify COVID-19. Among the worst-hit sectors are tourism as well as travel and the farming industries, the later contributes to the employment of around 65% of the population and a significant share of the national economy. The loss of commercial sectors, such as dairy, feed, and poultry industries are estimated to be in billions of rupees. One shortcoming of resource poorly managed countries, such as Nepal is the lack of interdisciplinary coordination. Over half a decade long professional existence and crucial contributions in Nepal’s overall development, veterinarians are just beginning to be recognized as essential service providers. Since veterinarians of Nepal have the experience of eradicating cattle plague dealing with Avian Influenza and Swine Flu among others, they study and seem to be mentally prepared to handle pandemics. Currently, five veterinary diseases diagnostic laboratories with RT-PCR facilities are serving as COVID-19 diagnosis labs. Veterinarians from Nepal are serving in innovating newer tools as well as performing, supervising, evaluating, reporting diagnosis, and actively in pursuit of establishing the One Health (OH) approach. The sincere and patriotic role played by veterinarians has pressurized the government of Nepal to recognize veterinary service as an essential commodity. In this regard, universities should take the lead and bring veterinarians in policy and planning as well as decision making. The Tribhuvan University is responsible to have the initiative and Agriculture and Forestry University to deliver the missed opportunities. The 17 sustainable development goals that are to be achieved by 2030 are not possible without a multi-sectoral approach and veterinarians are best suited in this regard. It also needs to be realized that veterinarians are better positioned to handle emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases and capable of combating the present situation of COVID19 pandemics. Reiterating the fact that OH approach should not only be in paper and there is no alternative but combined utilization of scarce resources for healthy animals, humans, and the environment with the veterinary profession at its core.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj38
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K COVID-19, Essential services, One Health, SARS-CoV-2, Veterinary.

%D 2020
%T Effect of Polar and Non Polar Extract of Ferula Assafoetida Dermanyssus Gallinae in Vivo and in Vitro Conditions
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Ghavami
%A K. Asasi
%A M. Razavi
%N 3
%V 10
%P 429-435
%L eprints198
%X Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the most common arthropods in layers that affects the quality and quantity of egg production. Although there are different synthetic compounds against this mite, but despite these compounds, drug resistance and the presence of these compounds and synthetic compounds in meat and eggs makes that the use of alternative methods, as well as increased use of herbal extracts and essential oils. In the present study, the N-Hexane and Ethanol extracts of Ferula assafoetida were used. GC-MS analysis revealed the constituents of the two extracts. The lethal properties of the extracts were determined by contact toxicity. In this field study, ethanolic extract of Ferula assafoetida was sprayed on laying hens that infected with red mite. The most available compounds of the Ethanol extract and N-hexan extract of Ferula assafoetida were Diethylpyridine and Aurapten respectively in this study. The LC50 of Ethanol extract of Ferula assafoetida was 16 µg/cm3 and in vitro study determined that ethanolic extract of Ferula assafoetida has been able to reduce the red mite population. This study indicated Ethanol extract of Ferula assafoetida could use as a substitute compound against red mite.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.49
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Polar and nonpolar extract, Ferula assafoetida, Red mite

%D 2020
%T Isolation of Newcastle Disease Virus from Wild Migratory Birds in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Hasan Mohammed
%A A. Kandeil
%A M. Alkhazindar
%A E. Tarek AbdElSalam
%A M. Ahmed Ali
%N 3
%V 10
%P 520-526
%L eprints211
%X Surveillance studies for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are critical to monitor the potential spreading of these viruses among wild birds as well as domestic poultry. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of NDV in wild birds in Egypt in 2016. Out of 159 collected samples from eight different species of wild birds, six (3.77%) samples were positive for paramyxoviruses by semi-nested RT-PCR assay based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. Of six positive samples, four NDVs were successfully isolated in 11-day-old specific-pathogen-free embryonated hens’ eggs. Partial sequences of the fusion gene of the four isolates were amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and fusion genes indicated that the detected NDV viruses in wild birds in Egypt are related to class I NDVs strains. Four Egyptian NDV isolates from wild birds exhibited sequence motif of 111GERQER↓LVG119 at the cleavage site as lentogenic virus in wild birds. Continuous active surveillance may help better monitoring of NDVs circulating in wild birds before newly emerging viruses in domestic poultry.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.60
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Egypt, Fusion protein, Newcastle disease virus, Wild birds

%D 2020
%T Morphology and Immunohistochemistry of Thymus in Haysex Brown Cross Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Huralska
%A T. Kot
%A V. Koziy
%A V. Sokolyuk
%A Z. Khomenko
%N 3
%V 10
%P 456-468
%L eprints217
%X Thymus plays an important role in the development and regulation of immune responses and other physiological processes. The present study aimed to examine the morphological and immunohistochemical changes of the thymus in Haysex Brown cross chickens with regard to their age. The morphofunctional studies of thymus were performed to determine and analyze age-related changes in anatomical (absolute and relative thymus mass), histological (area of the thymus cortex and medulla, area of connective tissue base, cortex index, number of thymic corpuscles in the lobule), and immunohistochemical (subpopulations of lymphocytes with surface markers CD4+ and CD8+ and their differentiation status) indexes. The study demonstrated that maximum morphological development of thymus could be observed in 20 and 40-day-old chickens. Up to 20 days of age, thymus mass increased proportionally with the chicken body weight. The results indicated that 40-day-old chickens had 1.46 times increase in the cortex index, compared to 20-day-old birds and 1.82 times compared to 8-day-old birds. An increase in the density and number of T-lymphocytes with surface markers (CD4+) and was evident through aging. Regarding aging-associated alternations, the differentiation index (CD4+: CD8+ ratio) reached 1.26±0.09, 1.52±0.25, and 1.56±0.23 in 40, 90, and 110-day-old chickens, respectively. The histological and cell parameters of the thymus in clinically healthy chickens can be used as indicators of normal functioning and to diagnose immunodeficiency in birds.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.53
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K CD8 Positive Lymphocytes, CD4 Positive Lymphocytes, Chickens, Cortex Index, Thymus, Immunohistochemical Characteristics

%D 2020
%T The Processing Effects of Anthocyanins Extracted from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel on Total Amount of Anthocyanins and SEM Image in Poultry Nutrition
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. Mahlil
%A H. Husmaini
%A W. Warnita
%A M. Mirzah
%A M. Kobayashi
%A M. E. Mahata
%N 3
%V 10
%P 513-519
%L eprints247
%X The purpose of present study was to know the effects of different processing of anthocyanin content and scan electron microscope image of anthocyanin of dragon fruit peel in poultry diet. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with different processing like untreated dragon fruit peel or control, physical, chemical, biological, and physical-biological, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Variables measured were total amount of anthocyanin and anthocyanin image of dragon fruit peel. The results indicated that physical treatment significantly increased anthocyanin content of dragon fruit peel. Furthermore, treated dragon fruit peel with chemical, biological, and combination of physical-biological significantly reduced anthocyanin content. The image of anthocyanin from each treated processing revealed that control image was similar to physical treatment, and it was different from other treatments. The physical treatment was the best method to increase anthocyanin content, and did not change the image of anthocyanin from dragon fruit peel.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.59
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Anthocyanins, Dragon fruit peel, Processing, Scanning electron microscope, Spectrophotometry

%D 2020
%T EFFECTS OF TREHALOSE SUPPLEMENTATION ON POST-THAW SPERM QUALITY OF HONEY BEE DRONES
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A Z. Nur
%A S. Seven Çakmak
%A İ Çakmak
%A N. T. Onder
%A E. Gokçe
%A B. Ustuner
%A S. Alcay
%A M. B. Toker
%A M. K. Soylu
%N 5
%V 10
%P 191-196
%L eprints50
%X Sperm cryopreservation has led to an increase in widespread use and has it made it more practical to use artificial insemination not only for domestic animals but also for non-mammalian species and humans. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) was the most frequently used cryoprotectant by protecting honey bee drone semen when freezing it. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Trehalose (0.05M, 0.1M or none at all) on extending the viability of semen with 12 DMSO that was based on sperm motility and plasma membrane functional integrity of frozen drone semen. Three different freezing extender solutions were designated as follows; the 0.05M Trehalose, 0.1M Trehalose and Trehalose free (control group). Semen motility and plasma membrane functional integrity were evaluated under phase-contrast microscopy (400X). We found that in control group, DMSO is a critical substance in freezing extender and supports post-thaw sperm motility (53) and plasma membrane functional integrity (79) to some extent. Addition of 0.05M Trehalose to the extender leads to a small recovery of post-thaw motility (55) and plasma membrane integrity (89), but when Trehalose is added at 0.1M concentration, this led to significantly better post-thaw motility (62) and plasma membrane integrity (91). In conclusion, the freeze-thaw process is detrimental to post-thaw drone semen viability. The addition of 0.1 or 0.05M Trehalose to the freezing media containing 12 DMSO has been seen better post-thaw cell motility and plasma membrane integrity of spermatozoa. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.27
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cryoprotectant DMSO Drone Honey bee Semen Trehalose

%D 2020
%T Effects of Dietary Fermented Soy Isoflavones on Egg Quality of Laying Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. Pancapalaga
%A A. Malik
%A R. Wijaya
%A J. Syahranie
%N 3
%V 10
%P 451-455
%L eprints285
%X The present study aimed to examine the effects of fermented soy isoflavones on the poultry feed towards the quality of eggs. A total of 100 Isa Brown chickens aged 32 weeks were divided into 4 groups and 5 replicates, including T0 (control feed without the provision of fermented soy isoflavones), T1 (feed with 4% of fermented soy isoflavones), T2 (feed with 8% of fermented soy isoflavones), and T3 (feed with 12% of fermented soy isoflavones). The treatments were given for 10 weeks. The observed chemical qualities of eggs included HDL, LDL, isoflavones in egg yolks, physical quality (e.g., their weight and eggshell thickness). All the data were analyzed by using analysis of variance. The results showed that the administration of fermented soy isoflavones in poultry feed had no significant effect on egg weight and eggshell thickness (p> 0.05), but had a significant effect on HDL, LDL, and isoflavones in egg yolk (p< 0.01). Based on the results, it can be concluded that 80 mg/100 g of the fermented soy isoflavones (equivalent to the addition of 12%) in laying hens’ feed would increase the content of isoflavones and egg yolks’ HDL, reduce egg yolks’ LDL, and lead to no significant change in the weight and thickness of eggshells.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.52
%I pancapalaga1966@gmail.com
%K Feed, Fermented, Isoflavones, laying hens, Soybean

%D 2020
%T The Use of Giardia immunogenic Protein Fraction to Distinguish Assemblages in Humans and Animals
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A R. M. Ramadan
%A M. M. Khalifa
%A N. O. Kamel
%A A. M. Abdel-Wahab
%A M. M. El-Bahy
%N 3
%V 10
%P 421-428
%L eprints508
%X Buffalo calves have a high adverse effect on public health, specifically zoonotic Giardiasis in Egypt. The current study was carried out to investigate the use of enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique (EITB) as a preliminary step for the diagnosis of giardiasis before genotyping. For this purpose, fecal and blood samples were collected from diarrheic calves and workers in closed and non-closed beef buffalo farm. Zoonotic Giardia assemblage A was isolated from both diarrheic children and their close contact calves while the calves were infected by animal genotype assemblage E under low contact conditions. This was identified after the amplification and sequencing of a 292 bp fragment of 16S-rRNA ribosomal unit from 20 children and 28 calves Giardia isolates using nested PCR. Fractionation of different isolated Giardia assemblage and identification of specific fraction versus anti-Giardia-IgG antibodies in infected humans or animals using EITB revealed that α-1 giardin antigen with molecular weight ranged 29-34KDa. This specific immunogenic assemblage was fraction-related where it reacted specifically versus antibodies in sera of humans or animals infected by this assemblage and did not cross-react with giardin of other assemblage or with sera of non-infected cases. The results of the current study highlighted the use of EITB as a preliminary investigation before genotyping in the identification of zoonotic giardiasis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj52
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Buffalo calves, Genotype, Giardia, Human, Immunoblot, Nested PCR

%D 2020
%T STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF RIM (REFRESH MICROORGANISM) IN SUGARCANE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A . Sudiarso
%A R. Prihandarini
%N 5
%V 10
%P 210-215
%L eprints49
%X Sugarcane is used by its stems as the main raw material for sugar. In addition to improving soil structure, soil organic matter also supplies soil nutrients, especially Nitrogen, Phosphor and Sulfur, increases soil aggregate stability, increases groundwater holding capacity and increases soil recoverability. To overcome this problem, the use of RIM microorganism (refresh microorganism) technology in sugarcane fields needs to be done to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers which will ultimately lead to the realization of the application of organic farming systems in sugarcane cultivation. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of different dosage applications of RIM and various sources of organic matter on the growth and yield of sugarcane. This research consisted of two stages, namely in the greenhouse and in the field, namely (1) testing the growth of bud chip sugarcane seedlings using different growth media and microorganism technology (2) testing the effect of RIM applications and organic matter on the growth and yield of sugarcane. The use of RIM's Biological Agents by using Tricho derma, Sacharomyces, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria was able to increase the growth of sugarcane buds. The combination of using RIM and manure can increase the number of leaves and the percentage of growing sugarcane. © Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.30
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Beneficial microorganism Organic Material RIM's Biological Agent Sugarcane

%D 2020
%T Production Performances of Indonesian Native Rooster (Gallus gallus domesticus) Supplemented with Germinated Mung Bean Sprouts and Acidifiers in the Diet
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Supartini
%A M. N. Ihsan
%A M. H. Natsir
%A N. Isnaini
%N 3
%V 10
%P 480-484
%L eprints327
%X The research aimed to analyze the production performances of the Indonesian native rooster (Gallus gallus domesticus) fed germinated mung bean sprouts and acidifier supplementation in the diet. A total of 24 roosters aged 12 months with an average body weight of 2.29 ± 0.23 kg were used for the research subject. The diet was composed of a basic diet supplemented with 48-hours germinated mung bean sprouts and acidifier, with a basic no supplement diet as a control group. The research was conducted as an in vivo factorial randomized block design with different amounts of germinated mung bean sprouts (0% and 1.8%) and acidifiers (0%, 0.4%, 0.80%, and 1.20%) as the research treatment. Each treatment was performed in triplicate, and the observed production performances include Daily Intake (DI) of feed, Feed Consumption Ratio (FCR), Average Daily Gain (ADG), and Body Weight (BW). All data were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance) and then tested by Tukey’s test to determine significant differences. The results showed that the supplementation of mung bean sprouts and acidifiers did not give any differences from DI, FCR, ADG, and BW of Gallus gallus domesticus. However, the supplementation of germinated mung bean sprouts and acidifiers in the present research showed better overall production performances compared to the control group. The best production performance of the treatments was found at 1.8% germinated mung bean sprout and 1.2% acidifier additive based on the FCR (1.14±0.06) with DI at 91.94±1.11 gram (g)/head, ADG at 305.33±34.93 g/day, and final BW found after 30 days at 2,434.67±155.28 g. It has been concluded that the germinated mung bean sprout and acidifiers supplementation increases the production performance of Gallus gallus domesticus, with longer and higher supplement levels being suggested.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.55
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Mung bean sprouts, Native chicken, Poultry diet, Production performances

%D 2020
%T Cross Protectivity of Yolk Immunoglobulin Anti-Hemagglutinin Protein of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza A subtypes H5N1 Administered on Chicken Infected by High Pathogenic Avian Influenza A subtypes H5N1
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A . Suwarno
%A R. Ernawati
%A N. S. Widjaja
%N 3
%V 10
%P 398-404
%L eprints529
%X Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY) against Avian Influenza (AI) is commonly used as immunotherapy and immunodiagnostic techniques. Application of IgY mixed in drinking water is known effective to inhibit AI replication. The effectivity of IgY anti-Hemagglutinin Protein (anti-HA) of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) clade 2.1 (A/Chicken/Blitar/2003) was tested against infection of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza clade 2.3.2 (A/Duck/Sidoarjo/2012). The inhibiting activity was observed through Immunohistochemistry. Sixty chickens were infected with 105 EID50/ml of HPAI clade 2.3.2 (A/Duck/Sidoarjo/2012).  Yolk Immunoglobulin with different amounts (0 µg, 100 µg, 200 µg and 400 µg) were administered at three different times which were 24 hours before infection, at the time of infection, and 24 hours after infection. The observation was conducted for 7 days. During post infection observation, death chickens were managed for immunohistochemistry assay to observe the present of virion and IgY sialic acid 2,3-alfa galactosa (SA α 2,3 gal) blocking activity in septa alveoli. By the end of observation all chickens were euthanized for immunohistochemistry assay. The result showed that anti-HA IgY obtained from HPAI clade 2.1 could protecting infection of HPAI clade 2.3.2. According to immunohistochemistry assay, the administration of IgY can neutralize the infecting virus marked by the number of virions observed in septa alveoli of the lungs. Regarding the assay, the dose of 200 µg and 400 µg of IgY applied 24 hours before the infection, can reduce clinical signs and mortality of infected chicken (80-100%). The best dose of the IgY to protect them from infection of clade 2.3.2 (A/Duck/Sidoarjo/2012) was 400 µg administered 24 hours before infection. It could be concluded that administration of IgY anti-Haemaglutinin Protein (anti-HA) of High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) clade 2.1 (A/Chicken/Blitar/2003) could protect chickens against the infection of HPAI clade 2.3.2 (A/Duck/Sidoarjo/2012), even though they belong different clades. The protection rate was 80-100%. Further research should be done to discover the cross-protectivity of IgY as preventive method against HPAI outbreak.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj49
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian influenza virus, IgY anti-HA, Immunotherapy, Productivity.

%D 2020
%T The Efficacy of Synbiotic Application in Broiler Chicken Diets, Alone or in Combination with Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Zootechnical Parameters
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. Syed
%A S. Wein
%A Y. Ruangapanit
%N 3
%V 10
%P 469-479
%L eprints330
%X In recent years, probiotics and synbiotics have gained considerable interest in poultry feeding as an alternative to antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance concerns. The objective of this dual study was to evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic supplementation alone or in combination with different Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGPs), compared to the untreated control group of broiler chickens production performance. In the first experiment, a total of 1260 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 7 diet treatments, with 6 replicates per diet treatment and 30 birds per replicate over a 42-day period. The diet treatments included a control diet based on corn-soybean without additives (T1), and the diet treatment with bacitracin (BMD 100 ppm, T2), colistin (10 ppm, T3), synbiotic (PoultryStar me, 0.5 kg/t, T4), a combination of synbiotic (0.5 kg/t) and bacitracin (60 ppm, T5), synbiotic (0.5 kg/t) and colistin (5 ppm, T6), synbiotic (0.5 kg/t), bacitracin (60 ppm), and colistin (5 ppm, T7). During the critical period of rearing from hatch to day 10, the synbiotic supplementation resulted in a significantly higher body weight gain than its combination with bacitracin. No other dietary treatment showed a remarkable improvement in the body weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio, compared to the only synbiotic application (T4) during the entire trial period. The tendency towards an improved feed conversion ratio was observed during the use of symbiotic (T4, 1.87), compared to the control group (T1, 1.93) during the entire trial period. Compared with the control group (T1, 2.78%), broiler mortality was also lower in the synbiotic group (T4, 1.11%). In the second experiment, a total of 1500 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 diet treatments; with 15 replicates per diet treatment, and 25 birds per replicate over a 42-day period. The dietary treatments included a control group diet based on corn-soybean without additives (T1), and the treatment diets with bacitracin (BMD 1000 ppm, T2), synbiotic (PoultryStar me, 0.5 kg/t, T3), and a combination of synbiotic (0.5 kg/t) plus bacitracin (BMD 1000 ppm T4). Birds fed antibiotic or synbiotic alone or in a combination had numerically a higher body weight and an average daily gain than the control group. There was a tendency of improvement in the feed conversion ratio during the age of 1-24 days, and throughout the experimental period. The evaluated synbiotic could serve as an effective alternative to AGPs, such as bacitracin and colistin in broiler chicken diets, especially during the first crucial period. The synbiotic can serve this purpose without combining it with AGPs, such as colistin or bacitracin.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.54
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotic growth promoter, Broilers, Performance, Synbiotic

%D 2020
%T Comparison of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Oxytetracycline for the Treatment of Early Stage Interdigital Necrobacillosis in Dairy Cows
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A Z. K. Tulemissova
%A M. A. Torehanov
%A R. Z. Myktybayeva
%A A. S. Ibazhanova
%A D. M. Khussainov
%A Z. M. Batanova
%A S. S. Usmangaliyeva
%N 3
%V 10
%P 375-379
%L eprints537
%X The objective of this multilocation field trial was to compare the effectiveness of the topical application of a powdered probiotic strain and intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline for the treatment of interdigital necrobacillosis in dairy cows. The current study was conducted from April 2018 to May 2020 on 230 dairy cows with early-stage interdigital necrobacillosis diagnosed by the research veterinarians on 6 farms situated in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The animals were recruited randomly to one of the following groups. A trial group in which the affected hoof of a cow was cleaned, coated with powder containing 106 colony-forming units of Lactobacillus acidophilus per gram, and then bandaged. Cows in the positive control group were subjected to a single intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline at the dosage of 1.0 milligram per kilogram of bodyweight which is considered the routine treatment for interdigital necrobacillosis in the feedlots. Both procedures were executed every 72 hours during a period of two weeks with the subsequent two-week follow-up period. The treatment was discontinued when a cow was assessed as cured. Both groups were monitored daily for their limb condition and the degree of lameness during 28 days. Those cows having no evidence of lameness and lesions attributed to interdigital necrobacillosis with no disease recurrence recorded within the observation period, were considered cured. On day 15, the overall cure rates for Lactobacillus acidophilus 015k-1 strain and oxytetracycline were 80.87% and 83.48%, respectively. The overall odds ratio for the cure rate in the probiotic group versus oxytetracycline was 0.837. However, on day 28, all cows in both groups were found to be clinically free from the disease, and cure rates were 100%. No recurrence was recorded in any of the cases. It was concluded that the topical administration of the probiotic powder to dairy cows with early-stage interdigital necrobacillosis can result in cure rates nearly as high as those for intramuscular oxytetracycline within a period of 28 days. This is the first report on the treatment effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus locally applied to cattle with early-stage interdigital necrobacillosis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj46
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Dairy cows, Foot rot, Interdigital necrobacillosis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Oxytetracycline, Probiotic, Topical administration.

%D 2020
%T POSTMORTEM STUDY ON INDIGESTIBLE FOREIGN BODIES IN RUMEN AND RETICULUM OF CATTLE (CASE: HARAMAYA AND AWADAY MUNICIPAL ABATTOIRS, EASTERN ETHIOPIA)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A I. Amin
%A T. Fentahun
%N 4
%V 10
%P 172-179
%L eprints57
%X A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2017 to March, 2018 at Haramaya and Awaday Municipal Abattoirs of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia, with the objectives of assessing the prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies, identifying types of foreign bodies and associated risk factors for the occurrences of foreign bodies. Following appropriate ante-mortum examinations, postmortem examinations were employed for the recovery of foreign body from rumen and reticulum. The study animals were selected by using systematic random sampling using regular interval to study animal from the total slaughtered animals. From a total of 384 (207 female and 177 male) cattle examined, 41.7 (n=160) were found to contain foreign bodies at slaughter. When the prevalence was compared between genders, breed, among different age groups, and different body condition score, higher prevalence of foreign bodies 50.7, 75.0, 80.0, 83.3, were observed in female, cross breed, age older than 10 years, and animal having poor body condition score respectively. These aforementioned factors are considered as potential risk factors were highly significantly associated with the occurrence of foreign bodies. Rumen harbored mostly plastic materials while reticulum was the major site for the retention of metallic objects. The non-penetrating foreign bodies have higher prevalence than penetrating foreign bodies. The commonly recovered non-penetrating foreign bodies were plastics (46.9), cloth (30.0), rope (21.3) and leather (18.8). The penetrating foreign bodies were metals (5). Plastics were recovered as the most common foreign bodies and followed by cloths, Ropes, and leathers. It is concluded that the detection of this level of prevalence of foreign bodies in cattle causes high mortality and morbidity, reduced production and productivity. Therefore, appropriate solid waste disposal system need to implement in the study area to prevent health risk of ruminants and also to protect the environment. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.24
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Body Condition Score Cattle Foreign body Reticulum Rumen

%D 2020
%T TREATMENT TRIALS OF EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS WITH LOCAL MEDICINAL PLANTS: A REVIEW
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Asfaw
%A T. Fentahun
%N 4
%V 10
%P 158-166
%L eprints59
%X The aim of this paper was to review the use of local herbal medicines to treat Epizootic lymphangitis (EZL) and challenges related with safety, efficacy and quality control of herbal medicines. EZL has deleterious effect on both welfare and health of the horses and mules. In addition it has a serious negative impact on mainly the livelihoods of cart-horse owners/drivers. Basically, antifungal drugs for the treatment of EZL are costly and mostly unavailable in such areas especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Medicinal herbs have a hopeful future since there are about half a million plants around the world, most of them have not yet been studied in medical practice, and current and future studies on medical activities can be effective in treating this disease. Furthermore, there is no gainsaying the fact that the requirements as well as the research protocols, standards and methods needed for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines are much more complex than those required for conventional pharmaceuticals. These days, there are several trials on local plants like Xanthium strumarium (X. strumarium), Combretum molle (C. molle) seed and Phytolacca dodecandra (P. dodecandra) extracts inhibited the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum (H. capsulatum var farciminosum). Among these, the aqueous and n-butanol extracts of P. dodecandra with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of (0.078-0.156) and (0.039–0.078) respectively have been inhibiting the growth of H. capsulatum var. farciminosum. In vivo, over 58.3 horses with the disease responded to treatment then the other two plant extracts. In conclusion, P. dodecandra extracts showed a significant effect to inhibit the growth of H. capsulatum var farciminosum in vitro and EZL in vivo. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.22
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Combretum molle Epizootic lymphangitis Medicinal herbs Phytolacca dodecandra Xanthium stramorium

%D 2020
%T EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF CORN FOR COMMERCIAL RATION ON PERFORMANCE AND PLASMA CHOLESTEROL IN KUB CHICKENS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A E. Erwan
%N 4
%V 10
%P 185-190
%L eprints55
%X : The aim of the present study was to evaluate growth performance and plasma total cholesterol (TCHO) concentration of KUB chickens fed by substitution of commercial feed with corn in 1 of day-old chick of KUB were raised for 10 weeks in two dietary groups including only commercial feed (group A) and a commercial feed substituted by 30 corn (group B). Data were analysed by T-test. The results showed that there was no significant effect of the treatments on feed intake, body weight (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in KUB chickens. Similarly, plasma TCHO concentration did not show any difference between two experimental rations. However, total income of commercial feed substituted with 30 corn was higher than commercial feed. It was concluded that corn could be used at 30 to substituted commercial feed without significantly affecting the KUB chicken performance and TCHO. Present research considered usefulness of corn as a potential alternative of commercial feeds in KUB chickens in Indonesia. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.26
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Body Weight Gain Commercial Feed Corn Feed Conversion Ratio Feed Intake KUB chickens

%D 2020
%T STUDY OF THE FLAVONOIDS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ARGAN TREE (Argania spinosa L.)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Hilali
%A H. E. Monfalouti
%A B. E. Kartah
%N 4
%V 10
%P 167-171
%L eprints60
%X The separation and identification of the main phenolic compounds present in the co-product of the Argan tree (Argania spinosa) were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).The study was based on the retention times of the peaks of the phenolic compounds in samples and was compared to those of the controls (reference compounds) and supplemented by an analysis of the fragmentations of the molecules by mass spectrometry. Phenolic compounds in the pulp of the Argan namely such as catechin (2.8), epicatechin (14.7), procyanidin (2.7), quercetin (1.6), luteolin (0.2) and naringenin (0.07) were found. Phenolic acid is consisted of gallic acid (5) and protocatechuic acid (21.1). These compounds are more dominant than flavonoids. The flavonoids-O-rhamnoglucosides the most dominant compounds is isorhoifoline (7.2) and hesperidin (4.5) against rutin (0.1) and rhamnetin-O-rutinoside (0.5) are less dominant. The main compounds are the hyperoside (13.4) and isoquercetin (10). On the other hand, naringenin-7-O-glucoside constituted the most minority compound of this type of flavonoid in the pulp of the fruit of the Argan tree (the percentage of naringenin-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-arabinose is 15.3). There are other phenolic compounds in the pulp of the Argan namely such as catechin (2.8), epicatechin (14.7), procyanidin (2.7), quercetin (1.6), luteolin (0.2) and naringenin (0.07). The main flavonoids found in the leaves of the Argan tree are Quercetin (21.73), Myricetin (54.34), Hyperoside (8.69), and also Myricetin-3-Ogalactoside (9.78). Argan cake is rich in flavonoids. Among these, epicatechin (110 mg/kg), catechin (11 mg/kg), protocatechic acid (15.2 mg/kg), vanillic acid (16.3 mg/kg) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (8.6 mg/kg) are higher in Argan cake. Argan oil is richer in tocopherol (597 to 775 mg/kg), Argan oil is rich in gamma tocopherol (631 mg/kg), and that make Argan valuable nutraceutical. The study of the secondary metabolites and especially the flavonoids of the Argan tree was undertaken with the aim of identifying new metabolites making it possible to increase the industrial than commercial value of the Argan tree. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved.
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.23
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Argan tree Biological activity Flavonoids Metabolism Phenolic acids

%D 2020
%T INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MANIPULATIONS AND MILKING FREQUENCY ON PRODUCTION OF DAIRY COWS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. A. Khaskheli
%N 4
%V 10
%P 180-184
%L eprints56
%X Dairy cow responses to various types of diets differently and dairy farmers can use knowledge of its behavior to improve the cow well-being and yield. This review was carried out in order to better understanding the influence of dietary manipulation and milking frequency on the dairy cows’ production. The results obtained from review of already conducted studies revealed that the dairy cow is significantly affected by composition, quality, amount and regimes of the diet. Maximum daily milk production, milk protein, milk lactose, milk fat, total solids are recorded in dairy cows when ad-libitum feed and water is provided. Further, sufficient water intake is necessary for maintaining body fluids and proper ion balance, digestion, absorption, metabolization of nutrients, elimination and body cooling. Feeding and water frequency stimulate the mammary functions and milk synthesis, which is actually a non-invasive method. Reducing feeding frequency from 2x daily to 1x daily decreases milk yield from 7 to 38 in dairy cows, however changing feeding frequency from 2x to 3x daily results about 18 increase in milk production that can be economically acceptable. On the other hand, increasing milking frequency from 2x to 3x daily increase milk production up to 30. Therefore, in addition of dietary manipulation and milking frequency, high quality feed and ad-libitum water plays always a key role for improving the performance and production of dairy cows. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.25
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Ad-libitum Diet Performance Production

%D 2020
%T THE USE OF PREDICTED APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES TO UNDERSTAND THE OIL AND FAT VARIABILITY IN BROILERS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Thng
%A J. X. Ting
%A H. R. Tay
%A C. Y. Soh
%A H. C. Ong
%A D. Tey
%N 4
%V 10
%P 150-157
%L eprints58
%X The objective of this study was to analyze the predicted apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of different oil samples across Asia Pacific region and investigate the AME values in broilers of different ages (< 21 or = 21 days old). A total of 635 oil and fat samples consisting of 93 fish oils, 36 coconut oils, 70 crude palm oils, 42 refined palm oils, 43 soybean oils, 147 rice bran oils, 163 tallows and 41 lards were collected and analyzed over a span of eight years (2011 to 2018). The free fatty acid (FFA) content of oil and fat samples were analyzed through acid-base titration and the degree of saturation (ratio of unsaturation to saturated fatty acids; U:S) were determined with Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The FFA and U:S of the samples were then incorporated into the Wiseman equation to correlate the oil and fat qualities with the AME. Our survey revealed AME variations were prevalent in most of the oil types studied, with fish oils and tallows showing the largest energy gap within oil samples. The results showed that the predicted AME values for oil and fat samples differ across countries, even within batches from the same supplier. Taken together, our investigation suggests that there is a considerable variation in the AME values of oils and fats, which may affect the feed formulation precision. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights Reserved
%R 10.51227/ojafr.2020.21
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Dietary energy Fatty acid composition Lipids Oil quality Poultry

%D 2020
%T Effect of smartphone duration use on scapular muscles
strength in normal subjects
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A MOHAMED Mohamed Soliman
%A ELKEBLAWY Mohamed Maher
%A Ibrahim AMIN Doaa
%N 04
%V 10
%P 44-50
%L eprints554
%X Background. The use of hand-held devices such as smartphone has been associated with shoulder pain and scapular muscles imbalance as a result of hyperactivity and tightness. Aim. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone duration use on pain of the upper back and scapular muscles strength in normal subjects, Methods. This study was cross sectional observational study; Eighty normal adults 20-30 years age, with right hand dominance were recruited for this study. The subjects must have at least 6 months experience in using smartphone and divided into two groups: Group A used smartphone less than 4 hours daily and group B used smartphone more than 4 hours daily. Subjects was assessed once time. Upper back pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale and strength assessed by break test through pull and push dynamometer. Results. subjects in the two groups showed significant pain accentuation after smartphone usage, depends on the duration. Furthermore, changes in pain severity with smartphone use were different between the two groups (P<0.05). For scapular adductor muscles strength, the right dominant side was diminished but not reach to cause significant difference (P>0.05) and the left side have increase in strength with significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion. Smartphone continuous use for more than 4 hours daily led to increase shoulder or parascapular pain and decrease strength of scapular adductor muscles in right dominant side due to prolonged hyperactivity, then led to weakness and increase the strength of left side due to hyperactivity of left side during holding or static postures and bilateral hand texting.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.6
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Upper back pain, Smartphone, Scapular muscle strength, Pull and push dynamometer, Healthy subjects

%D 2020
%T Isolation and identification of Enset wilt disease causing
bacteria using 16S rRNA Gene Sequence samples collected
from Gurage zone, Ethiopia
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Belay TILAHUN
%A Degisew YINUR
%A Dejene ZENABU
%A Flagot Mola MENESHA
%N 04
%V 10
%P 51-58
%L eprints557
%X Introduction. Xanthomonas campestris is an important bacterium responsible for bacterial wilt disease, which causes predominantly a serious loss in enset production. In some enset-growing areas of Ethiopia, farmers are enforced to replace perennial enset plants with annual crops because of this disease devastates enset production. Aim. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the molecular diversity of bacterial wiealt diseas cosing bacteria from infected enset plants that were collected from the Gurage Zone, using the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Methods. 60 infected enset samples were collected from infected enset plants. Presumptive identification of the bacterium was done through biochemical tests. 16S rRNA genes of bacterial isolates were amplified using the bacteria universal primers and the amplified products were sequenced at MRC-Holland, Amsterdam. Sequence analysis and comparison were conducted to identify the isolated microbes into species and strain levels. Results. Based on the biochemical tests, 18 bacterial isolates were motile, indole negative as well as citrate and catalase positive and they were hydrolyzed starch. The sequence analysis revealed that from 18 bacterial isolates 17 of them were identified as Xanthomonas campestris of different strains and one isolate was identified as an uncultured bacterium. In this study, different Xanthomonas campestris strains that have different virulence factors were identified in the study area. To effectively control and manage bacterial wilt disease of enset plant, it is important to examine antipathogenic agent or biological control mechanisms for all Xanthomonas campestris strains. Additionally, determining plant bacterial interaction using molecular tools and identify the virulence genes are also beneficial.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.7
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Xanthomas sp., Enset, 16srRNA gene, DNA sequencing, Wilt disease

%D 2020
%T Effect of Water Acidification and Sanitation on Performance, Gut Microbial Microbial Population and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Adil
%A M. T. Banday
%A I. S. Sheikh
%A A. A. Khan
%A I. A. Baba
%A B. Zaffer
%N 2
%V 10
%P 391-396
%L eprints95
%X Management of water is of utmost importance in order to ensure better performance of poultry birds. A study was thus conducted to evaluate the effect of water acidification and sanitation on performance, gut microbial population and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. A total of 144 broiler chickens aged one-week were utilized for the study up to 6 weeks of age. The birds were distributed into 4 treatment groups of three replicates of 12 chickens. Untreated drinking water was routinely used in the control group (T1). In T2 and T3, acidifier and sanitizer were used in an amount of 1ml and 5ml/20 liters of water, respectively, while in T4 a combination of acidifier and sanitizer was used in similar doses. There was a significant effect of acidification and sanitization of water on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken. The combination of acidifier and sanitizer (T4) was found to be highly effective in improving chickens’ performance, followed by sanitizer alone (T3) and acidifier alone (T2), compared to the control group. There was no significant effect on various carcass characteristics of broiler chicken except for the gut pH and intestinal length. There was a significant effect on the pH value of various intestinal segments in broiler chickens using acidifier treated water (T2) compared to T1 and T3, but no statistical effect was noticed between T2and T4. A similar trend was noticed in the length of intestines of broiler chickens in various treatment groups. There was a significant reduction in Caecal Coliform Count ( in all the treatment groups that was used acidifier and sanitizer compared to the control group.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.46
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Acidifier, Broiler chicken, Gut microbiology, Performance, Sanitizer

%D 2020
%T Developmental competence of Buffalo oocytes cultured under different oxygen tensions after selection with brilliant cresyl blue
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A D. A. E. R. Ahmed
%A N. Ghanem
%A S. M. Dessouki
%A M. S. Faheem
%A A. Y. Gad
%A A. H. Barkawi
%N 2
%V 10
%P 246-253
%L eprints359
%X The aim of this investigation was to follow up in vitro preimplantation development of buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) after BCB test and followed by in vitro maturation under two different levels of oxygen tension. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (n=1045) were selected with BCB staining (oocytes with any degree of blue color in cytoplasm was defined as BCB+, oocytes without any degree of blue color in cytoplasm was defined as BCB-) in addition to a third control group. The previous experimental groups (BCB+, BCB-, control) were matured in vitro under low (5%) and high oxygen tension (20%), followed by in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of presumptive zygotes. There were no differences (P ≤ 0.05) in cleavage, morula and transferable embryos rates among BCB+, BCB- and control group. However, blastocyst rate was greater significantly in control group (14.4 ± 2.0) than BCB- COCs (8.4 ± 1.9). According to the oxygen tension effect, the rate of morula and transferable embryos was increased (P ≤ 0.05) in buffalo COCs developed under low oxygen tension (11.6 ± 1.4 and 23.8 ± 1.9) compared to high oxygen tension group (7.4 ± 1.4 and 17.9 ± 2.1). In addition, cleavage, morula, blastocyst and transferable embryos rates were greater in BCB+ under low (43.6 ± 3.9, 14.9 ± 2.5, 14.1 ± 2.9 and 28.4 ± 3.6) than high oxygen tension group (33.5 ± 3.9, 7.1 ± 2.5, 11.6 ± 2.9 and 18.8 ± 3.6) which may reflect enhanced biological processes controlling early development. Moreover, blastocyst rate was significantly higher in control group cultured under high (12.0 ± 2.9) and low (16.9 ± 2.8) oxygen level than their counterparts of BCB- group (9.3 ± 2.9 and 7.6 ± 2.6, respectively). In conclusion, there was no differences in embryo development between BCB+ and BCB-, COCs; therefore, oocyte selection based on BCB staining is not an effective tool to select developmental competent buffalo COCs. Buffalo morula and transferable embryos prefer low oxygen tension for early development, which should be applied during in vitro embryo production of this species.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.wvj32
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Brilliant cresyl-blue staining, Cumulus-oocyte complex, Morula, Preimplantation.

%D 2020
%T Detecting intestinal parasitic infections in laboratory mice
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. M. B. Alkhashab
%A A. I. Jamal aldeen Alnuri
%A R. S. Abdallah AlJuwari
%N 2
%V 10
%P 183-189
%L eprints363
%X A total of 150 Laboratory mice divided into four age groups consisted of 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks old were used in this study by placing each animal individually in a special cage within the period between October 2019 to the end of February 2020 at the Research and Graduate Studies Laboratory University of Mosul, Iraq. This study aimed to investigate intestinal parasitic infections in laboratory mice, stool samples were collected for 150 laboratory mice and periodically to perform laboratory tests that included direct slide examination and using the concentration method to detect eggs of worms and cysts of protozoa parasites, the culture of parasites also was used by prepared manufactured culture media to develop parasites. The infection was diagnosed in 136 (90.66%) mice while the rest 14 (9.33%) mice did not record any parasitic infection (clean). The higher rate of infection 58% was reported for Trichomonas muris followed by Entamoeba muris and Giardia muris which found in 22%, 15.3% respectively. In the other hand the infection with Hymenolepis diminuta was recorded in 16% from infected cases by identifying the eggs of this worm in stool samples. This study shows the high rate of parasites infection in laboratory mice which might have negative effects on the result of previous scientific researches, in addition to wasting effort, time, and materials.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Entamoeba muris, Giardia muris, Laboratory mice, Trichomonas muris

%D 2020
%T Effect of combined plant essential oils on dermanyssus gallinae: In vitro and in vivo study
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. M. M. Amer
%A M. M. Amer
%A H. M. Mekky
%A H. S. Fedawy
%N 2
%V 10
%P 199-206
%L eprints366
%X The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of plant essential oils on Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae). In vitro six groups of red mites, 20 mites in each group were exposed to direct spray of combined plant essential oils (Alisal) in rate of 0.25% on mites. activity and changes under stereomicroscope showed that sprayed mites completely stopped movements at both 1- and 2- h after treatment with completely stretched legs and white bead-like spots of oils accumulation on legs and bodies at 1- and 2- h. while, the non-treated mites were active with pale light brown colour. In vivo effect of Allisal to control red mite infestation in laying hens was investigated. In case of drinking water method mite count reduction rate on the bird was 60 %, 10%, and 0% as well as 0%, 0% and 10% in their traps at 4,7, and 12 days respectively, from the start of treatment in drinking water. While, in spray method mite reduction was 40%, 20%, and 10% on birds and 0%, 0% and 30% in the traps. On the other hand, water intake, feed intake, general health condition, skin health, and feather condition scores were improved at 4th day post treatment (DPT). Total lesion score at 12 DPT was improved. The present study concluded that in vitro combined plant essential oils have rapid and strong acaricide effect in contact sprays. In vivo, there was obvious improvement in groups treated with plant oils than non-treated group. Drinking water treated birds showed good results than spray treated group. Therefore, it is recommended to use combined plant essential oils in D. gallinae control strategies in poultry.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.wvj26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Acaricides, Chickens mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, Plant essential oils, Red mite.

%D 2020
%T Efficacy of ivermectin-based drugs against ectoparasites in broiler chickens
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. B. Arisova
%N 2
%V 10
%P 160-164
%L eprints372
%X This research aimed to study the efficacy of two different ivermectin-based drugs against ectoparasites of chickens. In total 1200 Highsex brown chickens aged 1-1.5 years were examined to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites among chickens. The diagnosis of ectoparasites in chickens was established using clinical and entomological methods. For studying drug efficacy, 20 chickens were selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control) of 10 birds each according to the principle of analogs. A prepared ivermectin-based drug consisting of active substance ivermectin and the auxiliary substances including jojoba Resplanta, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, Tween-80, benzyl alcohol, and purified water, was administered to the experimental group at a dose of 0.4 ml/L of drinking water (400 μg ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight) twice with a 24-hour interval. The treatment was repeated after 14 days. The control group was administered another drug based on ivermectin in the same dose and manner as the drug given in the experimental group. The efficacy of the drugs was determined by counting the number of ectoparasites per chicken before and after treatment. The clinical condition of the birds was monitored from day 1 to day 28 of the experiment. To evaluate the physiological state of chickens, blood and biochemical tests were performed on day 28 of the experiment. The results revealed that the prevalence of infection with Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Dermanyssus gallinae in chickens was 34.5%, 21.5%, and 12%, respectively. The number of parasites/chicken after treatment between the experimental and the control group was significantly different. The efficacy of the drugs against ectoparasites in the experimental and control group was 95.6-99.0% and 85.1-91.1%, respectively. The blood tests showed that hematological and biochemical parameters were within physiological norms for both groups. Also, a pharmacokinetic study was performed on 18 ISA cross, 40-day-old chickens administered orally with the test drug at the same dose. The results revealed that ivermectin reached maximum concentration at 30-60 minutes after administration to the bird. After 1 hour, the concentration of the active substance of the drug in the blood serum of chickens decreased sharply and reached the limit of quantification by 12-24 hours. In conclusion, this drug can be recommended for use in poultry as an effective and safe drug for the treatment of arachnoentomosis in birds.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chickens, Ectoparasites, Ivermectin.

%D 2020
%T Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug based on moxidectin for young stock and small breed of domestic animals
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. P. Belykh
%N 2
%V 10
%P 231-236
%L eprints386
%X The pharmacokinetic characteristics of moxidectin in the blood serum of dogs and cats after a single cutaneous (spot-on) application of drug for veterinary use “Inspector Mini” to prevent and treat arachnoses, entomoses and intestinal nematodes in kittens and puppies as well as in small breed dogs and cats were investigated. Twelve outbred dogs and cats of different ages and weights were involved in present study. All the animals were weighed to determine the exact dosage of the drug. The determination of moxidectin in blood serum was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography with pre-column modification of N-methylimidazole and trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by fluorescence detection. According to the results of the study, it was found that moxidectin was well absorbed into the systemic circulation and reached to maximum concentration in the blood serum of dogs and cats after 4-10 days. After treatment with the drug, moxidectin was determined in the blood serum of animals after 12 hours at concentration of 2 ng/ml. Significant concentrations of moxidectin in the blood serum of animals remained for 28 days after topical application (spot-on). Moxidectin was detected in the blood serum of animals at the end of the experiment (after 30 days) which indicates its therapeutic effect for at least one month after the application of the drug.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood Serum, Cats, Dogs, Moxidectin, Pharmacokinetics

%D 2020
%T The acute toxicity assesment of Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG for White Mice
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A V. Dukhnytskyi
%A V. Sokolyuk
%A P. Boiko
%A I. Ligomina
%A V. Goncharenko
%N 2
%V 10
%P 359-366
%L eprints162
%X In this article an attempt was made to present the results of toxicity assessment of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids, Mospilan RP (active substance acetamiprid) and Actara 25 WG (active substance thiamethoxam) in white mice. The aim was to investigate the acute toxicity of Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG in white mice. The half-lethal dose (LD50) of Mospilan RP was found to be131.25 ± 34.12 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) per active substance and 656.25 ± 170.6 mg/kg BW per drug, and the Lethal Dose (LD100) was 200 mg/kg BW by the active ingredient (1000 mg/kg BW by drug). The half-life dose (DL50) of Actara 25 WG for white mice was 907.81 ± 24.03 mg/kg BW for the active substance, and 3631.24 ± 96.12 mg/kg BW for the drug; The lethal dose (LD100) was also 1200 mg/kg BW per active ingredient (4800 mg/kg BW per drug). The acute course of poisoning by Mospilan RP and Actara 25 WG in mice was characterized mainly by nervous disorders (lesions of the central and peripheral nervous systems), which is evidenced by the clinical features of poisoning including depression, convulsions, ataxia (impaired movement coordination), tremor and impaired breathing. It has been established that Mospilan RP belongs to the third toxicity class according to the Hygienic classification of substances by skin-resorptive toxicity (DL50> 2000 mg/kg).
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.41
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Actara 25 WG insecticides, Acute toxicity, Insecticides toxicity, Mospilan PP, Neonicotinoids, White miced

%D 2020
%T A Review on the Use of Azolla Species in Poultry Production
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 2
%V 10
%P 378-384
%L eprints169
%X Aquatic plants are receiving a lot of attention in nutrition research, which is due to their broad range of uses in animal and human food. Azolla is one of the commonly used these floating plants. Currently, different Azolla species are used as maintainable feed alternatives for cattle, pigs, poultry, and fish as dried flakes or fresh form. In addition to high protein and essential amino acid content of Azolla, the fern is rich in other nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and pigments. There is a discrepancy in the use of Azolla to improve the productivity of poultry. However, most studies have indicated that the incorporation of broiler ration with certain levels of Azolla promotes feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and general health conditions as Azolla comprises growth promoters. In layers, the use of Azolla improves productivity in terms of egg quantity and quality as Azolla contains pigments, minerals, and essential amino acids. Moreover, Azollas improves carcass traits at processing. Therefore, this review article provides information on Azolla plant, its composition, and the significance of its supplementation for different poultry species.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.44
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Azolla, Broilers, Immunity, Layers, Performance

%D 2020
%T Quality evaluation of nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets by using chitosan and nanochitosan coating during refrigerated storage
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. M. Elkassas
%A S. A. Yassin
%A M. N. Saleh
%N 2
%V 10
%P 237-245
%L eprints417
%X Using natural preservatives has a probability to improve the quality and integrity of fish products. Such research investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles casing on the quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish fillets through refrigerated storage. In the present investigation solutions of chitosan (1 and 2%) and nanochitosan (1 and 2%) were applied for the casing of tilapia fish slices thereafter stored at 4°C for 15 days. Uncoated (control) and coated fish fillets pieces were examined intermittently for bacteriological parameters (Total bacterial count, Proteolytic bacterial count, Lipolytic bacterial count, and Staphylococcus aureus count), quality parameters (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and sensory features. Results showed that 2% chitosan and 2% chitosan nanoparticle solutions were the optimal concentrations for improving the quality of tilapia fish fillets until 10 days of refrigerated storage period compared to the control group. However, using 2% chitosan nanoparticles showed higher antimicrobial activity, strong ability in preventing protein degradation, retarding lipid oxidation, accepted pH values and delay in declining of sensory score more than 2% chitosan solution during the storage period. Therefore, 2% chitosan nanoparticles as a natural preservative can be utilized for the conservation of quality properties and expanding the shelf life of tilapia fish slices through chilled storage.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacteriological and quality parameters, Chitosan, Nanochitosan, Tilapia fish fillets

%D 2020
%T Influenza A, and Salmonella spp. in Backyard Poultry Eggs in Guatemala City
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A D. Guerra-Centeno
%A M. Díaz-Rodríguez
%A C. Valdez-Sandoval
%A M. Lepe-López
%A E. Álvarez
%A C. Aguilar
%A C. Hernández
%A J. Borja
%N 2
%V 10
%P 336-341
%L eprints200
%X Influenza A and salmonellosis are two of the most relevant zoonotic infectious diseases. Influenza A is one of the main threats to public health worldwide and is considered one of the causative agents of pandemics. Salmonellosis, meanwhile, has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the four main causes of diarrheal diseases in the world. Poultry is an important source of both influenza A and Salmonella spp. but little is known about these potential threats in poultry products in Guatemala. The presence of influenza A virus antibodies and Salmonella spp. was studied in backyard poultry eggs sold in the El Guarda market in Guatemala City. 377 backyard poultry eggs were collected throughout seven months and sampled for hemagglutination inhibition test to determine the presence of antibodies to influenza virus A (H5N2 and H7N3) and cultured for Salmonella isolation. The eggs of chicken (Gallus gallus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), quail (Coturnix coturnix), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) were sampled. Twenty-six percent of the eggs carried H5N2 antibodies, 27% carried H7N3 antibodies and 1.3% carried Salmonella spp. The presence of Escherichia coli inside the sampled eggs was an incidental common finding. These results suggest that backyard poultry eggs sold at markets could be a potential source of influenza A virus and Salmonella for the human population. The evidence found in the sampled eggs also shows that these potential pathogens are circulating in backyard poultry populations in Guatemala.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.38
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Food security, One Health, Public health, Zoonosis

%D 2020
%T Functions of Epimedium on Regressed Oviduct and Follicles of Force Molted Layer Hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. Guo
%A S. Huo
%A Y. Li
%A S. Zhang
%A X. Wu
%A L. Jiang
%A Q. Zhao
%A W. Xue
%N 2
%V 10
%P 326-335
%L eprints202
%X In order to reveal the functions of Epimedium (EPI) on the recovery of the reproductive system of laying hens, 120 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (43-week-old) were forced molt through feed withdrawal for 14 days. After the molting period, layer hens were divided into four groups: Dark-control group in a dark environment without any treatment; dark-EPI group in a dark environment and with EPI treatment; light-control group without any treatment under normal illumination (16L: 8D); light- EPI group with EPI treatment under normal illumination (16L: 8D). EPI treatment was maintained for 15 days and each hen received 2 ml of EPI extract (1 g/mL) daily. The rate of egg production was calculated every day. At the end of the experiment, estrogen receptor alpha mRNA, estrogen receptor beta mRNA, and progesterone receptor mRNA in the albumen secreting part and uterus of the oviduct were detected by q-PCR, and the level of serum progesterone, estrogen and luteinizing hormone was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that EPI effectively improved the laying rate of hens both in dark groups and light groups by promoting the recovery of the oviduct and follicle maturation. In addition, EPI promoted the secretion of estrogen and progesterone both in dark and light groups and improved the expression of estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor in the light group. The results of the experiment provide a good reference for using EPI to improve the development and recovery of the reproductive system of layer hens.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.37
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Epimedium, Forced molting, Layer hens, Oviduct

%D 2020
%T Detection of Campylobacter jejuni among Commercial Broiler Chickens in East-Coast Malaysia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A C. M. N. Nur-Aziera-Aina
%A N. S. M. Nasir
%A A. R. Zaidah
%N 2
%V 10
%P 367-370
%L eprints278
%X Human campylobacteriosis is associated with contaminated foods and drinks or direct contact with the source of organisms. Broilers are the main reservoir of Campylobacter as well as the primary source of meat in many countries. The microorganism load in broilers is converted into the rate of food-related campylobacteriosis. The present study aimed to determine the Campylobacter jejuni colonization load in commercial broiler chickens in east coast Malaysia. Cloaca swabs were taken after consent from the owners of selected broiler farms in Kelantan, Malaysia. Swabs were kept in Amie’s transport media before being placed in enrichment broth. The DNA was extracted directly from the broth and specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed, which targeted hippurate hydrolase (hipO) gene of C. jejuni. Three broiler farms from different districts in Kelantan were identified. A total of 120 cloacal swabs were analyzed, 20% (24/120) confirmed by PCR-positive for hipO gene when the amplified product with the band size of approximately 344 bases per was visualized on agarose gel. It is concluded that the prevalence of C. jejuni colonization among living broiler flocks in Kelantan was at a low level. However, further studies with bigger sample size and involvement of more farms are needed.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.42
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Campylobacter jejuni, Cloaca swab, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Hippurate hydrolase

%D 2020
%T Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Palm Oil Waste Fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa on Performance and Some Egg Characterizes of Laying Japanese Quails
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Nuraini
%A A. Djulardi
%A D. Yuzaria
%N 2
%V 10
%P 371-377
%L eprints276
%X The aims of present study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of palm oil waste fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Neurospora crassa (POWF) with ratio 1:1 on performance and some egg characterizes of laying Japanese quails. This experiment used 200 quails (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) aged 20 weeks, with 70% egg production. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0%, 8%, 16%, and 24% POWF and five replications). The results of this research showed that the use of POWF in the diet was not affected to feed consumption, daily egg production, egg mass, egg weight, and feed conversion. But, a significant difference in blood total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, egg cholesterol, and index egg yolk color was obsereved, and no significant effect on triglycerides and egg yolk fat. In conclusion, feeding the mixture of palm oil waste fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Neurospora crassa with ratio1:1 can be used up to 24% in laying quail rations, without any adverse effect on egg production. It may decrease the blood cholesterol and egg yolk cholesterol.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.43
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eqq quality, Neurospora crassa, Palm oil waste, Performance, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Japanese quail

%D 2020
%T Cholesterol Profile and Gut Microbial Population of Laying Hens Treated with L-Dopa Supplemented Diets
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. R. O. Omidiwura
%A A. F. Agboola
%A A. R. Adelu
%N 2
%V 10
%P 342-347
%L eprints281
%X In a 42-day feeding trial, the effect of L-Dopa on the performance, serum cholesterol and intestinal microbial load in laying hens were investigated. One hundred and twenty layers aged 34 weeks old were allocated to five dietary treatments with eight replicates and three birds per each replicate. The birds were fed diets supplemented with graded levels of L-Dopa (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) in a completely randomized design. Performance parameters were monitored. On the day 42, egg, meat and blood samples were obtained to determine total cholesterol and lipoproteins using standard procedures. The ileal digesta was collected for microbial analysis. The results indicated that inclusion of L-Dopa in the diet did not affect the performance parameters and egg cholesterol profile. Serum cholesterol levels of birds fed the control diet and those on 0.1% and 0.2% L-Dopa supplemented diets were similar, but significantly higher than those fed 0.3% and 0.4% L-Dopa. The levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in the meat of the layers fed on the control diet were significantly higher than those on 0.1% and 0.3% L-Dopa, but were similar to the birds on other treatment diets. The highest and the lowest population of Escherichia coli were found in the birds on the control diet and 0.3% L-Dopa supplemented diet, respectively. The layer hens on L-Dopa supplemented diets had a significantly higher Lactobacillus count than those on the control diet. In conclusion, 0.3% L-Dopa inclusion considerably improved the cholesterol profile in the blood and meat, reduced the population of E. coli, and effectively increased the population of Lactobacillus in the laying hens.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.39
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cholesterol profile, Layers, Levodopa, Microbial load, Performance

%D 2020
%T Experimental infection of local domestic and feral (Columba livia domestica) Pigeons with local isolate of H9N2 Influenza Virus: Virological and histopathological study
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. R. Rasheed
%A K. S. Al-Ajeeli
%A A. K. Al-Azawy
%N 1
%V 10
%P 17-27
%L eprints294
%X A local isolate of low pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) H9N2 subtype was used in experimental infection of 50 domestic and 50 feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica) to determine the susceptibility of these birds to H9N2 infections and to study its histopathological effects on vaccinated and unvaccinated pigeons with H9N2 commercial vaccine. The birds were divided into five groups. Groups A and C contained 20 feral pigeons, B and D contained 20 domesticated pigeons. Group E contained 10 feral and 10 domesticated pigeons that were used as unvaccinated controls. Groups A and B were vaccinated with H9N2 and Newcastle disease virus commercial vaccines. Group C and D were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus vaccine only. All groups except E were challenged with a local isolate of H9N2 serotype. Antibodies titers against AIV were estimated pre and post-vaccination using ELISA. The results indicated low antibody titers against AIV in all groups in pre-vaccination that ranged between 152.83 ± 42.01 and 337.00 ± 150.76 with no significant differences between groups. Post-vaccination antibody evaluation indicated high titers of anti-AIV antibodies in groups A and B (740.13 ± 214.38 and 673.00 ± 242.40, respectively) in comparison to pre-vaccination levels. Clinical signs appeared on 5th day post-vaccination that included mild respiratory signs, digestive disorders, and conjunctivitis in some birds of all groups. Histopathological changes in affected tissues appeared as moderate to severe multifocal necrosis diffused in the parenchymal cells of lung tissues. Infiltration with mononuclear inflammatory cells was detected in some lung tissue areas. Necrotic foci and mononuclear cell infiltration were also observed in trachea and liver of infected pigeons but mild changes were observed in intestine. The challenge virus was re-isolated in embryonated hen's eggs of nine days old by inoculation in allantoic cavity using samples collected from tissues and cloaca of infected pigeons showing clear clinical signs. The re-isolated virus was detected by the haemagglutination test using chicken RBCs and identified by haemagglutination inhibition test using a locally prepared hyperimmune serum to H9N2 in rabbits. In conclusion, pigeons are susceptible to AIV (H9N2) that might facilitate the transmission of the virus to other bird species.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian Influenza viruses, H9N2, Pigeons

%D 2020
%T Immune Profile of Broilers Between Hatch and 9 Days of Age Fed Diets with Different Betaine and Fibre Concentrations
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. T. D. Santos
%A S. C. S. Baal
%A S. A. Lee
%A V. F. D. Silva
%A C. Favaro
%A V. F. da Silva
%N 2
%V 10
%P 397-406
%L eprints314
%X An experiment was designed to determine the immune profile of broiler chickens between hatch and 9 days of age when fed diets with different fibre and betaine concentrations. A total of 240 day-old Cobb 500 male chickens were allocated to 16 cages with 15 chickens each. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial design, with 2 replicate cages per treatment. Treatments consisted of two feed formulations (low and high fibre diets) and four levels of betaine (0, 1, 3 or 5 kg/tonne). Before the start of trial (hatch), 10 broilers were weighed and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture, then euthanised by cervical dislocation and jejunal samples collected for the determination of gene expression of claudin 1, claudin 5, occludin and interleukin 2 by PCR. Mononuclear cells populations in the blood samples were determined by flow cytometry. On days 4 and 9, five birds/cage (10 birds/treatment) were selected, euthanised and samples taken as per the start of hatch. Gene expression of claudin 1, claudin 5 and occludin was reduced between 4 and 9 days, independent of the group tested, while interleukin tended to increase between hatch and 4 days and decreased thereafter. Betaine inclusion reduced claudin 5 and occludin gene expression and increased CD8- CD28+ and CD8+ CD28+, suggesting it may aid in accelerating maturation of both the gastrointestinal tract and immune system for broilers in the early days post-hatch.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.47
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Betaine; Fibre; Gene expression; Maturation; Immune response

%D 2020
%T Toxicity, anthelmintic efficacy and proteolytic activity of chitosan-encapsulated bromelain within the gastrointestinal tract of small east african goats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A W. Shukuru
%A J. Kagira
%A N. Maina
%N 2
%V 10
%P 190-198
%L eprints522
%X The development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs has prompted researches into alternative methods for controlling intestinal nematodes in ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy, proteolytic activity, and toxicity of bromelain encapsulated in chitosan within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Small East African goats in Kenya. Twelve healthy indigenous male goats were divided into four groups contained three goats in each groups. Treatment groups included: G1, chitosan-encapsulated bromelain (90 mg/kg); G2, chitosan-encapsulated bromelain (270 mg/kg); G3, positive control (albendazole 7.5 mg/kg); and G4, negative control. The animals were orally treated with the drugs in a single dose. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined using standard methods. The strongyle fecal egg count was evaluated weekly using a modified McMaster technique. To determine the proteolytic activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain within the GIT, another set of twelve goats was used and administered 270 mg/kg of encapsulated bromelain. Every four hours, three goats were sacrificed and the proteolytic activity of the drug was determined in the different organs of the GIT. Significant differences were observed between the mean PCV of goats treated with 270 mg/kg encapsulated bromelain and non-treated goats on days 21 and 28 post-treatment. The mean aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine levels of treated and control goats did not significantly differ during the experiment period. Also, no significant difference was observed between the mean alanine aminotransferase level of treated and untreated goats 28 days post-treatment. The administration of encapsulated bromelain was not associated with any clinical sign and mortality. The reduction in fecal egg count in G1 and G2 at 28 days post-treatment was 9.5% and 22.6%, respectively. The encapsulated bromelain remained proteolytically active along the goat GIT but its protease activity varied according to the type of GIT organ and time elapsed since administration. In conclusion, chitosan-encapsulated bromelain is safe, but have low efficacy against GIT strongyle nematodes when given as a single dose. Future studies should evaluate higher and repeated doses of encapsulated bromelain for controlling GIT nematodes.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bromelain, Chitosan, Efficacy, Goats, Nanoencapsulation, Proteolytic activity.

%D 2020
%T Toxicity assessment of a multicomponent antiparasitic drug in animals
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. A. Stepanova
%A M. V. Arisov
%A G. B. Arisova
%N 2
%V 10
%P 207-215
%L eprints526
%X The important aspect of the high quality new pharmaceuticals is safety assessment in animals in practical conditions. Toxicity assessment of the new antiparasitic multicomponent drug (Inspector Quadro Tabs) composed of lufenuron, praziquantel and moxidectin in the form of tablets for cats and dogs was carried out. The parameters of acute oral toxicity were determined on white mice and white rats and subchronic toxicity was observed after repeated oral administration to rats. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of the drug were also evaluated. As a result of toxicological studies, median lethal doses (LD50) of the drug during oral administration to the 60 white mice were established which were equal to the following: LD50 = 14800 mg/kg (Karber's method), 13800 mg/kg (Miller and Tatener’s method); to the white rats LD50 ˃ 16912 mg/kg; according to the generally accepted classification, the drug belongs to the fourth class of hazard (low hazard substances). It was established that doses of 1691 mg/kg, 846 mg/kg and 338 mg/kg were threshold in a subchronic experiment on the rats. Moreover, it was found that the drug did not possess embryotoxic and teratogenic properties in pregnant female rats. Experimental results have confirmed the low toxicity of a new antiparasitic multicomponent drug.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Acute toxicity, Antiparasitic Drug, Embryotoxicity, Mice, Rats, Subchronic Toxicity

%D 2020
%T Comparison of Overfeeding Influence on Slaughter Performance, Small Intestinal Physiology and Microbiota between Gang Goose and Tianfu Meat Goose
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Wei
%A F. Ye
%A F. He
%A Q. Song
%A X. Xiong
%A W. Yang
%A H. Xu
%A L. Li
%A H. Liu
%A X. Zeng
%A L. Chen
%A C. Han
%N 2
%V 10
%P 348-358
%L eprints336
%X The objective of this research was to compare the influence of overfeeding on slaughter performance and small intestinal physiology and microbiota between Gang goose and Tianfu Meat Goose. Fifty Gang geese were randomly divided into the control group and overfed group, as were fifty Tianfu Meat geese. All geese were slaughtered after 3 weeks of overfeeding. After overeating, the results indicated that the liver weight, villus height to crypt depth ratio in duodenum and ileum, and the activity of invertase and maltase enzymes of Tianfu Meat goose was higher than those of Gang goose. However, the subcutaneous adipose tissue weight of Gang goose was higher than that of Tianfu Meat goose. Moreover, the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprint indicated that the band number of intestinal bacteria in each small intestinal segment decreased in Gang goose and increased in Tianfu Meat goose. The Enterobacter had a higher gene expression in the jejunum of Gang goose than that of Tianfu Meat goose and Escherichia coli the gene expression decreased in the ileum of Tianfu Meat goose after overfeeding. In conclusion, Tianfu Meat goose’s liver weight, small intestinal digestion and absorption capacity and microbiota homeostasis were much better than those of Gang goose. Therefore, Tianfu Meat goose is more suitable for foie gras production. The results of the present study will provide a reference for the use of goose breeding for overfeeding and the relationship between intestinal physiology and the mechanism of goose fatty liver formation.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.40
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Digestive enzyme, Goose, Intestinal flora, Intestinal morphology, Overfeeding

%D 2020
%T Immunological Study on Salmonellae Isolated from Different Sources
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. A.shedeed
%A M. D. El-Hariri
%A S. A.Nasef
%A J. E. Jakee
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 285-291
%L eprints80
%X Salmonella infection is a critical veterinary and medical problem worldwide and is a major issue in the food industry. Non-typhoidal Salmonella is known as an important pathogen causing gastroenteritis. The Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) of Gram negative bacteria are significant for virulence, host immune responses and drug therapy targets. Enhanced diagnosis of live poultry colonized with Salmonella species is required to avoid foodborne diseases. The present study was based on molecular characterization of OMPs among four Salmonella serovars (S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky and S. Anatum) using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The OMPs profiling showed more than 70 protein bands ranged in size from 208 kDa to below 16 kDa which were detected using Total Lab 1D 12.2 software. All Salmonella strains had a band at 54-60 kDa, 45-53 kDa, 36-39 kDa and 26-31 kDa. Eleven strains exhibited a band at 41-46 kDa and 33-35 kDa. Nine strains had a band at 61-69 kDa. Eight strains exhibited a band at 135-145 kDa and 72-79 kDa. Seven strains had a band at 108-123 kDa and 83-91 kDa. In the Western blot analysis, the prepared hyperimmune anti serum of each Salmonella serovars reacted with the 35 kDa protein band. It is concluded that the identification of novel immunogenic proteins would be useful in developing ELISA-based diagnostic assays with a higher specificity.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Outer Membrane Proteins, Salmonella, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting

%D 2020
%T Detection of Virulence Genes in Bacillus cereus isolated from Meat Products Using PCR
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. A. Abd El Tawab
%A F. I. El-Hofy
%A A. A. El Roos
%A D. A. El-morsy
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 292-298
%L eprints83
%X Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans as a result of consuming foods containing toxins or bacteria. In this study, the incidence of B. cereus and its virulence genes in meat products was investigated. Isolation of B. cereus was performed using selective PEMBA media and confirmed by morphological and biochemical tests and Vitek2 compact system. The incidence of B. cereus strains in beef and chicken meat products was 28%. The incidence of Bacillus cereus in frozen rice kofta, frozen kobiba-shami, chicken pane, and chicken nuggets was 16%, 24%, 28%, and 44%, respectively. Moreover, the result of multiplex PCR of virulence genes of groEL gene (533bp), Hbl gene (1091 bp), Nhe gene (766 bp) and Cytk gene (421bp) indicated that groEl gene, Nhe gene, Cytck gene was found in 100% of B. cereus isolated from different meat products, while Hbl gene was detected in 10% of isolates. The results demonstrate that meat products represent a threat to public health through the transmission of Bacillus cereus.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.35
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacillus cereus, Beef meat, Chicken meat, PCR, Virulence genes, VITEK2

%D 2020
%T The Effect of Methionine on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Gut Morphology of Finisher Broilers under Tropical Environment Conditions
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. S. Abdulla
%A M. I. Alshelmani
%A T. C. Loh
%A H. L. Foo
%A M. A. Zainudin
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 180-183
%L eprints87
%X The present study was conducted to determine the effect of DL- and L-methionine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and gut morphology during the finisher phase in the tropical environment. A total of 560 one-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were purchased and raised for 35 days. The chicks were divided into four dietary treatments with seven replicates (20 birds per replicate). The basal diet was offered to the chickens during the starter and finisher phases. The DL-methionine was supplemented to the finisher diet as at 0.260% (T1) and 0.179% (T2). Correspondingly, the L-methionine was supplemented to the finisher diet with the same ratios; 0.260% (T3) and 0.179% (T4). The findings revealed no significant differences in growth performance between the two forms of methionine. The obtained results indicated no significant differences in carcass characteristics, the villi heights and crypt depth among the dietary treatments. In conclusion, DL-methionine can be used in broiler nutrition as substitute for L- methionine which is more expensive in poultry industry.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.23
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carcass characteristics, Growth performance, Gut morphology, Methionine, Tropical environment

%D 2020
%T A Field Study on Biochemical Changes Associated with Salmonella Infection in Ducklings
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. A. M. Abou Zeid
%A S. A. Nasef
%A G. I. E. Ali
%A A. M. Hegazy
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 250-262
%L eprints91
%X The present study aimed to investigate the incidence of Salmonella infection in diarrheic ducklings in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. A total of 100 samples were collected from ducklings suffered from diarrhea and mortality. Also, 50 litter samples were collected from duck farms. All specimens were collected under aseptic conditions for the isolation of Salmonella spp. The incidence of Salmonella was 7% in pooled samples from cecum, liver, spleen and gall bladder and 6% in litter samples. Ten strains of Salmonella spp. were serotyped, of which, S. Salamae (1 strain), S. Miami (2 strains), S. Kentucky (4 strains), S. Paratyphi (2 strain) and S. Magherafelt (1 strain) were detected. Susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to 10 antimicrobial agents showed that Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to amikacin (100%), followed by trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and gentamicin (50%). While isolates showed the highest percentage of resistance to norfloxacin (90%), followed by ciprocin (70%), flumox (70%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (70%). Virulence genes (invA, hilA, and fimA) were detected by PCR assay, all 10 Salmonella isolates showed positive results for three virulence genes, which gave specific amplicon at 284, 150, and 85 base pairs, respectively. Lethality test in five groups of three-day-old ducklings with different five isolated strains indicated a mortality rate ranged from 20-30 % in three isolates only. The most lethal strain S. Paratyphi A was chosen for further investigation as a pathogenicity test. IL-6 slightly decreased in the infected group in comparison to control. The results indicated that ducks infected with Salmonella spp. significantly showed lower RBCs, Hb, PCV, Phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and serum albumin while, significantly had higher WBCs, neutrophil, lymphocyte, serum globulin, uric acid, creatinine, AST and ALT concentrations compared to non-infected. It could be concluded that Salmonella has hepatic and renal destructive effects and immunosuppressive effects.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biochemical changes, ducklings, Salmonella

%D 2020
%T Association of Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) with Class 1 Integrons in Salmonella Isolated from Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. M. Ali
%A F. M. Mohamed
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 214-222
%L eprints103
%X Salmonella enterica is considered a zoonotic pathogen that acquires antibiotic resistance in livestock. In the current study, a total of 18 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from cloacal swabs of diseased and freshly dead broilers were serotyped and assessed for susceptibility to clinically important antibiotics. The multi-resistant isolates were examined for the presence of the antiseptic resistance genes including quaternary ammonium (qacEΔ1) and class 1 integron-integrase (intI1) by PCR. The results of serotyping of 18 Salmonella isolates indicated that five isolates belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium, four isolates belonged to each of Salmonella Kentucky and Salmonella Enteritidis, three isolates belonged to Salmonella Molade and one isolate belonged to each of Salmonella Inganda and Salmonella Larochelle. Fifteen Salmonella isolates (83.3%) were multi-resistant to at least three antibiotics with a multidrug resistance index value of 0.473. All of the intI1-positive strains carried qacEΔ1, confirming that the qacEΔ1 gene is linked to the integrons. The study concluded that the presence of the qacEΔ1 resistance gene and class 1 integrase in multi-drug resistant Salmonella strains might be contributed to co-resistance or cross-resistance mechanisms.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K intI1, Multidrug-resistant Salmonella, PCR, qacEΔ1

%D 2020
%T Comparative Evaluation of Different Antimycotoxins for Controlling Mycotoxicosis in Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. M. El Nabarawy
%A K. Madian
%A I. B. Shaheed
%A W. A. Abd El-Ghany
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 223-234
%L eprints165
%X Natural contamination of feedstuffs with mycotoxins is considered a major problem affecting the poultry industry in Egypt. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the ability of different antimycotoxin compounds in the control of mycotoxicosis caused by naturally contaminated diet in broiler chickens. A total of 180 day-old broiler chicks were divided into six groups (30 chicks each group) and kept for a 5-week experimental period. Group 1 was kept as control negative (non mycotoxicated or treated), while group 2 was kept as a positive control (mycotoxicated only). Groups 2-6 were fed ration contaminated with 11 ppb aflatoxins, 3.9 ppb ochratoxins, and 4.2 ppm zearalenone. Groups 3-6 were kept in mycotoxicated ration until 2 weeks of age when clinical signs and lesions were suggestive for mycotoxicosis. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated with biological, antioxidant, immunostimulant compounds; respectively. Biological, antioxidants and immunostimulant compounds were given in the drinking water. In group 6, ration was treated with formaldehyde vapor. Performance parameters including body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion rate were recorded weekly. Clinical signs, mortalities and lesions were observed. Serum samples were collected for determination of immunological profile to infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus vaccine. Moreover, liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricius were collected for histopathological examination. Muscles and liver tissue samples were collected for determination of aflatoxins residues. Results revealed significant improvement in performance parameters in treated groups in comparison to non-treated mycotoxicated group, however, antioxidants-treated birds showed the highest performance. The severity of clinical signs and lesions were reduced in the treated chickens compared to non-treated mycotoxicated ones. Significant modulation in immune response toward IBD virus was observed in all treated chickens compared to non-treated mycotoxicated chickens. Histopathological examination of organs of control mycotoxicated birds showed severe degenerative changes which became mild in bursa of Fabricius while returned to normal histological structure in liver and kidney. Residues of aflatoxins in tissues of all groups exceeded the permissible limit with high levels in mycotoxicated control positive group. In conclusion, water treatments with some antimycotoxin agents like biological, antioxidants and immunostimulant compounds greatly counteracted the adverse effect of the naturally contaminated ration with different mycotoxins.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Acids, Antioxidants, Formaldehyde, Immunostimulant, Mycotoxins, Poultry

%D 2020
%T Development of a duplex real-time PCR for differentiation of Salmonella Typhimurium and monophasic serovars
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. A. El-Lattief
%A S. Marouf
%A A. El-Bialy
%A J. El-Jakee
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 299-325
%L eprints178
%X Salmonella Typhimurium is the most Salmonella serovar causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea. Serovar 1, 4, [5], 12: i:- is considered a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium that threaten public health. Fifty-eight serologically confirmed Salmonella strains were investigated by PCR using 16S rRNA and fliC genes. All 58 strains harbored 16S rRNA while 21 strains harbored fliC gene that included S. Typhimurium (12), S. Kentucky (6), Salmonella variant strain serotype 1, 4, [5],12:i:- (1), S. Lagos (1), and S. Kedougou (1). A duplex TaqMan real-time PCR was performed for differentiating between biphasic S. Typhimurium and monophasic serovar 1, 4, [5], 12:i:- using fljB1, 2 and fliB/IS200 in the fliA-fliB intergenic region. Ten out of twelve S. Typhimurium harbored fljB 1, 2, while Salmonella variant strain serotype 1, 4, [5], 12:i:- lacked this gene. Thirteen strains (12 S. Typhimurium and the variant strain serotype 1, 4, [5], 12:i:-) were positive for fliB/IS200 that is a specific gene for S. Typhimurium (biphasic and monophasic ). The result of duplex TaqMan real-time PCR indicated that 10 S. Typhimurium strains were biphasic while two S. Typhimurium strains and the variant strain serotype 1, 4, [5], 12:i:- lack fljB1,2 and had fliB/IS200 were monophasic S. Typhimurium. It is noticed that prolonged subculture and repeat phase inversion method leads to the formation of flakes that in turn cause wrongly serotype identification, therefore, real-time PCR is rapid and can be used for identifying and differentiating between biphasic and monophasic S. Typhimurium.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.36
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biphasic and monophasic S. Typhimurium, flj gene, Real-time PCR, Salmonella.

%D 2020
%T Efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine in Chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. El-Maghraby
%A S. Shereanaziz
%A A. AbeerMwafy
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 203-213
%L eprints179
%X Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important pathogens causing septic arthritis in poultry with significant economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a locally prepared S. aureus vaccine against staphylococcal arthritis in poultry. Out of 78 samples collected from infected chickens showing clinical signs bumble foot, 10 field isolates were detected and confirmed phenotypically by culturing, Gram staining, biochemical and molecular identification to be S. aureus in prevalence of 12.82%. Molecular identification of clumping factor A (ClfA) and blaZ genes of S. aureus isolates revealed that the PCR amplification with ClfA and blaZspecific primers conducted with genomic DNA resulted in products of approximate size 638 bp and 833 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic tree for S. aureus ClfA virulence gene partial sequences was generated using maximum likelihood, neighbour joining and maximum parsimony in MEGA6. It showed clear clustring of Egyptian isolated strain (S. aureus ASM strain) and different S. aureus strains uploaded from GenBank. Sequence identities between the Egyptian isolated strain (S. aureus ASM strain)and different S. aureus strains uploaded from GenBank revealed 99.5% to 100% homology. Also, there was identity and homology in S. aureusblaZgene nucleotide sequence in the Egyptian isolated strain (S. aureus ASM strain)and the different S. aureus strains uploaded from GenBank revealed 96.1% to 98.9% homology. Phylogenetic tree for S. aureusblaZβ-lactamases resistant gene partial sequences showed clear clustring of the Egyptian isolated strain (S. aureus ASM strain)and different S. aureus strains uploaded from GenBank. The results of humoral immune response revealed that the geometric mean antibody values against locally prepared S. aureus vaccine measured by indirect hemagglutination test increased from 1st week post vaccination gradually till reached maximum level (322.5) at 6th week post boostering. The results showed an increased humoral antibody production in vaccinated group that was capable of preventing establishment of new S. aureus infection in vaccinated group compared to control group. The mortality rates in unvaccinated group was higher than that of vaccinated group were (42.5%, vs. 7.5%) at 1st and 2nd week post challenge (39.1% vs. 5.4%). The protection % in challenge assay of the prepared S. aureus vaccine was (92.5% and 87.5%) at 1st and 2nd week post challenge respectively. It could be concluded that the prepeared vaccine was safe, potent and protect birds against S. aureus infection.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blaz, ClfA, PCR, Sequencing, Staphylococcus aureus, Vaccine

%D 2020
%T Comparative Clinicopathological Study of Salmonellosis in Integrated Fish-Duck Farming
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. M. El-nabarawy
%A M. A. Shakal
%A A. H. M. Hegazy
%A M. M. Batikh
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 184-194
%L eprints182
%X Poultry litter is used in fish farms as fertilizer thus integrated fish-duck farming is common in some areas of Egypt. Salmonella bacteria may be present in poultry litter and contaminate fish ponds and infect duck farms. To investigate incidence and prevalence of Salmonella infection in integrated duck-fish farms, 50 litter samples, 200 cloacal swabs from integrated duck farms, 60 liver samples from integrated duck farms and 69 water samples from the fish pond were collected. Results revealed the isolation and identification of 19 Salmonella spp. belonging to 14 different serotypes (4 isolates from litter, 2 isolates from fish pond water, 8 isolates from cloacal swabs of ducks and 5 isolates from ducks liver). Fifty, one-day-old Pekin ducks were experimentally infected with five chosen Salmonella serotypes (S. Bargny, S. Tshingwe, S. Uganda, S. Kentucky, and S. Enteritidis). The results from experimental infection revealed clinicopathological findings including degeneration and necrosis in the liver, lymphoid depletion and macrophage infiltration in the spleen and enteritis. Mortality ranged from 28.6% in S. Bargny, S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky and increased to 42.9% in S. Uganda and reached up to 100% in S.Tshingwe. Body weight gain decreased by 16% in S. Uganda and exceeded to 23.9% in S. Kentucky and decreased by 31% in S. Bargny and S. Enteritidis as compared to the control group. Feed conversion ratio was recorded and ranged from 5.1, 5.11, 4.98, 5.15 and 4.02 in S. Bargny, S. Uganda, S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, and control group, respectively. In conclusion, different species of Salmonella can affect integrated duck-fish farms and cause high mortality as well as a decrease in feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and body weight gain.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Histopathology, Integrated duck-fish farms, Pathogenicity, Salmonella spp.

%D 2020
%T Detection of Bacterial Contamination in Imported Live Poultry Vaccines to Egypt in 2018
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. M. Elkamshishi
%A H. H. Ibrahim
%A H. M. Ibrahim
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 247-249
%L eprints174
%X The vaccine is one of the most important biological products used in the poultry industry, thus it must be safe, potent, and effective. This work presents the results of a large-scale diagnostic survey performed in Egypt to study hygienic epidemiology and how vaccination may affect the viral circulation in the field. This study aimed to detect bacterial contamination in live poultry vaccines imported to Egypt during 2018. In this study, 285 consignments poultry vaccines, including 114 consignments live vaccine, 103 consignments recombinant vaccines, and 68 consignments killed vaccines (imported through Cairo airport during 2018) were examined for bacterial contamination. The vaccines were imported from USA, Italy, France, Spain, Mexico, and China. Bacterial contamination with Salmonella species was detected using the VITEK 2 system in two samples (1.8%) (IB+HB1 vaccine imported from Italy and ILT vaccine imported from USA).
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacterial contamination, Egypt, Poultry, Vaccine

%D 2020
%T Experimental trial for prevention of necrotic enteritis by vaccination and immune enhancement of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. S. Helal
%A H. F. Gouda
%A N. M. Khalaf
%A R. I. Hamed
%A A. E. A. Ali
%A M. A. Lebdah
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 263-277
%L eprints215
%X Alternative strategies are applied for the prevention of Necrotic Enteritis (NE) particularly after the global perspective of the antibiotic ban. This study was a trial for NE control depending on vaccination by toxoid and/or immune enhancement by Nutri-lac IGA administration (a liquid mixture of fermentation by-product 80%, lactic acid 10%, and formic acid 10%). A total of 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups (30 chicks/group). Group 1 (G1) was vaccinated with C. perfringens type A toxoid; Group 2 (G2) was toxoid-vaccinated and immune enhanced by Nutri-Lac IGA; Group 3 (G3) was immune enhanced by Nutri-Lac IGA and Group 4 served as control. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups, one subgroup was challenged with C. perfringens and the other was kept unchallenged. No significant clinical signs were detected in birds and mortality was observed only among challenged controls. The thin and friable intestinal wall was observed in all challenged broilers which extended to ulceration only in the challenged control group. No prominent histopathological findings related to NE were detected except in challenged controls and the highest protection against the NE-histopathological changes vividly appeared in the challenged G2 group. Significant increase in body weight of G1 and G2 groups after challenge in comparison to before challenge. While body weight of chickens in both G3 and challenged control groups was lower after challenge than before challenge. Pre-challenge ELISA results indicated no significant difference in immunoglobulin (Ig) Y titer among all groups after the first dose of vaccination, while significant differences appeared after the booster dose. The highest IgY titer was recorded in the G2 group, followed by G1, and G3 group. Post-challenge ELISA results showed a highly significant difference among all challenged subgroups. The highest IgY titer was recorded in the G1, followed by G2, and G3 group. The serum neutralization test also demonstrated the highest mean antibody titer in G1 and G2 groups. In conclusion, this study confirmed that a toxoid-immunostimulant combination is effective in NE prevention only when it is accompanied by the absence of NE predisposing factors.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.32
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chickens, Clostridium perfringens type A, Immunoglobulin Y, Lesion scoring, Necrotic enteritis, Toxoid

%D 2020
%T The Effect of Bromhexine and Thyme Oil on Enhancement of the Efficacy of Tilmicosin against Pasteurellosis in Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. M. M Radi
%A N. S. S Shaban
%A F. I. A. El- Ela
%A E. A. Mobarez
%A E. G. Aam
%A E. B. Ha
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 151-164
%L eprints241
%X Pasteurella multocida is one of the commensal flora of the upper respiratory tract. Under stress conditions, it may be involved as a secondary agent in various respiratory syndromes and caused high mortality as well as significant economic losses in chickens. This study evaluated the effect of bromhexine or thyme oil on enhancement of efficacy of tilmicosin in treatment of avian pasteurellosis. A total of 63 adult chickens were infected by Pasteurella multocida and classified into seven groups and treated as follow; non-infected non-treated group (control negative), infected non-treated group (control positive), group infected and treated by tilmicosin alone, group infected and treated by bromhexine alone, group infected and treated by thyme oil alone, group infected and treated by tilmicosin+bromhexine, and group infected and treated by tilmicosin+thyme oil. Clinical signs, mortality rate, bacterial re-isolation, hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters were determined. The results showed a significant decrease in mortality, bacterial re-isolation as well as clinical signs in combined treated groups compared to tilmicosin group as well as improvement in hematobiochemical and histopathological parameters of combined treated groups. Furthermore, the combination of tilmicosin and bromhexine or thyme oil was more potent in the treatment of pasteurellosis in chickens than each treatment alone. Finally, the clinically observed damage in chickens infected with P. multocida can be ameliorated by a combination of tilmicosin with bromhexine or thyme oil. This protective effect could improve the use of antibiotics in poultry farms as well as reduce human exposure to antibiotic residues and bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bromhexine, Chickens, Efficacy, Pasteurella Multocida, Thyme oil, Tilmicosin

%D 2020
%T Antibacterial Sensitivity and Detection of Virulence Associated Gene of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Rabbits
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. M. Mohamed
%A M. F. Mansy
%A A. E. T. M. Abd-Al-Jwad
%A A. K. Hassan
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 165-171
%L eprints254
%X The aim of the present work was to determine antibacterial sensitivity and resistance patterns of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits in different farms of Assiut Governorate. Also, this study aimed to detect virulence-associated gene (toxA) of Pasteurella multocida. A total of 40 freshly dead rabbits were used to collect samples from liver, lung and subcutaneous abscess. In addition, tracheal swab samples were collected from 20 diseased rabbits. Bacteriological examination revealed that Pasteurella spp. were isolated and phenotypically identified with an incidence rate of 55% (33 out of 60 rabbits). Ten Pasteurella spp. isolates were randomly chosen for antibiotic sensitivity testing and molecular identification using PCR. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried using standard disk diffusion method against 13 antibacterial drugs to determine antibacterial sensitivity and resistance patterns of Pasteurella isolates and revealed variable sensitivity and resistance to antibacterial drugs. Pasteurella multocida isolates were sensitive to wide variety of antibiotics (norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, florfenicol, doxycycline, gentamycin, cephradine and cefoxitin). Three out of ten isolates were molecularly confirmed to be Pasteurella multocida and all of them demonstrated the presence of toxA virulence genes. In conclusion, the prevalence of Pasteurella infections in rabbits in Assiut Governorate was relatively high.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibacterial resístanse Pasteurella multocida, toxA gene, virulence genes

%D 2020
%T In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles alone and in Combination with Antibiotics against Avian Pathogenic E. coli
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Mohamed
%A S. Emad
%A A. S. Maha
%A A. M. Eman
%A A. Shaza
%A A. Ayman
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 278-284
%L eprints255
%X Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become one of the major issues and concerns worldwide. For the past years, scientists have investigated the use of treatments in the nano-scale. Nanomaterials, such as metal oxide nanoparticles, have shown promising results due to their antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of in vitro antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) alone and in combination with different antibiotics against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. In this study, ZnO NPs were synthesized using direct precipitation method. Physical characteristics of ZnO NPs were confirmed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Antibacterial resistance pattern of 10 antibiotics including amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, doxycycline, levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, spiramycin, and streptomycin, in addition to different concentrations of ZnO NPs, was determined by disc diffusion method on 10 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The results showed that 50% of the strains were resistant to all antibiotics, while the rest were found to be sensitive to one or two antibiotics. The best concentration of ZnO NPs was 50 mg/disk, which showed greater zones than that of other used concentrations (25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.56 mg/disk). The combination of spiramycin and gentamycin with ZnO NPs showed a synergistic effect while the combination of ZnO NPs with ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and streptomycin showed an antagonistic effect. No antibacterial effect was observed in combination of ZnO NPs with other used antibiotics. This study recommends in vivo evaluations to confirm the results.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.33
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotic, Escherichia coli, Nanoparticle, Zinc Oxide

%D 2020
%T Assessment of Genetic Variability and Population Structure of Five Rabbit Breeds by Microsatellites Markers Associated with Genes
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. S. K. M. Rabie
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 125-132
%L eprints291
%X The present study was intended to estimate the specific genetic variants by using nine genetic markers among five rabbit breeds (New Zealand White, California, Chinchilla, Flander, and Babion) in Egypt. A total of 128 animals were used (19-35 rabbits per breed). A total of 97 alleles were detected across the breeds and the average number of alleles per locus was 2.16±0.11. Five private alleles were present in Babion breed, where the locus INRACCDDV0023 had two private alleles of 293 and 297 base pairs with allele frequencies of 0.4 and 0.1, respectively. The INRACCDDV0036, INRACCDDV0304, and INRACCDDV0241 loci had private allele for each (185bp (freq: 0.24), 197 (freq: 0.47), and 137bp (freq: 0.26), respectively). The mean of He values ranged from 0.35±0.06 to 0.49±0.07. The average of the polymorphic information content was 0.41 (ranged from 0.298 at INRACCDDV0211 to 0.599 at INRACCDDV0036 locus). To estimate the genetic deviation of the five rabbit breeds, two parameters were evaluated: genetic differentiation (FST), and genetic distance. The FST values varied from 0.029 (INRACCDDV0036) to 0.785 (INRACCDDV0022). The similarity matrix showed that the Chinchilla breed was distinct from other breeds. In addition, among the nine loci, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was highly significant for five loci. Therefore, the rabbit breeds are good reservoirs of allelic diversity that is the major basis for genetic improvement. Consequently, the breeders need a formal conservation plan for such breeds that are in danger of extinction in near future.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Genetic diversity, Microsatellite marker, Production performance, Rabbits

%D 2020
%T The Impact of Alpha-lipoic Acid Dietary Supplementation on Growth Performance, Liver and Bone Efficiency, and Expression Levels of Growth-Regulating Genes in Commercial Broilers
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A O. A. Sakr
%A E. N. Nassef
%A S. E. Fadl
%A H. Omar
%A E. Waded
%A S. El-Kassas
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 172-179
%L eprints309
%X Increasing bird growth is a crucial demand for all poultry producers. This occurs by the genetic improvement of the existing breeds and by improving the feeding management. The present study investigated the impact of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) supplementation in the diet on performance, serum parameters, tibia bone composition, and the expression levels of growth-related genes in chickens. A total of 120 day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 505) were used and divided into four groups. The control group was fed on a basal diet without the ALA supplement. The birds in groups of A50, A100, and A200 were fed on the formulated diet supplemented with ALA at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of diet, respectively for 35 days. Results indicated that ALA supplementation significantly improved the birds’ growth performance. This effect was associated with a marked upregulation of mRNA levels of GHR and IGFR and a significant downregulation of MSTN expression level. In addition, the ALA dietary provision caused a distinct improvement in liver function and bone efficiency. Thus, the improving effect of ALA on birds’ growth performance is mediated by modulating the growth-regulating genes. In conclusion, ALA could be used as a good growth-promoter in dietary supplements.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Alpha-lipoic Acid; Bone Efficiency; Broilers; Gene Expression; Growth Performance

%D 2020
%T Molecular Identification of a Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Isolated from Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Shakal
%A M. Maher
%A A. S. Metwally
%A M. A. AbdelSabour
%A Y. Madbbouly
%A G. Safwat
%N 2s
%V 10
%P 195-205
%L eprints320
%X Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is still a major concern for the Egyptian poultry industry in spite of the mass vaccination programs implemented from a long years ago. The current study aimed to carry out the molecular identification of surface glycoprotein genes of NDV field strain isolated from the Giza governorate, Egypt. Tracheae were collected from 10 broilers NDV-vaccinated chicken flocks (at least three samples from each flock) suffering from mild to moderate respiratory symptoms; with mortalities varying from 10-40% during October 2019. Only five samples showed HA positive activity after propagation in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs and only one sample was positive for Avian avulavirus 1 by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Sequencing for the cleavage site of the F protein gene of the positive isolate showed the typical known sequence of velogenic NDV strains (112RRQKRF117). Phylogenetic analysis of both F and HN genes showed high similarity and close relation to Chinese strains of Genotype VII and more specifically subtype VIId, suggesting the role of migratory wild birds in NDV evolution in Egypt. In conclusion, further epidemiological and surveillance studies are strongly recommended to define the exact role of migratory wild birds in NDV evolution in Egypt.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Newcastle Disease, Poultry industry, Velogenic

%D 2020
%T EFFECT OF PELLETED BROWSE-BASED FEED WITH A BASAL DIET OF Andropogon gayanus FOR SHEEP ON INTAKE, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A L. Adjorlolo
%A M. Nsoh
%A A. Mensah-Bonsu
%A F. Obese
%N 3
%V 10
%P 76-84
%L eprints72
%X The study was designed to evaluate the nutritional quality of pelleted diets based on four of the major feed resources fed to small ruminants by farmers in the Accra Plains. Leaves of Samanea saman, Acacia auriculiformis and Ficus exasperata and cassava peels were dried, mixed with other ingredients and pelleted. A preference trial showed sheep accepted all the four supplements with a marked preference for cassava peels-based (CP-B) and Samanea saman-based (SL-B) supplements compared with Acacia auriculiformis-based (AL-B) and Ficus exasperata-based (FL-B) supplements (P<0.05). The supplements were subsequently fed to Eight West African Dwarf sheep on a basal diet of Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) hay in Latin square design. Dry matter intakes (DMI) did not differ by the type of supplement (P=0.05). However, crude protein intake (CPI) was higher (P<0.05) in sheep fed AL-B and FL-B than those fed SL-B and CP-B. Dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility were lowest (P<0.05) for sheep fed CP-B. Dietary treatments did not affect haematological parameters, except for neutrophil percentage which was higher (P<0.05) in sheep fed CP-B than those fed SL-B. Animals fed CP-B had the lowest monocyte concentrations (P<0.05). Furthermore, all the serum biochemical parameters were not affected by dietary treatment except total protein concentration which was highest (P<0.05) in sheep fed on AL-B. It is concluded that the feed resources available to the small ruminant keepers can be used to prepare pelleted supplements that are acceptable to sheep and help sustain appreciable performance on low quality forages during the dry season without any deleterious effects on intake, digestibility, physiology and health. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr11
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Acceptability Accra Plains Blood parameters Browse plants Dry season Feed intake

%D 2020
%T Prevalence of bovine gastro intestinal parasitic infection in and around kombolcha town
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Ayele
%A M. Abay
%A M. Birhan
%A M. Yayeh
%A M. Erara
%A T. Gessese
%A A. Mohammed
%A G. Demoze
%N 2
%V 10
%P 59-65
%L eprints68
%X A cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Kombolcha from October 2017 to April 2018 to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes parasites in cattle. A total of 384 randomly selected cattle were sampled and examined using standard coprological procedure. The overall prevalence was 39.8 of gastrointestinal (GI) helminthes and the prevalent helminthes eggs identified were 15.6 Paramphistomum species (spp), 10.4 strongly type eggs, 8.6 Fasciola spp., 3.1 Trichuris species and 2.1 Toxocaraspecies. This result indicated the highest prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. eggs than other helminthes egg and the lowest prevalence of Toxocara species egg. There was statistically significant difference among the age groups in paramphistomum and strongly infection (χ2=24.960, p≤0.001) and (χ2=17.047, p≤0.001) respectively. Higher prevalence rate was shown in 2-5 years age of cattle. Between body conditions there was also significant (p≤0.000 and p≤0.013) difference in paramphistomum and strongly and which was higher in moderate animals and lower in animals with good body condition. Sex had no significant effect on the prevalence of helminthes parasite, except for strongly type of egg. The present study revealed that there is high prevalence of GI helminthes infection in cattle in the study area. Therefore, strategic prevention should be advocated to prevent the problem in and around Kombolcha. © 2020.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr8
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cattle Gastrointestinal Helminthes parasites Kombolcha Prevalence

%D 2020
%T ISOLATION OF EXTRACELLULAR PHYTASE PRODUCING LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM THE GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT OF POULTRY BIRDS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. A. Daodu
%A G. D. Olumuyide
%A L. Edemhanria
%N 3
%V 10
%P 144-149
%L eprints61
%X Bacterial phytases and phytase-producing bacteria are of great industrial significance in the poultry industry and also in phosphorus pollution management. This study was designed to isolate and screen for phytase producing lactic acid bacteria from the duodenum, ileum and cecum of eight healthy cockerel samples. Standard microbiological procedures were followed to isolate phytase producing lactic acid bacteria using de Man Rogosa and Sharp (MRS) agar while extracellular phytase screening was done using phytase specific medium. The range of total microbial count obtain was highest at the cecum (2.85±0.11 to 4.34±0.12 log10 cfu/ml), lower at the duodenum (2.02±0.11 to 4.27±0.20 log10 cfu/ml) and lowest at the ileum (2.00±0.21 to 4.19±0.25 log10 cfu/ml). Nineteen bacterial isolates were identified as lactic acid bacteria on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological characterization and later identified as Lactobacillus species (78.94), Enterococcus species (15.78) and Lactococcus species (5.26). Thirteen out of the nineteen lactic acid bacteria showed phytase activity. Low phytase activity was observed in eight of the lactic acid bacteria isolates while five of the isolates produced significant extracellular phytase activity (>6mm). The most predominant Lactobacillus species were also found to be the most potent phytase producers. This can be exploited for industrial production of phytase in upgrading the nutritional status of feed and combating phosphorus pollution from poultry waste. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr20
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Gastrointestinal tract Lactic acid bacteria Phosphorus pollution Phytase Poultry industry

%D 2020
%T MAJOR DISEASES OF NILE CROCODILE (Crocodylus niloticus) WITH FOCUS ON CURRENT STATUS IN ARBA MINCH CROCODILE RANCH, ETHIOPIA
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A K. Delene
%A A. Lemma
%A H. Fesseha
%N 3
%V 10
%P 98-110
%L eprints64
%X Crocodylus niloticus is found in 26 African countries including Ethiopia, the largest recorded specimen measuring 17.0 feet Nile crocodile from the Gambela Upeno River in 1969. Its presence and absence also depend on the climatic conditions and the environment (i.e. the landscape for basking and feeding). In Ethiopia, Nile crocodiles have a mating period during September to October, Nesting occurs in the dry season December to January, and hatchling takes place at the onset of the rainy season, i.e. March/April months. Over the period of 2007-2016 an average of 201,000 Crocodylus niloticus skins were exported globally per year, with an increasing trend over the period 2009-2016. Besides the management problems, at Arba Minch Crocodile Ranch, Nile crocodiles are suffering from nutritional abnormalities and health problems. The diseases of the Nile crocodile are classified as infectious (transmissible) and non-infectious (non-transmissible). A transmissible crocodile disease includes bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, and parasitic diseases; non-transmissible crocodile diseases are nutritional, toxic poisonings and metabolic disorders; other diseases like nutritional bone diseases and skin lesions are the major health problems at Arba Minch Crocodile Ranch. The main aim of this review is to highlight the major diseases and management status of Crocodylus niloticus in Arba Minch ranches, Ethiopia. In conclusion, the Arba Minch Crocodile Ranch (AMCR) should exercise care and caution when introducing hatchlings from the wild into the Ranch and enhance its husbandry methods to reduce the occurrence of infection and disease. It must also work with professionals and research groups. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr14
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Arba-Minch Crocodylus niloticus Diseases Nile crocodile

%D 2020
%T MATERNAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN THE SERUM OF NEWBORN LAMBS AND ITS RELATION WITH NEONATAL MORTALITY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A C. Demis
%A D. Aydefruhim
%A Y. Wondifra
%A F. Ayele
%A E. Alemnew
%A T. Asfaw
%N 3
%V 10
%P 119-124
%L eprints66
%X The study was conducted on 153 neonatal lambs of one of the highland breeds of sheep, locally called “Menz sheep” in North-Eastern part of Ethiopia, with the aim of assessing the relationship of total serum immunoglobulin level and neonatal lamb mortality in the first one month of life. The overall mortality in neonates was 8.5. Surviving lambs (2.43±0.35 kg) were significantly heavier than those that died during the neonatal period (2.21±0.55 kg). Males (2.45±0.31 kg) were significantly heavier than females (2.37±0.43 kg). The lambs that survived the neonatal period had a significantly higher level of immunoglobulin (31.71±12.88 Zinc Sulphate Turbidity units) than those that died (12.77±5.25 Zinc Sulphate Turbidity units). Neonatal lambs with total serum immunoglobulin levels below 12 Zinc Sulphate Turbidity units may be considered as an indication of failure of passive transfer of colostrum immunoglobulins and consequently increased the susceptibility of lambs to diseases and subsequent deaths. The neonatal lambs with lower average birth weight (2.21 kg) and lower average total serum immunoglobulin level (12.77 Zinc Sulphate Turbidity units) had found dead before the first 30 days of their age. Most deaths of lambs occur in the first few days of birth that are typically associated with lower birth weight which also led to weakness, taking longer time to stand up and reduced chance of survival than lambs of heavier weight. Hence, several works have to be done to further improving the birth weight of newborn lambs as well as the nutritional status of the dam so that lambs may receive sufficient and good quality amount of colostrum from the first few hours of birth. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr16
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Colostrum Immunoglobulins Mortality Neonatal lamb

%D 2020
%T ASSESSMENT ON DEFECTS OF WET-BLUE HIDE AND PICKLED SKIN AT MODJO TANNERY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A B. A. Feleke
%A Y. G. Habtemichael
%N 3
%V 10
%P 85-92
%L eprints65
%X Across-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2015 with the objectives of identifying the major types of hide and skin defects and determining their prevalence in pickled skins of sheep and wet blue goat skins and hides originated from two districts namely Hitosa and Dodota of East Arsi Zone at the Colba and Gelan tanneries in Modjo town. A total of 389 wet blue cattle hides, 385 wet blue goat skin and 399 pickled sheep skin were examined. The study finding showed that there exist various defects responsible for the decline in quality of skin and hide. The major defects at the wet blue hide were flay cut (59.1), gouge mark (42.2), and putrefaction (35.2). In sheep pickled skin higher percentage of cockle (36.9), gouge mark (28.3) and scratch (27.0) were observed. In wet blue goat skin, cockle (48.1), veininess (44.6) and crack (41.9) were the major defects observed. The prevalence of cockle, veininess, scar, corduroying, crack, gouge mark, poor pattern and brand mark were significantly higher (P<0.05) in goat skin at wet blue stage than pickled sheep skin while putrefaction and shoat pox were significantly higher (P<0.05) in sheep skin compared to goat wet blue skin. The major defects that leads to rejection of wet blue hide were flay cut while cockle in sheep and goat skin. In pickled sheep skin, grade of 1-3 accounts 14 and grade 4-7 accounts 86 of the total observation. This study showed large proportion of skin and hides were subjected to rejection because of poor quality and this implies that integrated efforts towards improved livestock husbandry and better health care are vital issues for production of better-quality hide and skin. Furthermore, effective extension system and programs that could raise public awareness on ectoparasites and skin diseases control as well as on methods of flaying, preservation and handling of skins should be implemented. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr12
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Cockle Fly cut Grade Hide Quality Rejection Skin

%D 2020
%T EVALUATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ARGAN (Argania spinosa L.) OIL ACCORDING TO ITS EXTRACTION METHOD, ORIGIN OF PRODUCTION AND ALTITUDE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Hilali
%A H. E. Monfalouti
%A B. E. Kartah
%N 3
%V 10
%P 111-118
%L eprints67
%X In this study the chemical composition of Argan (Argania spinosa L.) oil was evaluated according to its mode of extraction, origin of production and altitude of the Argan tree. To carry out this work, the physico-chemical characteristics and chemical composition of 5 samples differing by their mode of extraction or coming from different regions was compared. The study of the physicochemical characteristics of the 5 samples showed that the roasting of the almonds of the Argan fruit as a parameter can increase the value of the peroxide index, decrease the percentage of α-tocopherol and the unsaponifiable rates in percentage. Also it found that geographic origin can influence fatty acid values (behenic acid, C22:0). The results of the specific extinction and the refractive index did not give any precise information on the origin, the altitude and the method of extraction of Argan oil. The study of the triglyceride fraction showed that the geographical origin of northeastern Morocco can increase the value of triglyceride. Present study has indicated that the high quality of Argan oil can be extracted by mechanical pressing and hence, the present results may support the commercialization of Argan oil. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research, All Rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr15
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Argan Chemical composition Extraction method Nutritional value Sapotaceae

%D 2020
%T EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF TRICHINELLOSIS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Yayeh
%A G. Yadesa
%A M. Erara
%A S. Fantahun
%A A. Gebru
%A M. Birhan
%N 3
%V 10
%P 131-139
%L eprints62
%X Trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Trichinella following ingestion of raw or under cooked meat containing Trichinella larvae. Nematode worms of the genus Trichinella are one of the most prevalent zoonotic pathogens in the world. The parasite infects domestic and wild animals and has a worldwide distribution. The life cycle of the parasite consists of a domestic cycle in mainly pigs and a sylvatic cycle in a wider range of animals such as bears and wild boar. Humans become infected after eating raw or undercooked meat from domestic pigs, horses or game containing Trichinella larvae. There are twelve genotypes within the genus Trichinella, eight of which have been designated as species from which T.spiralis is the most pathogenic one. Host animals ingesting even high numbers of Trichinella larvae from infectious meat will not develop clinical symptoms. In humans, the clinical picture is usually illustrated by an intestinal stage within the first or second week after infection and later muscular stage with periorbital oedema, myalgia or muscle weakness as the major symptoms. The severity of the clinical course depends firstly on parasitic factors, such as the species implicated and the number of infective larvae ingested, and secondly on host factors, such as sex, age, and immune status. In practice, treatment with anthelmintics and immunosuppressive drugs is used only with human patients, not with animals. Trichinella infection in humans is strongly associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked meat; thus, cultural factors such as traditional dishes based on raw or undercooked meat or meat-derived products. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr18
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Human Parasite Pig raw meat Trichinellosis Zoonosis

%D 2020
%T COVID-19 and avian corona viruses: epidemiological
comparison and genetic approach
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A BERGHICHE Amine
%N 3
%V 10
%P 21-28
%L eprints552
%X Aim. This study aimed to collect and analyse available information on COVID-19 and avian corona viruses in order to conduct a systematic review of the genetic data concerning them. Methods. All available research was done according to the strictest data selection criteria, and the databases like NCBI genebank were quantitatively searched in the currently available scientific literature using keywords, analytical statistic and genomic software. All studies on the coronavirus family were dedicated to provide an overview towards an advanced statistical analysis of the collected data. The first step was a descriptive study of COVID-19 and avian corona viruses by an epidemiological comparison between the two cases. Results. All corona viruses usually tend to have relatively A-T rich DNAs which is linked to their highly A-T rich codon biases. The results indicate genetic differences between the two viruses, but the results of a percentage analysis showed that the nucleotides A+T are both more abundant and energetically cheaper than nucleotides G+C, this gives viruses a selection advantage. Conclusion. These results give us a future positive view of this type of virus with AT-rich genomes which is selectively promoted at the host level. Recommendation. A recommendation by our study reveals that thought about the vaccine is very early but prevention has proven to be effective for this virus in chickens.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.4
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Avian corona virus, COVID-19, Epidemiological comparison, Genomic analysis.

%D 2020
%T Molecular detection of Trypanosoma theileri and a new
Trypanocidal drug, a review
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A FENTAHUN Tewodros
%N 03
%V 10
%P 29-43
%L eprints553
%X Introduction. Trypanosoma theileri (T.theileri) is apathogenic, cosmopolitan and commensal protozoa of cattle. Despite apathogenic in healthy, but not in stressed cattle; it’s getting recent attention as a tool to tackle pathogenic ones. These days, researchers are giving due attention to study the biology and feasibility of T.theilerito use it as a model candidate for novel drug discovery. In addition, in-silico analysis using common antitrypanosome drug targets couldn’t show significant similarity both at DNA and protein level. Nevertheless, homologous sequences have been identified among drug targets for Ornithine decarboxylase. This indicated the possibility to consider T.theileri as a model to search novel drugs once having whole genome sequences. The SDM 79 is an appropriate medium to cultivate at 26 oC, without CO2. Gradient PCR amplification has been used to detect using T. theileri. The specific primer (Tth625) which reveals 465 bp amplification product and also the full length 18S ribosomal DNA sequence of T.theileri DNA detectable at 730 base pairs are commonly used. Whole genome and transcriptome analysis can show the phylogenetic relationship between T.theileri and other pathogenic Trypanosomes which can be the basis for novel drugs development. Aim. The purpose of this paper is toreview the nature of Trypanosoma theileri, its molecular identification and also using its apathogenic nature as an opportunity to discover anew Trypanocidal drug.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.51145/jlsb.2020.5
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Model, Novel Trypanocidal drug, PCR, SDM 79,  Trypanosoma theileri

%D 2020
%T PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF IMPROVED FEED TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE SMALL RUMINANT FATTENING ON PASTORALIST RESEARCH GROUP (PRG) MEMBERS IN CHIFRA DISTRICT OF AFAR NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Nuru
%A M. Yasin
%N 3
%V 10
%P 140-143
%L eprints63
%X The causes for low productivity of sheep and goat include poor veterinary services, inadequate quantity and quality of feed. Among these limiting factors, poor feed supply and feeding system is the most important. The objectives of this project were to demonstrate and evaluate Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient Blocks (UMMNB) and concentrates mix feed technologies in participatory manner through Pastoralist Research Group (PRG) approach and look in to the perception and opinions of agro-pastoralist to the new feed and feeding techniques. The PRG has 25 members and was established a year ago. Among the PRG members, 6 trial agro- pastoralists were selected by the PRG members purposefully to implement the experiment. A total of 36 small ruminants (sheep and goat) were used for the trial. Training on UMMB preparation, formulation of concentrate feed, animal management and data collection were given for PRG members and Development Agents (DAs). The demonstration and evaluation trial were lasts for 4 months data collection period. Data were collected by the trial PRG agro-pastoralist throughout the trial period with close follow up of DAs and woreda experts. For data analysis purpose the researchers used descriptive statistics. The results showed that the final body weight and daily body weight gain was higher in grazing when supplemented with concentrates mix (Treatment 3) in compared to grazing + urea molasses block supplementation (T2) and control one/free grazing (T1). The partial budget analysis also indicated that small ruminant daily weight gain for 4 months with supplementation of concentrate mix supplemented groups (T3) was found to give on average economic return of 250 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) or 6.70 Euro per head. From this study, it can be concluded that the supplementation concentrate mix for small ruminants (sheep and goat) has better weight gain and economically feasible for the chifera district PRG established in 2017. It was also economical at PRG level, with average gross profit of 250 ETB per head in chifera area. Because of this, so money agro-pastoralists has been attracted by the business and engaged in small ruminant fattening practices by purchasing animals from market place without external advice and support. © 2020, Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research. All Rights Reserved
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr19
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Feed technology Pastoralist research group Small ruminant Urea molasses block

%D 2020
%T Serological and molecular detection of chicken anemia virus in broiler and layer chickens in Iraq
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. S. Al-Ajeeli
%A A. K. Al-Azawy
%A H. Ghazuan
%N 1
%V 10
%P 63-70
%L eprints99
%X Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) infects many bird species worldwide and causes immunosuppression. This condition can facilitate the infection of affected birds with other pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. No data were available on detection or isolation of CAV from birds in Iraq, therefore this study was designed to detect CAV antibodies in broilers and layers in some poultry farms. Accordingly, 200 samples were collected from broiler and layer farms (100 samples each) from different districts of Diyala province and subjected to the ELISA test. Also, 50 tissue samples from embryonated eggs from different hatcheries, four commercial viral vaccines, and 30 ELISA positive samples were subjected to PCR assay to detect the CAV DNA. The results showed that all of broiler and layer farms sampled were serologically positive for CAV antibodies. The overall seropositivity for CAV antibodies for both chicken breeds was 51.5%. In broilers, 43 out of 100 serum samples were positive for CAV antibodies, whereas 60 out of 100 serum samples from layers were CAV antibody-positive. According to age groups, significant differences were observed among one-week-old broilers (30.2%) compared to other age groups. In layers, the age group of 30 weeks showed a seropositivity rate of 33.3%. Conventional PCR test indicated that all tissue samples collected from suspected birds and embryonated eggs were negative for CAV DNA, but only 2 out of 30 serum samples were PCR positive. It is concluded that CAV is endemic in poultry farms of Iraq and may facilitate the vaccination failure against other viruses.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Chicken anemia virus, ELISA, Layers, PCR

%D 2020
%T Comparison of weight, components and chemical composition of eggs in guinea fowl, Turkey, and domestic chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. M. J. Al-Shadeedi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 52-56
%L eprints108
%X The present study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics of eggs of guinea fowl, turkeys and domestic chickens outdoor reared in traditional farms in Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 166 fresh eggs; 32 eggs from guinea fowls (Numida meleagris), 44 eggs from turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 90 eggs from domestic chickens; were collected. Egg weight, percentage of egg components, chemical composition (protein, lipids, and ash), and lipid profile were determined. Results revealed the significant differences in egg weight among studied birds. The average egg weights for guinea fowl, turkey, and indigenous chicken were 83.15 ± 0.72, 92.41 ± 0.78 and 61.28 ± 0.62 g, respectively. No significant differences were found in egg components and the chemical composition of the edible portions of the eggs among studied birds. However, the lipid profile of egg yolk indicated that egg cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher in guinea fowl and turkey compared with those in indigenous chickens, whereas native chicken has high values of HDL compared to guinea fowl and turkey. There were no significant differences in the triglyceride level in egg yolks among the studied fowls. In conclusion, although egg weight was significantly different among studied birds, eggs of guinea fowl, turkeys, and domestic chickens were similar in nutritional components.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chemical composition, Domestic chicken, Egg Components, Guinea fowl, Turkey.

%D 2020
%T IN VITRO EFFICACY OF TYLOSIN AND ENROFLOXACIN IN TREATMENT OF BOVINE MASTITIS CAUSING BACTERIA IN OMDURMAN LOCALITY
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. E. Almobarak
%A R. R. M. Salih
%A H. H. Gibreel
%N 2
%V 10
%P 53-57
%L eprints70
%X Dairy industry has recently grown as a very important economic national source of income. In Sudan, many dairy owners introduced foreign blood. This might result in a progeny of mixed blood cows with lowered resistance to endogenous and locally prevailing diseases such as mastitis. In this study 60 milk samples were obtained from Frisian cows in Elrudoan and Elmouileh Convention in Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan. Samples positive for bacterial growth were identified using the gram stain and various conventional biochemical tests. Hundred species of bacteria were isolated from 60 samples of milk. A total of 70 (70) were gram positive, and 30 (30) were gram negative bacteria. Among the total of the gram positive isolates, 40 (57.1) were Staphylococcus spp., 18 (25.7) were Bacillus spp., 6 (8.6) Streptococcus spp., 4 (5.7) Corynebacterium spp., and 2 (2.9) were Actinomyces spp. and from gram negative isolates, 26 (86.7) were Enterobacter spp. and 4 (13.3) were E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibility tests to Tylosin and Enroflaxcin were performed for the isolated bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter faecalis). The isolated bacteria were found to be highly sensitive to Tylosin and Enrofloxacin. © 2020. All rights reserved.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr7
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Bovine Enroflxacin In vitro Mastitis Tylosin

%D 2020
%T Determination of the appropriate ratio of rice bran to Cassava leaf meal mixture as an inoculum of Rhizopus oligosporus in broiler chicken ration
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A . Annisa
%A Y. Rizal
%A . Mirnawati
%A I. Suliansyah
%A A. Bakhtiar
%N 1
%V 10
%P 102-108
%L eprints117
%X Rice bran (RB) was used as a medium for the fermentation process because it contained complete nutrients necessary for the growth of microbes. The ability to induce a fermentation substrate by microbes dependent on the availability of an inducer in the medium. The enzyme activity would increase when a suitable inducer was in the medium. In order to increase protease and cellulase activities of Rhizopus oligosporus in processing Cassava Leaf Meal (CLM), it was necessary to add CLM in medium producing an inoculum Rhizopus oligosporus. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were ratios of RB to CLM as follows: 100:0% (A), 90:10% (B), 80:20% (C), and 70:30% (D). The observed variables were protease activity, cellulase activity, dry matter content, organic matter content and the total colony of Rhizopus oligosporus numerically. The different ratios of RB to CLM significantly affected protease and cellulase activities as well as the content of dry matter and organic matter. The addition of 10% CLM to the RB medium increased protease and cellulase activities and reduced dry matter and organic matter contents. However, when more than 10% CLM was added, it reduced the protease and cellulase activities and increased dry matter and organic matter content. The highest total colony of Rhizopus oligosporus was numerically in treatment B (90:10% of RB to CLM ratio). The appropriate ratio of RB to CLM mixture as the inoculum of Rhizopus oligosporus, based on their enzyme activities, dry matter, and organic matter contents, and the total colony was 90:10% (treatment B).
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cassava leaf meal, Enzyme activity, Inoculum, Rhizopus oligosporus, Rice bran.

%D 2020
%T Determination of potential candidate genes associated with milk lactose in Egyptian buffalo
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. A. Awad
%A S. Abou-Bakr
%A H. El-Regalaty
%A S. El-Din El-Assal
%A H. Abdel-Shafy
%N 1
%V 10
%P 35-42
%L eprints377
%X The aim of the present genome-wide association study (GWAS) was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and candidate genes associated with lactose percentage (LP) and lactose yield (LY) in Egyptian buffalo. The phenotypic dataset included 60,318 monthly measures for LP and LY from 1481 animals. A total number of 114 animals with high and low deviated performance were selected for genotyping with Axiom Buffalo Genotyping 90K Array. Genome-wide analysis was performed using a single marker regression. The GWAS revealed 32 significant and seven suggestive SNPs for LP, however; only two suggestive SNPs were identified for LY. The identified genomic regions are overlapped with previously reported QTL in different cattle breeds. In addition, novel genomic loci were detected. The identified genomic regions harbored many candidate genes with biological roles associated with milk production traits, such as TPD52 and ZBTB10 on chromosome 15; AADAT and GALNTL6 on chromosome 3 and COL8A1 and PLOD2 on chromosome 1. Our findings provide the basis to uncover the key markers and candidate genes affecting lactose traits which facilitate the exploration of the genetic mechanisms that control lactose traits variation in Egyptian buffalo.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Candidate gene, Egyptian buffalo, Genome, Genomic loci, Lactose

%D 2020
%T The effects of extraction methods of Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica Bark on in vitro antimicrobial efficacy and performance of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. A. Ayoola
%A D. A. Ekunseitan
%A S. B. Muhammad
%A M. A. Oguntoye
%A Y. A. Adejola
%N 1
%V 10
%P 28-35
%L eprints126
%X This study investigated the in vitro efficacy of extracts of Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica bark obtained by different extraction methods. Also, in an eight-week trial, the effect of these extracts on the performance of broiler chickens were evaluated. The barks were collected, air-dried and pulverized. The samples were extracted using maceration, infusion, and decoction methods. The extracts were screened for their activity against Escherichia coli and Streptococcus aureus. Two hundred and eighty-eight birds were divided into two groups (144 each) administered with A. indica or M. indica. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups, including control subgroup (no herb) and subgroups administered with bark extracted by one of the three extraction methods. The birds on herbal treatments were not given antibiotics. Results showed that the growth of E. coli was more inhibited by the various extracts irrespective of the methods of extraction. Weights were significantly influenced by the interaction between herb types and extraction methods at the starter phase. Infused herbs induced mortality at the finisher phase. In conclusion, S. aureus was more susceptible to the extracts compared to E. coli. However, decocted A. indica and M. indica bark, as well as macerated M. indica, showed antimicrobial potency against E. coli. It can be recommended that neem or mango bark extracted by maceration or decoction can be administered orally to broiler chickens especially at the starter phase, for improved performance and reduced mortality.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antimicrobial assay, Azadirachta indica, Extraction, Mangifera indica, performance

%D 2020
%T COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF CERVICAL INSEMINATION OVER NATURAL MATING ON PRODUCTION OF CROSSBRED LAMBS FOR EXPORT MARKET
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A S. Besufkad
%A A. Bisrat
%A C. Demis
%A A. Abebe
%A A. Abebe
%A S. Goshime
%A T. Zewude
%N 2
%V 10
%P 66-70
%L eprints71
%X A study was conducted at Debre Birhan agricultural research center to evaluate the success of artificial insemination (AI) following oestrous synchronization in Washera ewes. A total of 32 ewes were selected from this center. All experimental animals were synchronized using single injection of 1 ml Enzaprost® intramuscularly at unknown stage of estrous cycle. Then ewes were divided into Dorper and Awassi fresh semen cervical insemination. Fixed time cervical insemination was performed in estrous ewes 48–51 hrs following 1 ml Enzaprost® injection with 0.25 ml fresh diluted Dorper and Awassi semen. Out of 32 ewes synchronized, 22 (68.8) of ewes exhibited overt sign of oestrous within 48 hrs of hormone administration. Ewe’s body condition score (BSC) wasn’t found to be a significant factor determining oestrous response to hormone treatment. The overall pregnancy, lambing and fecundity rates for cervical insemination and natural mating were 63.64, 77.27, 121.43 and 57.46, 61.57, 107.14, respectively. There was no significant difference in pregnancy, lambing and fecundity rates among ewes mated with fresh semen cervical insemination and controlled ram mating (P<0.05). The pregnancy, lambing, and fecundity rates for Awassi and Dorper semen were 58.3, 75.0, 128.57 and 70.0, 80.0, 114.29, respectively. No significance differences were observed in pregnancy, lambing and fecundity rates among the genotypes (P<0.05). The current work strongly indicated that artificial insemination following oestrous synchronization has a tremendous impact on terminal crossing, that allows us to import fewer exotic genotypes and producing large number of crossbreed lambs from imported breed with in few years. © 2020. All rights reserved.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr9
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Artificial insemination Commercial lamb production Enzaprost Washera

%D 2020
%T Effects of cordyceps militaris polysaccharide on egg production, egg quality and caecal microbiota of layer hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A X. Chen
%A Y. Zhang
%A W. Ma
%A Y. Zhu
%A X. Wu
%A Z. Wang
%N 1
%V 10
%P 41-51
%L eprints150
%X The present study was conducted to determine the effects of the diet supplementation of laying hens with Cordyceps Militaris Polysaccharide (CMP) on egg production and quality, and also caecal microbiota. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown laying hens with 72-week-old were divided into three groups with four replicates of 30 birds each. The laying hens were fed with basal diet (control group), basal diet +100 mg CMP/kg (group 1) and basal diet + 200 mg CMP/kg (group 2). The experiment lasted 45 days. Eggs were collected daily and caecal samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Results showed that dietary supplementation with CMP did not affect albumen height, shape index, Haugh units, eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness. The laying rate significantly increased and the feed-egg ratio decreased in groups 1 and 2, the average daily egg weight significantly increased in group 2 compared with those in the control group. However, insignificant differences were found in broken egg rate and mortality among the three groups. The differences in caecal microbiota between group one and the control group were significant. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, Christensenellaceae and Veillonellaceae at the family level, and the no rank_ Ruminococcaceae, Phascolarctobacterium and no rank Christensenellaceae at the genus level changed significantly in group one compared with those in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 100 and 200 mg CMP/kg could improve product performance and affect the caecal microbial community structure of laying hens during the late laying period.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.6
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide, Egg production, Egg quality, Gut microbiome, Hens

%D 2020
%T Comparative analysis of the videothoracoscopic interventions results
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Otabek Djurayevich ESHONKHODJAEV
%A IBADOV Ravshan Aliyevich
%A BOBAYEV Ulugbek Nasirovich
%A ISMAILOV Bakhodir Abdimusayevich
%N 2
%V 10
%P 10-16
%L eprints6
%X Aim. This study was done to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method of thoracoscopic hemostasis and aerostasis. Methods. The study included 85 patients operated for bullous lung disease, closed chest injury and penetrating chest wounds in the Lung and Mediastinum surgery department of the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after Academician V.Vakhidov for the period from 2015 to 2019. Total of 33 patients made up the main group: thoracoscopy using the proposed technique and 52 patients for the comparison group: thoracoscopic aerostasis was performed using known methods. In 21 (40.4%) cases of comparison group, we performed video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) excision and suturing with pleurodesis; in 14 (26.9%) cases – VATS with stitching of a lung wound. VATS excision and flashing of bullae of the lung using a stapler was performed in 19.2% (10 of 52) cases of the comparison group and 24.2% in the main group, where all VATS were supplemented with Geprotsel gel application. Results. Using the Geprotsel in VATS interventions allowed to reduce the necessity of lung tissue stitching from 67.7% to 27.3%, respectively, to limit excision in 36.4% of patients, to achieve complete tightness after hardware stitching (χ2 - 17.304; Df=3; p<0.001), which generally leveled the risk of postoperative pneumonia and impaired hemostasis. Recommendation. We suggest that applying Geprotsel gel during VATS for lung tissue damages allows to reduce the application of additional sutures, improve the efficiency of minimally invasive operations with a decrease in the frequency of postoperative disorders of aero- and hemostasis.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2020.jlsb2
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Lung Pathology, 
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy, 
Geprotsel, 
Hemostasis, 
Aerostasis

%D 2020
%T The Potency of oral administration of L-citrulline as anti heat stress agent in KUB chicks
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. Erwan
%A T. Adelina
%A A. Koto
%A V. Maslami
%N 1
%V 10
%P 36-40
%L eprints188
%X L-citrulline (L-Cit) is considered one of the potential amino acids that are able to reduce body temperature in layer chicks. However, there are no reports on functions of L-Cit in KUB chicks. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of L-Cit on feed intake, body temperature and plasma biochemical parameters of KUB chicks over two hours post-administration. Neonatal KUB chicks were orally administered with different doses of L-Cit (0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mmol/kg body weight). At 30, 60 and 120 min, feed intake was determined, also rectal temperature of chicks was measured by using a digital thermometer. At 120 min after administration, the blood samples were immediately collected through the jugular vein, then biochemical parameters of plasma (total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and total glucose) were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that feed intake, body temperature, and plasma metabolites were not significantly influenced by different doses of L-Cit. In conclusion, L-Cit could not able to improve feed intake, decrease body temperature and change plasma metabolites in KUB chicks.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body temperature, Feed intake, KUB chick, L- citrulline, Plasma metabolites

%D 2020
%T Influence of adding fermented whey cheese into drinking water of laying hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Hilmi
%A A. U. Prastujati
%A A. Khusnah
%A M. H. Khirzin
%A D. Yannuarista
%N 1
%V 10
%P 81-86
%L eprints216
%X Cheese production waste contains carbon source, one of which is lactose as an energy source in the development of fermentation, especially in the manufacture of probiotics for poultry. The research method used 3% fermented cheese whey in 17-week-old laying hen drinking water to analyze the productivity of laying hens and microbiology. The purpose of the research is to determine the effective concentration of fermented whey cheese to improve productivity, physical and chemical composition of eggs, and evaluate fat metabolism in laying hens. The present study used 120 laying hens aged 17 weeks. The experimental method was designed using the T-test method of control (P0), fermented whey cheese (P1). The observed variables were productivity (feed consumption, water consumption, daily egg production, feed conversion ration), and microbiology of small intestine and excreta (lactate acid bacteria, salmonella, Escherichia coli.). The effect of adding fermented whey cheese into drinking water decreased feed consumption and FCR in contrast to the control group (P0) but increased egg production, egg weight, and egg mass weight. The effect of adding fermented whey cheese into drinking water decreased the number of, Escherichia coli bacteria and increases lactic acid bacteria in the digestive tract of broiler chickens, especially in the ileum, caeca, so also with those in the stool. The number of Salmonella Bacteria was significantly decreased and very significantly increased lactic acid bacteria in the feces during the fermentation of whey cheese. The decrease in ammonia in the stool was very significant compared to the control group. In conclusion, adding fermented whey cheese into drinking water can reduce feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), Escherichia coli, salmonella, ammonia (NH3), and increase egg production, egg weight, egg mass weight, final body weight, and lactate acid bacteria. The use of fermented whey cheese can be used as a nutraceutical feed additive to inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the intestine and increase lactic acid bacteria.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.11
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Drinking water, Fermented, Laying hens, Whey cheese

%D 2020
%T Comparative proteomic analysis of chicken primary hepatocytes with folic acid free or supplementation culture mediums
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. Liu
%A J. Zhao
%A F. Wang
%A J. Zhou
%A X. Yang
%A X. Yang
%N 1
%V 10
%P 1-11
%L eprints240
%X Folic acid had been reported to develop much metabolic regulation function in animals and human beings due to its roles in one carbon metabolism. The current study was conducted to explore folic acid regulation function in primary chicken hepatocytes via supplement and deprivation culture models based on proteomic analysis. Results have shown that folic acid supplement significantly increased intracellular folic acid, 5-Me-THF and SAM contents when compared with folic acid free group (P < 0.05). Whereas, there was no difference about genome 5mC levels and DNMTs mRNA expression between these two groups. Proteomic analysis found 85 differential expressed proteins with 35 down and 50 up regulation. COG and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant function were affected by folic acid. Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones and transcription were gathered by COG analysis in relative high proportion. PRMT7 and ARID4B which were associated with histone methylation were up-regulated in the folic acid supplement group, suggesting that folic acid was likely to take part in metabolism regulation of hepatocytes via histone methylation manner in the study. In conclusion, proteomic analysis found 85 differential expressed proteins in hepatocytes with folic acid free and supplementation medium. Folic acid might be involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism and oxidation resistance by its epigenetic modifications functions. Our study also provided fundamental differential protein profiles mediated by folic acid, which can facilitate the understanding of folic acid regulation function in hepatic metabolism.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Folic acid, Histone methylation, Primary chicken hepatocytes, Proteomics

%D 2020
%T Effect of nutritional supplements of fermented and unfermented betel nutshell waste in performance of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. E. Mahata
%A I. Deni
%A . Aprisal
%A A. Nofrianti
%A Y. Rizal
%A A. Ardi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 118-124
%L eprints243
%X An experiment was conducted to see the broiler’s performance fed with fermented and unfermented betel nutshell. Harvesting betel nut seed leaved peel as a waste that contains some nutrients and active ingredients. This waste was useful for poultry feed, to maintain poultry performance and to reduce cholesterol. The aim of this research was to fermented betel nutshell waste with indigenous microorganism from a vegetable waste mixture that produced cellulase to reduce their crude fiber before feeding to the broiler. The nutrient profile and metabolizable energy of fermented betel nutshell in dry matter basis showed 15.96 % water, 84.04 % dry matter, 23.69 % crude fiber, 10.39 % crude protein, 0.31 % crude fat, 2.60% calcium, 1.26 % phosphorus, and 1360,44 kcal/kg. In this experiment betel nutshell waste from a local farmer in Indonesia, and 80 birds from the broiler strain CP 707 from Charoen Pockphand were used. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with different levels of fermented betel nutshell waste (0, 2, 4, and 6%) and 6 % of unfermented of betel nutshell waste in the broiler ration. Each treatment was repeated four times. The measured values included daily feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion, body weight, carcass content, abdominal fat pads, lipoprotein profile (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum of broiler chikens. The results indicated that fermented betel nutshell waste significantly increased daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, carcass content, and decreased abdominal fat pad, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL of broiler chickens, however did not affect the feed conversion. The fermentation of betel nutshell waste with indigenous microorganism from vegetable waste mixture could be used up to 6 % in the broiler ration and had a positive effect on performance, blood serum lipoprotein, and carcass quality of broiler chickens.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.16
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Betel nutshell waste, Broiler, Crude fiber, Fermented betel nutshell waste, Performance

%D 2020
%T Performance and egg quality of laying hens fed with boiled tomato waste powder
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. E. Mahata
%A T. Hidayat
%A G. A. Nurhuda
%A Y. Rizal
%A . Ardi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 12-16
%L eprints245
%X This study was performed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of boiled tomato waste powder in laying hens diet on growth performances and egg quality. Tomato waste used in this experiment was surplus and unsold mature tomato from the last harvest on the field. The tomato waste was boiled in boiling water (100 ºC) for 8 minutes to convert their lycopene structure from trans to cis, which is easily absorbed by the poultry digestive tract. In a completely randomized design, 200 Isa Brown laying hens were divided into five groups with different inclusion levels of boiled tomato waste powder (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) in an iso-nitrogenous (16%) and iso-caloric (2600 kcal/kg) diet. Daily feed intake, hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength were measured. The obtained results showed that boiled tomato waste powder in the diet did not significantly affect daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production and egg quality. In conclusion, the tomato boiled powder could be used up to 12% in laying hens diet with no effect on performance and egg quality of laying hens.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.2
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Diet, Egg quality, Layer performance, Lycopene, Tomato

%D 2020
%T Alignment of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with other coronaviruses
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A ABOUSENNA Mohamed Samy
%N 02
%V 10
%P 17-20
%L eprints551
%X Introduction. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently declared as pandemic according to WHO. It was initially detected in China and then rapidly transmitted to most world territories. The SARS-CoV-2 has an ambiguous origin, with unique properties, pathogenesis and transmission rate, thus making its prevention and control a difficult task. Aim. In the present study, we investigated the origin hypotheses through conducting multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis for surface glycoprotein and complete genome of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with other coronaviruses of different species. All the data used in this study were obtained from NCBI online database and analyzed using Blast tool. The alignment and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein in comparison with spike glycoprotein of Bat coronavirus RaTG13, Pangolin coronavirus, Bat SARS-like coronavirus, SARS-CoV, BCoV, IBV, ECoV, MHV-JHM, MERS-CoV, CCoV, HCoV-229E and FCOV indicated close identical matching to spike protein for Bat coronavirus RaTG13 and Pangolin coronavirus isolate MP789. The similarity was 97.41% and 96.67%, respectively. Also, multiple alignments of complete genome for SARS-CoV-2 and Bat coronavirus RaTG13 showed a significant similarity of 96.11%. Recommendation. Therefore, these relevant results strongly recommend the origin hypothesis of SARS-CoV-2 from Bat coronavirus RaTG13. The nature of evolution is considered to be natural selection.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2020.jlsb3
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019, Alignment, Phylogenetic analysis.

%D 2020
%T Characterization of renal inflammatory cytokines and related nephropathy in experimentally infected broiler chickens with velogenic Newcastle disease virus
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. R. Mousa
%A F. F. Mohammed
%A F. A. A. Reheem
%A A. H. El-deeb
%A K. A. Ahmed
%N 1
%V 10
%P 109-117
%L eprints261
%X Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VNDV) shows systemic dissemination and it affects the histological structure and function of the kidneys. Present study is an novel attempt to correlate the changes in renal biochemical functions and gene expression of different inflammatory cytokines with related renal pathology induced by VNDV in experimentally infected broilers in different ages. One hundred broiler chickens were divided into 4 groups: group 1 served as control (non-infected group), and groups 2, 3 and 4 were inoculated with 106 EID50 of NDV on the 10th, 20th and 30th days of age, respectively. Serum samples were collected to evaluate uric acid and creatinine levels. Kidney specimens were collected for virus detection using real time RT-PCR, evaluation of gene expression of IL-6 and IFN-γ as well as histopathological, histochemical and immunohictochemical analysis. The highest concentration of uric acid and creatinine profile were found in Group 4 (12.06 ± 1.25 and 2.16 ± 0.12, respectively) on 7 dpi. IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly elevated at the 7th dpi in Group 4 compared to other infected groups. The renal histopathological lesions included tubulointerstitial nephritis and glomerulopathy with expression of virus antigen in different areas of renal tissue. histopathology was the hallmark of VNDV infection in broiler chickens; their severity was related to the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines genes (IL-6 and IFN-γ) and virus antigen residence in renal tissue.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2020.15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K IL-6, IFN-γ, Immunohistochemistry, Nephropathy, Velogenic NDV

%D 2020
%T A novel mutation in the promoter region of avian uncoupling protein3 associated with feed efficiency and body composition traits in broiler chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. D. Niarami
%A A. A. Masoudi
%A R. V. Torshizi
%A P. Davoodi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 87-95
%L eprints273
%X The Avian Uncoupling Protein (avUCP) belongs to the mitochondrial anion transporter family. It has a pivotal homeostatic mechanism that associated with energy regulation and lipid metabolism. The avUCP considered as a candidate gene for chicken growth-related traits according to its predominant expression is in skeletal muscle. To address genetic distance pattern of UCP3 between mammalian and avian species, sequence similarity analysis using the protein alignment of UCP3 identified the high amino acid identity between the species and complementarily detected two protein conserved regions which are known as the ADP/ATP transporter translocase and the Mitochondria-carrier. Likewise, for mutation detection, samples were genotyped, afterward PCR-SSCP method implemented. In addition, association analysis was performed for investigating single nucleotide polymorphism within the UCP3 gene relating to the given economic traits. A detected polymorphic site, on the promoter region of UCP3 (-40 T/A substitution), has displayed significant influences on the Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), Residual Feed Intake (RFI), Average Daily Gain (ADG), and Carcass Weight (CW%). In the case that, birds with genotype AA had better FCR, ADG, RFI as compared to the genotype BB and birds with genotype AA revealed a higher CW% as compared to the genotype BB. According to the obtained results from the in-silico survey, Myoblast determination protein (MyoD) was predicted as a best-matched transcription factor with a consensus sequence harboring the -40 T/A -novel SNP- in the promoter region of UCP3, where might be responsible for phenotypic variation between two genotypes. In conclusion, the result suggests important roles for UCP3 polymorphism in feed efficiency and growth traits which is better to be used in broiler chicken breeding programs.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.12
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Association analysis, Avian uncoupling protein3, Body composition traits, Broiler chicken, Feed efficiency, Novel mutation

%D 2020
%T Response of laying quail to a diet enriched with cocoa pods fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Nuraini
%A Y. S. Nur
%A A. Djulardi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 96-101
%L eprints277
%X Improving the quality of cocoa pods through fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus reduced its crude fiber content, especially for lignin and cellulose. Fermentation of cocoa pods product increased their utilization in poultry diet. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding cocoa pods waste fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus on the laying performance and egg quality of quail. This experiment employed completely randomized design with five dietary treatments: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cocoa pods fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus in the diets and four replications. 200 laying quail (7 weeks of age) were randomly allocated into 5 treatments (10 birds per treatment) and 4 replications. Diets included iso nitrogen 20% and iso metabolism energy 2800 kcal/kg. The results of the experiment indicated that feed intake, hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass production, and feed conversion were not affected but egg cholesterol was affected by increasing cocoa pods fermented products in the diet. In this experiment, a diet which utilized 15% cocoa pods fermented using Pleurotus ostreatus maintained the laying performance of quail and reduced egg yolk cholesterol (20.30%).
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cocoa pods, Egg quality, laying Quail, Performance, Pleurotus ostreatus

%D 2020
%T Effect of supplementation of Yucca schidigera extract on ammonia gas emission and performance of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. U. Patoary
%A M. Hossain
%A M. Akter
%A Z. U. Rubel
%N 1
%V 10
%P 57-62
%L eprints287
%X The current study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Yucca extract (YE) on ammonia gas emission from litter, evaluate the production performance, carcass characteristics and economic utility in broiler rearing. A trial of 240 day-old commercial broiler chicks was carried out on littered floor for a period of 28 days. The birds were allocated randomly to 3 treatments and a control group with three replications (20 birds/ replication). Feeding management and rearing condition were same for all the groups, as per standard. YE was mixed with drinking water as treatment as follows: 1ml YE per 16 liters of drinking water (T1), 1ml YE per 20 liters of drinking water (T2), 1ml YE per 24 liters of drinking water (T3) and no YE in drinking water i.e control group (T0). Ammonia level of Yucca treated groups were significantly (Pth week of rearing period than control group. A significant difference (P2 group was better than other groups. This study concluded that application of YE (1ml/ 20 liters of drinking water) has an important role to reduce ammonia gas emission from broiler litter and increase the birds performance.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.8
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K ammonia control, broiler chicken, litter management, Yucca schidigera

%D 2020
%T Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of full-length S1 gene of GI-16 and GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus in Qena, Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Sabra
%A W. Abdellatif
%A A. I. Ahmed
%A N. Osman
%N 1
%V 10
%P 71-80
%L eprints303
%X Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a highly evolving virus that affects respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems. This virus is recognized as an important pathogen due to the continuous genesis of new variants that threaten the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of this study was to characterize emerging IBV variants originated from field outbreaks in Qena province, Egypt, and to study their genetic relationships with global strains. From September 2017 to January 2019, 52 field samples were collected from broiler flocks suspected of being infected with IBV. The collected samples were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs via allantoic route for virus isolation. The IBV presence was confirmed using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assay targeting nucleocapsid (N) gene and finally, nine samples were selected from 29 positive samples with rRT-PCR for further genetic characterization through full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that one isolate (IBV/CK/EG/QENA-4/2017) clustered within genotype I lineage 16 (GI-16). On the other hand, the remaining eight isolates (2017-2018) belonged to genotype I lineage 23 (GI-23) and clustered separately in monophyletic clade. The isolates in this study were found to share only 74.6-82.1% amino acid identity with the commonly used vaccine strains in Egypt. In conclusion, findings of this study provide informative data on circulating IBVs in the study area and highlight the importance of adopting a convenient vaccination strategy that can be more efficient for controlling the emergence of new IBV variants.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2020.10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Full-length spike gene, GI-16, GI-23, Infectious bronchitis virus, Phylogenetic, RT-PCR.

%D 2020
%T The role of glycogen in biological cycle of Trichinella spiralis
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A E. A. Sidor
%A O. N. Andreyanov
%N 1
%V 10
%P 30-34
%L eprints321
%X The energy sources of Trichinella spiralis change in both the muscular and intestinal stages of its life in the host organism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative changes in glycogen concentration during the life cycle of T. spiralis in a host organism. Trichinella spiralis was passaged on laboratory rodents under the vivarium conditions. Sixty-nine white rats (350 g each) were infected with T. spiralis at a dose of 5 muscle larvae/gram of body weight. The animals were euthanized at different time periods from the start of the experiment. Trichinella muscle larvae were isolated by artificial fermenting meat mince in gastric juice. To determine the viability of Trichinella larvae, they were heated to 38 ± 2 ° C for 10 minutes their motor activity was investigated. (38 ± 2 °C). To determine the invasive properties of T. spiralis at different stages of its development in rats, the muscular larvae isolated from the rat muscles were used to infect laboratory mice. The invasive capacity of T. spiralis was assessed on day 45 post-infection. For the study of intestinal Trichinella larvae, laboratory rats were not fed a day before infection. Adult nematodes were isolated from the small intestine of laboratory rats at 3, 6 and 24 hours post-infection. The nematodes were counted in the Migacheva-Kotelnikov chamber in each individual sample. The concentration of glycogen in the nematodes was calculated according to the quantitative method for determining glycogen in Trichinella larvae. Low glycogen levels in the muscle larvae were observed on day 14 post-infection. The glycogen concentration in muscular larva was 0.0054 ± 0.0027 μg/ larva on day 21, 0.0136 ± 0.0024 μg/ larva on day 28, and 0.0771 ± 0.0025 μg/ larva on day 45 after the rats were infected. Maximum concentration of glycogen was recorded 4 months post-infection (0.0930 ± 0.0029 μg/larva). Further, the glycogen level began to decrease slowly. In the 20th month post-infection, after infection, the amount of glycogen in a Trichinella larva was 0.0786 ± 0.0023 μg. In the body of intestinal nematodes, 3 hours after infecting the animals, the glycogen concentration was reduced to 0.0472 ± 0.0003 μg in one nematode. The same time period later, it reached to value of 0.0272 ± 0.0002 μg. In intestinal T. spiralis, which remained in the small intestine of rats for 24 hours, the glycogen was not detected. The amount of glycogen at the muscle stage of T. spiralis development was extremely important in the first hours of the helminth’s residing in the host's intestines. Energy requirements during the period when the helminth cannot obtain enough food depend on the glycogen content. When the glycogen concentration in the parasite is insufficient, the Trichinella larvae will lose their invasion capacity.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2020.WVJ4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bioassay test; Glycogen; Nematode; Parasitic helminth, Trichinella spiralis

%D 2020
%T HEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF SHEEP INFECTED WITH FASCIOLOSIS IN COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Yesuf
%A M. Erara
%A A. Kenubih
%A A. Belay
%A N. Ahmedin
%N 2
%V 10
%P 71-75
%L eprints69
%X Fasciolosis can cause considerable change in hematological parameters and liver driven serum enzymes. Hence, the aim of this research is to assess the hematological and biochemical changes in sheep infected with Fasciolosis in comparison with healthy controls. A total of 52 local breed (26 form naturally infected and 26 from healthy control group) matched with sex and age were enrolled in the study. Five ml blood using EDTA vacutainer tube for hematology and another 5 ml blood by serum separating tubes for serum biochemical profiles were taken and analyzed using Sysmex automated hematological analyzer and Vegasys chemistry analyzer respectively. The hematological analysis indicated there were significant mean reductions (P<0.001) in tRBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH); Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in case group (5.62±1.15, 8.92±1.66, 20.12±5.78, 26.05±4.16, 9.444±2.00 and 29.72±2.55) than control group (10.27±1.36, 12.68±1.66, 38.9±6.05, 40.50±3.35, 13.100±1.35 and 34.327±3.06) respectively. On the contrary the mean value of tWBC and eosinophil were significantly higher in the infected group (11.27±2.7 and 7.19±2.81) than the flock free of Fasciolosis (7.12±2.61 and 2.82±1.07) respectively. Regarding biochemical parameters, the significant mean elevation (P<0.001) in serum ALT (125.92±20.71) and AST (34.73±11.97) in the infected sheep were observed than ALT (77.04±13.96) and AST (23.69±7.37) of the control groups. Whereas, the serum total protein and glucose level (5.17±1.05 and 21.15±11.08) in Fasciola infected sheep were significantly lower (P<0.001) than healthy control (7.33±1.06 and 32.62±9.48, respectively). The alteration in hemato-biochemical profile suggested a great impact of Fasciolosis on liver physiology leading to loss of production and productivity in sheep industry. © 2020. All rights reserved.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr10
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Biochemical Profile Fasciola Hematology Sheep

%D 2020
%T Rapid detection and differentiation between sheep pox and goat pox viruses by real-time qPCR and conventional PCR in sheep and goat in Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. S. Zeedan
%A A. H. Mahmoud
%A A. M. Abdalhamed
%A A. A. Ghazy
%A K. A. A. El-Razik
%N 1
%V 10
%P 80-87
%L eprints546
%X Capri Pox Virus (Ca PV) is the causative agent of important diseases in sheep and goat with severe socio-economic impact. Sheep Poxvirus (SPPV), Goat Poxvirus (GTPV) and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) are three members of the Capripox virus genus of Poxviridae family, which infect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. A rapid diagnostic assay for Ca PV by using conventional PCR RNA polymerase gene RP030 and real-time qPCR would be useful for disease surveillance, detection and differentiation of Ca PV in clinical and subclinical samples for management and treatments of outbreaks. The present study aimed to detect and identify Ca PV (SPPV and GTPV) in natural, infected scabs biopsy samples, which were collected from sheep and goats in different governorates in 2017 during outbreaks in Egypt using the conventional PCR RNA polymerase gene RP030 gene based and Real-Time qPCR fluorescent based.  We collected eighty scabs from clinically affected animals (54 sheep and 26 goat) that were vaccinated in Chorio-Allantoic-Membranes (CAM) from 10-days-old embryonated-chicken eggs. The positive CAM showed pock lesions, which were observed with a thickening of the membrane after 2-3 passages post samples inoculation, and harvested positive CAMs, which were determined by Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT) , Counter Immune Electrophoresis (CIE), and conventional PCR and real time qPCR were examined for the presences of Ca PVs. DNA extraction from clinical samples and positive CAM with pox lesions using DNA slandered references extraction kits compared to novel modification method (Microwave extraction). The PCR based RPO30 gene and the real-time qPCR showed 15 positive with percentage 27.77% in 54 sheep and 3 positive with percentage 12.5% in 26 goats. Although, AGPT and CIE gave lower result than molecular methods, they gave 11 and 13 positive samples from 54 sheep and in goats were 1 and 2 from 26 scab biopsy samples respectively, however they are useful for early confirmation of positive Ca PVs in low-income countries. PCR based RNA polymerase gene RP030 gene and real-time-PCR considered sensitive, rapid, and reliable methods for differentiating SPPV and GTPV from AGPT and CIE in CAM or in clinical samples without further isolation and propagation in embryonated-chicken eggs. The novel microwave method used to isolate high quality of DNA extracted from infected skin biopsy with SPPV and GPPV with no further purification steps required. It was done in 3 minutes only. The results of the current study confirmed that the suitability of the PCR-based RNA polymerase gene RP030 gene is suitable for differentiating between SPPV and GTPV; in one PCR run; without any post-processing steps.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj11
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Capripox virus, DNA extraction, Goat pox, KOH extraction method, Real-Time qPCR, RPO30, Sheep pox

%D 2020
%T Diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in cattle and buffaloes in different governorates of Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. S. G. Zeedan
%A A. H. Mahmoud
%A A. M. Abdalhamed
%A M. H. Khafagi
%N 1
%V 10
%P 43-52
%L eprints549
%X Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly contagious disease affected cloven-hoofed animals which result in substantial economic losses.  The present study was aimed to detect FMDV by different serological and molecular methods in cattle and buffaloes for   providing an accurate and rapid diagnosis of FMD disease. 86 samples of tongue epithelium biopsies, fluid vesicles samples and saliva, as well as 86 coagulated and uncoagulated blood samples, were collected from 64 and 22 suspected cattle and buffaloes respectively in different governorates in Egypt, during August to December 2017. Serum samples were examined by 3ABC-ELISA for differentiating between infected and non-infected animals. While tissues biopsies and un-coagulated blood samples were examined by Sandwich ELISA, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) as well as Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR).  FMDV porotypes were identified by rRT-PCR in suspected cattle and buffaloes samples to FMDV serotype A, O and SAT2 and results showed that 54 samples positive for FMDV different serotypes while  FMDV serotype  differentiation in tissues biopsy of cattle were 18 (28.12%), 12 (18.75%), 3 (4.68 %) and 4 (6.25%).  Also, the positive results of tissue samples from buffaloes examined by RT-PCR were 9 (40.09 %), 4 (6.25%), 2 (9.09 %) and 2 (9.09 %) for O, SAT2, serotype A and mixed serotypes respectively by different tests. The rRT-PCR provided an accurate and rapid laboratory diagnosis of FMDV as well as RT-PCR, and 3ABC- ELISA were given nearly the same results. Although the rRT-PCR generated results in less than 6 h and this is an important feature when definitive diagnostic results required in a short timescale during emergencies. Also, this study demonstrated the current situation of circulation FMDV type A, O, and SAT2 serotypes in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvj6
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K 3ABC-ELISA, Buffaloes, Cattle, Foot and mouth disease, Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

%D 2020
%T Effect of phase feeding on broiler performance
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A T. A. Algam
%A R. H. Osman
%A W. B. Zomrawi
%A M. A. Abdalhag
%N 1
%V 10
%P 36-40
%L eprints78
%X This study was conducted to assess the effects of phase feeding on growth performance of broiler chicks. The experimental work consisted of a 7-week trial feeding, in which three different feeding programme. Three experimental diets formulated to contain different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP); namely a broiler starter diet containing approximately 3072 Kcal ME/kg and 23.9 crude protein, a grower diet containing 3118 Kcal ME/Kg and 21.8 crude protein, and a finisher diet containing 3200 Kcal ME/kg and 18 crude protein. The results diets not reveal any significant differences in productive parameters, but indicated marked trends in differences among the experimental treatment. These differences showed that the highest feed consumption and live weight gain were attained by the group of birds fed the starter diet throughout the experimental period. The starter diet followed by the finisher diet for four weeks resulted in the lowest total feed consumption, reasonably high body weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio and highest dressing percentage. It can, however, be considered under the conditions of the present experiment that the three experimental feeding programmes supported similar productive performance of broiler, indicating a slight economic advantage of feeding the starter diet followed by the finisher diet. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr5
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Broiler chicken Growth performance Phase feeding

%D 2020
%T CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology and its application to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a review
%J Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine
%A Saeid Chekani-Azar
%A Ehsan GHARIB MOMBENI
%A Mastewal BIRHAN
%A Mahshad YOUSEFI
%N 1
%V 10
%P 01-09
%L eprints5
%X Introduction. Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR associated (Cas) protein (CRISPR/Cas) structures were first identified in E. coli in 1987 and guard prokaryotic cells from any invading pathogens, harmful events and plasmids by recognizing and cutting foreign nucleic acid sequences that contain short palindromic repeats spacer sequences. Several genome editing approaches have been developed based on these mechanisms; the most recent is known as CRISPR/Cas. Before the CRISPR technique was revealed in 2012, editing the genomes of plants and animals took many years and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Thus, CRISPR/Cas has attracted significant interest in the scientific community, especially for disease diagnosis and treatment, as it is quicker, less expensive and more precise than other genome editing approaches. The evidence from gene mutations in specific patients generated using CRISPR/Cas can assist in the prediction of the optimal treatment schedule for individual patients and for innovation purposes in other researches like replication in cell culture of coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19). However, in numerous situations, the effects of the furthermost significant driver mutations are not yet understood and interpretation of the optimal treatment is impossible. CRISPR/Cas classifications feature highly sensitive and selective tools for the detection of various target genes. When we see the next steps of genomic research, it is obvious that genome-wide association studies are relatively new way to identify the genes involved in human disease. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas provides a tool to manipulate non-coding regions and will thus accelerate examination of these poorly characterized regions of the genome and play a vital role in the progress of whole genome libraries. Aim. We aimed to review the history of CRISPR/Cas, the mechanisms of CRISPR techniques, its current status as a tool for studying both natural mutations and genomic manipulations, and explore how CRISPR/Cas may improve the treatment of diseases.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2020.jlsb1
%I Scienceline Publications, Ltd
%K CRISPR/Cas9,
DNA-targeting, Palindromic,
Plasmids, 
Genome sequencing, SARS-CoV2, 
COVID-19

%D 2020
%T Morpho-histological study of spleen ontogenesis in lambs during antenatal and posnatal period
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A R. Eddine Djallal
%A F. Amine Mohamed
%A H. Manel
%A M. Khaoula
%A L. Marina
%N 1
%V 10
%P 12-16
%L eprints73
%X In an experiment on the spleen of healthy lambs at two periods (prenatal and postnatal), using anatomo-topographic and histo-cytological research methods and with subsequent statistical analysis, it was found that the changes in the anatomical and histological structure related to the age of this organ, including during the early stages of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. Note that the surface of the spleen is covered with a capsule of connective tissue, from which leave trabeculae which divide the parenchyma of the organ into lobes. At the time of physiological maturity, the ratio of the structures changes in the direction of an increase in the white pulp and a decrease in the component of the red pulp. During all periods of prenatal fetal development, the percentages of spleen tissue components corresponding to fetal analogs with normal clinical development are determined. The morphological structure of the spleen is described for the first time for this breed in Algeria, age-related changes in the structures of the parenchyma are traced, the formation of follicles began during the terminal phase of gestation, and the development age-related white pulp. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr2
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Algeria Follicle Lambs Parenchyma Postnatal Spleen White pulp

%D 2020
%T Review on coronavirus, a middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A B. Kassahun
%A T. Berhanu
%A B. Damtew
%N 1
%V 10
%P 1-11
%L eprints77
%X Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have long been considered in consequential pathogens, causing the-common cold in otherwise healthy people. However, in the 21st century, 2 highly pathogenic HCoVs-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-emerged from animal reservoirs to cause global epidemics with alarming morbidity and mortality. In December 2019, yet another pathogenic HCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), was recognized in Wuhan, China, and has caused serious illness and death. The ultimate cope and effect of this outbreak is unclear at present as the situation is rapidly evolving. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is zoonotic diseases causing severe respiratory illness emerged in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. Phylogenetic studies and viral sequencing results strongly suggest that MERS-CoV originated from bat ancestors after evolutionary recombination process, primarily in dromedary camels in Africa. The prevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies, the identification of MERS-CoV RNA and viable virus from dromedary camels of Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula are the suggestive evidence for inter-transmission of the virus, primarily from camels to humans and its public health risks. However, the infection in camel is mostly asymptomatic. In contrast to the camel case, the clinical signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV infection in humans ranges from an asymptomatic or mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia and multi-organ failure with an overall mortality rate of about 35. Though inter-human spread within health care settings is responsible for the majority of reported MERS-CoV human cases, the virus is currently incapable of causing sustained human-to-human transmission (pandemic occurrence). Currently, there is no specific drug or vaccine available for treatment and prevention of MERS-CoV. The important measures to control MERS-CoV spread are strict regulation of camel movement, regular herd screening and isolation of infected camels, use of personal protective equipment by camel handlers and awareness creation on the public where consumption of unpasteurized camel milk is common. Therefore, urgent global epidemiological studies are required, to understand the transmission patterns and the human cases of MERS-CoV and also for the proper implementation of the above-mentioned control measures. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr1
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Bats Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 Dromedary camels MERS-CoV SARS-CoV Transmission

%D 2020
%T Assessment of dairy value chain sustainability, constraints and opportunities in Aksum, Central Tigray, Ethiopia
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A G. Misganaw
%N 1
%V 10
%P 41-52
%L eprints74
%X Describing the sustainability of dairy value chain and showing the clear gaps of the sector is important for bringing continual improvement that can support the livelihoods of dairy farmers and the wellbeing of environment. To facilitate a balanced practice on the three pillars of sustainability (people, planet and profit), a regular updating of the existing situation of dairy production is crucial. Therefore, the objective of this report was describing the sustainability of dairy value chain in Aksum district, and shows clearly the gaps of the sector that needs urgent action for continual improvement. Desk study for gathering secondary information was employed. Different analytical tools were used to analyze and present the result. In Aksum, milk is produced by mainly smallholder farmers, dairy cooperatives and few commercial medium scale farms. The production system is operated by gender inclusive system which is in line with sustainable dairy. The production potential of milking cows is very poor that is mainly due to poor genetic makeup and management system. The common feed is roughage that causes to the low production performance (poor economic viability) and high greenhouse gas emissions from enteric fermentation (risky for environment). The highest value addition, risks and costs are belonged to producers but the high share of margin is for processors and retailers. Therefore, this unfair share of profits, costs and risks is not a good sign of sustainable dairy development. Hence, an attempt to improve the dairy sector should consider the three pillars of sustainability. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr6
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Dairy value chain Gender inclusive Smallholder farmers Sustainability

%D 2020
%T Conservation-based breeding program for indigenous sheep breeds in Ethiopia: The way forward
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A M. Molla
%N 1
%V 10
%P 17-24
%L eprints75
%X This paper review briefly Ethiopian sheep genetic resources, description of farming systems, breeding objectives of the community, and to quantify threats with previous sheep genetic improvement and conservation strategies in Ethiopia. Thus, the aims of this paper focus on the role of characterizing indigenous sheep breed, including their threat status in genetic improvement programs. Indigenous sheep genetic resources have contributed considerable portion to the integrated crop-livestock farming systems in Ethiopia. Ethiopia endowed with a diverse sheep genetic resource maintained under different production systems. Sheep research and development in Ethiopia has largely focused on characterization of sheep genetic resources, description of farming systems and genetic improvements using crossbreeding and selection within breed. In Ethiopia, there are a total of 14 traditional sheep populations in Ethiopia fall into six breed groups based on DNA and morphological data. The main cause of threatening the sheep genetic resource in Ethiopia is indiscriminate crossbreeding with exotic germplasm. Few research institutes and agricultural universities are involved in the conservation and management of sheep breeds in Ethiopia. Currently the emphasis is on village based rather than centre-based genetic improvement program. It is possible to conserve sheep genetic resources in Ethiopia through quantifying past sheep characterization works and developing breeding programs suitable to the conditions of smallholder farmers that increase the economic values of indigenous sheep breeds. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr3
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Conservation Indigenous Sheep Smallholder farmer Village breeding practice

%D 2020
%T Phenotypic characterization of donkeys in Benishangul Gumuz national regional state
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Mustefa
%A A. Assefa
%A M. Misganaw
%A F. Getachew
%A S. Abegaz
%A A. Hailu
%A Y. Emshaw
%N 1
%V 10
%P 25-35
%L eprints76
%X Fifteen morphometric measurements and eighteen qualitative traits were recorded on 323 randomly sampled adult donkeys (123 jacks and 200 jennets) to meet an objective of characterizing a heterogeneous donkey population of three phenotypic types (Sinnar, the locals and their crosses) found in Benishangul Gumuz region of Ethiopia. The General Linear Model and non-parametric test (chi-square) procedures of SAS software were used for the analysis of the morphometric data and qualitative traits, respectively. Means were separated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The studied morphometric measurements were significantly affected by the phenotypic type and partially affected by sex and sample location /district. Sinnar donkeys were significantly bigger and heavier than the local and the crosses. However, for some of the morphometric measurements no significance difference was observed between Sinnar and crosses implying the presence of heterosis. Heart girth measurements for Sinnar, local and crosses were 110.61±0.436, 106.18±0.448 and 108.87±1.251, respectively. Body weight estimates of 127.26±1.277, 113.40±1.312 and 121.13± 3.665 kg were obtained for Sinnar, the local and the crosses. There was sexual size dimorphism and depending on the type of morphometric trait either jacks or jennets show significantly (P<0.05) higher values as compared to the opposite sex. Jacks had wider chest (22.61 vs 22.09 cm.), thicker (24.40 vs 23.24 cm.), and longer cannon bone (31.00 vs 31.32 cm) than jennets, while the jennets possess wider hip (33.00 vs 31.69 cm.) and longer body (90.49 vs 88.52 cm.), back (67.37 vs 66.17), ear (24.42 vs 23.90 cm) and heavier estimated weight (122.47 vs 118.71 kg) than the jacks. Limited location effect was recorded showing donkeys from Guba district were comparatively the largest. Majority of the studied donkeys possess white abdominal color, unpigmented hoof and muzzle, short and medium hair size, plain body color pattern with long dorsal stripe without leg stripe, straight face and sloppy rump profile, medium tail length and thickness at the base of the tail. Qualitative differences (P<0.05) were also observed among the class categories. Further molecular level studies could supplement the current study and provide more refined classification of the various genotypes in the studied area. Similarly, characterization of the local donkeys found in other parts of the region and the Abyssinian donkeys in the adjoining areas is required. © Scienceline Publication.
%R 10.36380/scil.2020.ojafr4
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Heart girth Morphometric Phenotypic types Qualitative Sinnar

%D 2019
%T Effects of Moringa oleifera and Garcinia Kola with or without grits on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. A. Adejola
%A R. A. Sobayo
%A S. B. Muhammad
%A A. A. Ayoola
%A K. B. Jinadu
%N 4
%V 9
%P 180-186
%L eprints94
%X The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals has been banned due to the residual effects on final consumers which could lead to human health issues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of two herbal feed additives with or without grits on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty-four, one-day-old, Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned into six treatments (24 birds per treatment) with three replicates (eight bird per replicate). Six dietary treatments were formulated with the inclusion of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM), Garcinia kola Seed Meal (GKSM) and grits. The experimental rations contained diet without MOLM, GKSM and grits which served as treatment 1 (control), diet with MOLM at 1000ppm (treatment 2), diet with GKSM at 1000ppm (treatment 3), diet with grits at 1000ppm (treatment 4), diet with MOLM at 1000ppm + grits at 1000ppm (treatment 5) and diet with GKSM at 1000ppm + grits at 1000ppm (treatment 6). Blood samples were collected on 28 and 56 days of age for hematological and biochemical analysis. Data were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. At the starter phase, red blood cells (1.15 ×1012 L) and white blood cells were significantly lowest in birds of first treatment. The birds that received treatment 6, had the highest glucose (131.50 g/dl) and high-density lipoprotein level (58.50 mg/dl). At the finisher phase, the lowest white blood cell count (10.95 ×109/L) and lymphocytes (60%) were recorded in treatment 6. Birds in treatment 3 indicated the lowest urea (2.05 mg/dl) and triglyceride (94.50 mg/dl). It can be concluded that diet supplemented with GKSM at 1000 ppm, increased high-density lipoprotein, and reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels in serum of broiler chickens.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Blood parameters, Feed additive, Garcinia Kola, Grit, Moringa oleifera

%D 2019
%T The effect of Aspergillus fumigatus infection on antibody immune response to newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. K. Al-Azawy
%A K. S. Al-Ajeeli
%N 4
%V 9
%P 196-203
%L eprints100
%X Aspergillus fumigatus infection might predispose birds to other respiratory infections with other pathogens such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). This study aimed to investigate the incidence of Aspergillus fumigatus in commercial farms and its histopathological effects on respiratory organs and to evaluate the immunosuppressive effect of aspergillosis on NDV vaccinated birds. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from feedstuff and broilers in farms with respiratory manifestation. Twenty NDV-vaccinated broiler chickens of 10 days old were experimentally infected by feeding on feedstuff contaminated with Aspergillus fumigatus. Twenty vaccinated broilers but not fed the contaminated diet were used as the control group. Clinical signs, histopathological changes, NDV antibody levels in infected birds were recorded. Clinically, infected birds showed respiratory distress, dyspnea, gasping, ruffled feathers, green watery diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, and unilateral drooping of wing. Histopathological changes were observed as disseminated granulomatous foci in the affected lungs, with caseous necrosis and leukocytes infiltration. The antibody immune response against NDV significantly reduced in infected birds compared with that of non-infected broilers. It is concluded, that Aspergillus fumigatus infection suppresses the immune responses and predisposes the broilers to other microbial infections, leading to considerable economic losses in the poultry industry.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aspergillus fumigatus, Immunosuppression, NDV vaccine

%D 2019
%T Detection of lung affections of stray cats in Mosul City, Iraq
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A K. H. Al-Mallah
%A M. G. Saeed
%N 4
%V 9
%P 340-347
%L eprints364
%X Stray cats are exposed to deleterious factors in the urban environment. The present study was aimed to describe the pathological features of lung lesions in stray cats in Mosul city, Iraq. From February to March 2013, 19 ailing cats were caught through animal control campaigns and euthanized. Necropsy and histopathologic findings were recorded for the collected lungs. The results indicated lesions in all the lung samples. Pathomorphogical characterization included emphysema (84%), atelectasis (63%), and bronchiectasis (26%), bronchopneumonia (63%), granulomatous pneumonia (15%), verminous pneumonia (15%), alveolitis (15%), proliferative pneumonia (10%), and pleuropneumonia (5%). In addition, cellular adaptation was characterized by hyperplasia of alveolar cells (52%), bronchial epithelium hyperplasia (31%) and fibroplasia (26%). Hemosiderosis and parasitic infestation were also detected. The study concluded that all lungs collected from stray cats showed pathological changes, reflecting the presence of the pathogen agents and pollution in the environment of this city.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj43
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Mosul city, Lesions, Lung, Pneumonia, Stray cats

%D 2019
%T Antibiotic profile of bacterial species isolated from broiler chickens with cellulitis
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. M. Amer
%A H. M. Mekky
%A H. S. Fedawy
%A K. M. Elbayoumi
%A D. M. Sedeek
%N 4
%V 9
%P 268-279
%L eprints367
%X HeaThe present study was carried out to isolate and identify the bacterial agents involved in field cases of avian cellulitis in broiler chickens and also to examine isolated bacteria for antibiotic susceptibility. The study was applied on 290 broiler chickens, aged 30-35 days, suffered from cellulitis (65 with head and 225 body lesions) to isolate bacterial agents. All obtained isolates were identified and tested for the pathogenicity based on Congo red assay. Disc diffusion test was used to study the sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates with determination of multiple antibiotic resistance index. Results revealed that all head and 91.5% of body samples were positive on bacteriological examination. E. coli was the most prevalent isolate (45.2%), followed by staphylococci (33.2%), Clostridia (5.4%), streptococci (5.1%), Proteus mirabilis (4.4%), Enterobacter spp. (3.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%), and Aeromonas spp. (1.2%). Congo red binding test was positive for P. aeruginosa (100%), Clostridia (72.7%), E. coli (65.8%), staphylococci (62.2%), Aeromonas spp. (60%), P. mirabilis (38.9%), Enterobacter spp. (38.5%) and streptococci (33.3%). Serological typing of E. coli identified nine O serotypes, with high predominance of O78 (19%). On antibiotic susceptibility profiling, E. coli isolates demonstrated 83.1-92.9% resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Staphylococci isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (97.0%) and clindamycin (82.9%). Clostridial and Aeromonas spp. isolates showed 100% resistant to tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and cefotaxime. Enterobacter spp. showed 100% resistance to chloramphenicol and cefotaxime. P. aeruginosa had 100% resistance to tetracycline and enrofloxacin. Also, streptococci isolates showed 100% resistance to erythromycin. Totally, 56.3% bacterial isolates were multidrug-resistant, 23.8% extensively drug-resistant and 1.5% pan drug-resistant. The present study concluded that E. coli is the most predominant pathogen involved in cellulitis, particularly O78 serotype. In addition, this study demonstrated high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria among isolates, particularly against commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended to use antibiotic sensitivity tests and accurate therapeutic doses to efficiently treat and control bacterial infections in poultry.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj34
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibacterial susceptibility, Bacterial isolates, Broiler, Cellulitis, Sensitivity classes.

%D 2019
%T The effects of Mospilan and Aktara insecticides in the feed on egg production and meat quality of laying hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A V. Dukhnytskyi
%A G. Bazaka
%A V. Sokolyuk
%A P. Boiko
%A I. Ligomina
%N 4
%V 9
%P 233-239
%L eprints161
%X The current study was aimed to investigate the effects of feeding Mospilan and Actara insecticides on egg production performance and meat quality of laying hens. Experimental research was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine in 2015. The experiments were performed on five groups each consisting of seven chickens. The age of the chickens at the beginning of the experiment was 150 days. The birds were fed the granulated compound feed. In M1 and M2 groups, Mospilan at doses of 65 mg/kg and 32.5 mg/kg of body weight were added to the feed, respectively. In A1 and A2 groups, Actara at doses of 360 mg/kg and 180 mg/kg of body weight were added to the feed, respectively. Chickens of the control group were fed without the addition of insecticides to the feed. The feeding period lasted 30 days and finally, egg production performance, meat quality, and gross pathological changes were evaluated. Egg production rate in M1 and M2 groups in comparison to the control group decreased by 78.4 and 29.7%, respectively. Egg production rate in A1 and A2 groups reduced by 89.2% and 48.7% compared to the control group, respectively. Chickens in groups of receiving insecticides had pale skin and enlarged heart, also showed spot hemorrhages in mucous membranes of the glandular stomach and intestine, color heterogeneity of the lungs, and the liver was dark cherry in color with hemorrhage. In addition, the relative weights of internal organs decreased by 23-36% in experimental groups. In the experimental groups, the pH of meat decreased at day 4 post-slaughter, and the meat broth with the addition of 5% copper sulfate solution was slightly cloudy with flakes. The meat of birds from the experimental groups was low toxic. Extracts from chicken meat of the experimental groups caused pathological changes, inhibition of movements and death of 13-16% of Tetrahymena pyriformis infusoria. This study demonstrated that the presence of Mospilan and Aktara in feed reduced the egg production rate, caused chronic poisoning, changed biochemical processes in chicken meat and increased its toxicity.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.29
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken meat quality, Egg productivity, Insecticides Mospilan and Actara, Laying hens, Neonicotinoids.

%D 2019
%T A comprehensive review on the common emerging diseases in Quails
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. A. A. El-Ghany
%N 4
%V 9
%P 160-174
%L eprints168
%X The poultry industry is considered an important sector that meets the great demand for protein sources all over the world. Now, quails are recognized as promising and important alternative species with many advantages over other poultry species. In many countries around the world, quail meat has achieved great popularity as a good source of protein and other important nutrients. However, there are some limitations and challenges to quails production. One of them is the susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, mycotic and parasitic diseases that can adversely affect quails. Many of the diseases that affect quails cause severe economic losses in quail industry due to a decrease in growth performance, poor feed conversion, reduction in hatchability, increased mortality and treatment costs. There are limited research and literature dealing with different disease and conditions affecting quails. Therefore, the aim of this work was to present a comprehensive review of the most important emerging diseases affecting quails worldwide.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.20
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacteria, Virus, Mycosis, Myctoxicosis, Parasites, Quail

%D 2019
%T Effect of using solar energy and different ventilation rate on production in poultry houses
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Gad
%A M. A. R. El-Shazly
%A K. I. Wasfy
%A A. Awny
%N 4
%V 9
%P 204-210
%L eprints193
%X The main purpose of the present study was to find an alternative source for traditional energy to provide the energy requirements in the poultry industry. The present study was conducted in four poultry houses with different heating systems (solar and conventional) and ventilation rates located in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, during June and July 2018. In this study, it was found that productivity increased by increasing the ventilation rate, where productivity reached 2.3 kg when using a solar heating system with a ventilation rate every two minutes. Productivity decreased in poultry houses with a conventional heating system and was 2 kg in ventilation rate every 2 minutes, and 1.8 kg in the ventilation rate every four minutes. The level of ammonia was also reduced with the ventilation rate every two minutes. Concentrations of ammonia ranged from 22 ppm at ventilation rate every two minutes to 28 ppm at the ventilation rate every four minutes. In addition, solar energy provided good levels of thermal requirements. It was demonstrated that solar energy as an alternative source to the conventional energy, is very efficient and can be applied on a large scale when combined with conventional electricity as a light source and within specified limits.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.25
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Energy balance, Poultry production, Solar heating system, Ventilation

%D 2019
%T History and current situation of commercial ostrich farming in Mexico
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Islas-Moreno
%A R. Rendón-Medel
%N 4
%V 9
%P 224-232
%L eprints223
%X As in many other countries, in Mexico, the ostrich aroused the interest of public and private entities for its broad productive qualities and quality of its products. The objective of the present study was to describe the history of ostrich introduction in Mexico as a kind of commercial interest, from the arrival of the first birds to the current farms. In 1988 the first farm was established, then a series of farms of significant size were appearing, all of them focused their business on the sale of breeding stock, a business that was profitable during the heyday of the specie in the country (1998-2008). The main client was the government that acquired ostriches to distribute them among a large number of new farmers. When the introduction into the activity of government and private individuals was no longer attractive, the prices of the breeders fell and the sector collapsed because the farms were inefficient and the infrastructure and promotion sufficient to position the ostrich products were not produced on the national or export market. In 2016 it was known that about 30 farms remained in the activity, of which 20 were located and provided information for this study. The farms that remained in the activity continued with significant difficulties in terms of their productivity, however, they had managed to mitigate part of the problem by sharing production practices among themselves and going to their counterparts abroad through digital media. On the commercial side, they had managed to develop standardized products using maquiladora companies, and placed them in niche markets that paid for higher prices than those that are paid for conventional substitutes. In the case of ostrich, in Mexico and many other countries, the sector failed because the market demand response was overestimated and the farmers ventured into the activity without adequate knowledge bases, infrastructure, and institutional support. These findings could be referred to many other species of nascent interest.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.28
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Emerging sectors, Exotic poultry, Niche market, Specialty livestock, Organization, Ostrich meat

%D 2019
%T The effect of Bacillus subtilis inoculum doses and fermentation time on enzyme activity of fermented palm kernel cake
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A . Mirnawati
%A G. Ciptaan
%A . Ferawati
%N 4
%V 9
%P 211-216
%L eprints253
%X Palm kernel cake (PKC) was by-product of palm oil industry and it had potential to be one of the poultry ration ingredient However, its utilization for poultry was still limited because of the β-mannan in PKC. In order to increase PKC utilization in poultry ration, fermentation process was done to remodeled β mannan by using Bacillus subtilis. This research conducted a study on the effect of Bacillus subtilis inoculum dose and fermentation time to increase the enzyme activity of FPKC by using CRD with 3 × 3 factorial and 3 replications. Factor A was 3 doses of inoculum Bacillus subtilis: 3%, 5%, and 7%. Factor B was fermentation times which contained: (1) 2 days, (2) 4 days, and (3) 6 days. Parameters used were enzyme activity of mannanase, protease, and cellulase in FPKC. Significant interaction was seen between inoculum doses of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation time. There was also a significant interaction on each of the inoculums dose of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation time on all of the enzyme activity. This study concluded FPKC with Bacillus subtilis of 7% inoculums doses and 6 days fermentation time indicate the best result as seen from 24.27 U/ml of mannanase activity, 10.27 U/ml of protease activity, 17.13 U/ml of cellulose activity of fermented PKC.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bacillus subtilis, Enzyme activity, Fermentation time, Inoculum doses, Palm Kernel Cake

%D 2019
%T Chemical characteristics and amino acids profile of protein hydrolysates of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Viscera
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A P. H. Riyadi
%A E. Suprayitno
%A A. Aulanni'am
%A T. D. Sulistiyati
%N 4
%V 9
%P 324-328
%L eprints298
%X An Research on protein hydrolysate has been performed by using various types of fish and enzymes, but there is limited research on the nutritive value of visceral waste proteins of tilapia. The present study aimed to determine amino acid profile and composition (water, protein, fat and ash content) of protein hydrolysates prepared from viscera of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Alcalase enzyme was used as the hydrolytic enzyme at a concentration of 1.5 % (w/v), pH 7.9, and temperature of 55.80 °C for 1.5 h. Fresh Nile tilapia viscera had a high protein content of 35.14% ± 0.02 (dry basis) and the defatting process reduced fat content from 60.24 ± 0.04 to 57.81% ± 0.01 (dry basis). The results indicated that the hydrolysis of Nile tilapia viscera led to an increase in the protein content (62.81% ± 0.18) (dry basis). Furthermore, hydrolysis process also decreased the moisture content (11.56 % ± 0.49), fat content (16% ± 0.14), and ash content (5% ± 0.17) (dry basis). Glutamine had the highest amino acid level in hydrolysates (3.85 g/100g), whereas cysteine the lowest level (0.32 g/100g). In conclusion, Nile tilapia protein hydrolysates contain sufficient quantities of the essential amino acids that can be used as a source for fish feed protein. Moreover, chemical characteristics and amino acid profile of Nile tilapia protein hydrolysates indicated a high nutritional value which could be met adult human nutritional needs.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ41
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chemical characteristics, Protein hydrolysates, Tilapia, Viscera.

%D 2019
%T Experimental Model of Coccidiosis Caused by Eimeria tenella in Broiler Chickens
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A R. T. Safiullin
%A E. O. Kachanova
%A E. I. Chalysheva
%A O. N. Andreyanov
%N 4
%V 9
%P 262-267
%L eprints307
%X Coccidiosis is the most common protozoan disease in poultry and is often recorded in poultry farms with the free-range system. The share of such poultry farms is constantly growing in Russia. The present study designed an experimental model of coccidiosis induced by Eimeria tenella in broilers. Forty-two 14-days-old broilers of the cross "ABH 47" were divided into seven groups of six broilers each according to the principle of analogs. Broilers were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The groups were kept isolated throughout the study. Chickens in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were orally infected with E. tenella culture at the doses of 2,000; 1,000; 250; 125; 62 and 15 oocysts/ml, respectively. Broilers of group 7 were uninfected and served as control. To determine the number of oocysts, all feces from the broilers of each experimental group were daily collected from the days 6 to 12 after infection. Counting was carried out using the McMaster technique. The average number of E. tenella oocysts per gram of feces in broilers of the groups 1 to 6 was 4,080; 6,880; 1,780; 1,530; 662 and 94, respectively. The average daily weight gain in groups 1 to 4 was significantly lower compared to the non-infected control group. The experimental model of coccidiosis in broiler chickens revealed that the number of oocysts excreted with feces is dependent on the dose of infection.
%R 10.36380/scil.2019.wvj33
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Eimeria tenella, Experimental model, Oocysts

%D 2019
%T Systematic program for destroying of flies' population in poultry farm under battery cage management in Russia
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. T. Safiullin
%A R. R. Safiullin
%A E. O. Kachanova
%N 4
%V 9
%P 175-179
%L eprints308
%X Favorable conditions for development, reproduction, and accumulation of large amounts of zoophilous flies in commercial poultry farms are caused by incomplete compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules for growing in cage facilities. The purpose of the study was to test a systematic insecticidal program for destroying flies’ populations using adulticide and larvicide drugs in poultry farms under battery cage management. The number of imago flies in hen houses was dynamically evaluated using flypapers, six flypapers in each hen house, situated in different levels above the floor. Flypapers were removed and the number of stuck insects was counted. The number of larvae was evaluated in dynamics by specimen testing from the floor area 10x10 cm, with weight of 3-5 g. The Quick Bayt WG 10% was applied to destroy the imago of flies. Baycidal® WP 25% was used against larvae of flies. Complex insecticide program Quick Bayt WG 10% + Baycidal® WP 25% provided the opportunity to destroy flies, with a significant difference in intensefficacy, (98.3 % for adult flies and 99.8 % for larvae). Furthermore, this program had a positive impact on economic indicators of meat production of broilers. The present study demonstrated high preventive efficacy and economical efficacy of complex program against flies under battery cage broiler management.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Adulticide, Economical Efficacy, Fly Larvae, Intensefficacy, Larvicide, Zoophilous Flies

%D 2019
%T Microclimate, Body Weight Uniformity, Body Temperature, and Footpad Dermatitis in Broiler Chickens Reared in Commercial Poultry Houses in Hot and Humid Tropical Climates
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A D. Sohsuebngarm
%A S. Kongpechr
%A P. Sukon
%N 4
%V 9
%P 241-248
%L eprints323
%X The present study was conducted to investigate the variations of microclimate variables along the length of commercial broiler houses and to determine the associations between microclimate variables and animal variables in broiler chickens. A routine rearing program involving 480,000 broiler chickens was conducted in 24 commercial broiler houses (with dimensions of 14×120×2.5 m, yielding 1,680 m2 of rearing area per house). Of these, 6,000 chickens were randomly selected for outcome measurements. Microclimate variables (Ambient Temperature (AT), Relative Humidity (RH), Air Velocity (AV), heat index, effective temperature, and ammonia) and animal variables (body weight uniformity, body temperature, and Footpad Dermatitis (FPD)) were measured at 10 sections (12 m apart) from the proximal end to distal end along the length of each broiler house. Regression analysis was used to determine the pattern of each microclimate variable along the length of the broiler houses and to determine the associations between the microclimate variables and the animal variables. The results showed that AT, heat index, and ammonia linearly increased from the front end to the rear end of the houses. In contrast, RH linearly decreased from the front end to the rear end of the houses. The regression analysis revealed no significant association between any of the microclimate variables and the body weight uniformity. Increasing AT and AV were associated with increasing mean body temperature. Increasing AT was associated with decreasing FPD. However, increasing RH and AV were associated with increasing FPD. In conclusion, the microclimate variables had various trends along the length of broiler houses.
%R 10.36380/scil.2019.wvj30
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body weight uniformity, Broiler house, Footpad dermatitis, Microclimate

%D 2019
%T The effects of supplementation of cinnamon and turmeric powder mixture in ration of quail on performance and quality of eggs
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A F. X. Suwarta
%A C. L. Suryani
%N 4
%V 9
%P 249-254
%L eprints328
%X The use of herbal ingredients to improve poultry production is increasingly developing in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of mixed supplementation of turmeric powder and cinnamon on the performance and egg quality of Japanese quail. This study consisted of four treatments with three replications (25 quails per replicate) established in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of: T0 (control); T1 (10 g turmeric + 10 g cinnamon) / kg of feed; T2 (20 g turmeric + 20 g cinnamon) / kg of feed; and T3 (40 g turmeric + 40 g cinnamon) / kg of feed. Parameters measured included feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, yolk color index, egg white weight, eggshell weight, and egg cholesterol level. In addition, the percentage of quails reached maturity at 42 days of age were recorded. The obtained results indicated supplementation of the mixture of turmeric and cinnamon decreased feed intake and significantly improved feed conversion ratio. Quail weight at 42 days was not significantly different in different treatments. The percentage of laying quails increased in experimental treatments. Dietary supplementation with the mixture of turmeric and cinnamon significantly increased egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, yolk color index and eggshell weight. Supplementation of turmeric and cinnamon mixture significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein levels and increased high-density lipoprotein in egg yolk. It is concluded that the dietary inclusion of turmeric and cinnamon powder mixture (40 g + 40 g) / kg of feed can improve the performance and egg quality of quails.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ31
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cinnamon powder, Egg quality, Performance, Quail, Turmeric powder

%D 2019
%T Probiotics and poultry gut microflora
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. T. Tsega
%A J. K. Maina
%A N. B. Tesema
%N 4
%V 9
%P 217-223
%L eprints333
%X Poultry production is presently the most effective animal production industry and provides an excellent source of protein production worldwide. The poultry gastrointestinal microbiota includes commensal, mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. The relationship between host and gut microbiota can affect the balance of mutualism and pathogenicity. The imbalanced gut microflora caused by the incidence of disease, hygiene conditions, diet, management practices, and environmental stress affects the survival and productivity of chicken. Maintenance of the gut microbial composition is possible through the regulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota by suppressing the growth of pathogens. For many years, antibiotic growth promoters have been used to manage these problems. Nowadays, because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, other alternatives are being sought. Supplementation of probiotics as feed additives is considered to enhance chicken productivitity and to protect the gut from pathogen colonization and help to tolerate environmental stress. The goal of the present article was to review the poultry gastrointestinal microflora and probiotics role in the health and growth of poultry. In addition, this article focused on probiotic microorganisms and their potential characteristics.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Gastrointestinal microbiota, Poultry, Probiotics

%D 2019
%T Evaluation of hematological and metabolic parameters in small ruminants with trace elements deficiency under different biogeochemical conditions
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A V. Vorobyov
%A D. Vorobyov
%A P. Polkovnichenko
%A V. Safonov
%N 4
%V 9
%P 311-316
%L eprints540
%X In the present study soil, water, pasture plants, organs and tissues of crossbred sheep of the Soviet Aksaray and Zaanen German White Improved goats were analyzed for their Selenium (Se), Iodine (I), Cobalt (Co), zinc, copper, and manganese content in the Lower Volga region. The biogeochemical situation of terrestrial ecosystems of the Lower Volga region was characterized by Se, Co, and I deficiencies in soil, water, pasture plants, and feed of crossbred sheep of the Soviet Aksaray and Zaanen German White Improved goats. The deficiency of these trace elements in small ruminants had been compensated by changes in hematological parameters include high Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC) and biochemical parameters. Meanwhile, the analyzed trace elements in the organs and tissues of crossbred sheep (n = 6) and Zaanen German white improved goats (n = 6) demonstrated that goats had lower amounts of Se (0.0136 ± 0.002 mg/kg), I (0.19 ± 0.01mg/kg), and Co (0619 ± 0.03 mg/kg) compared to sheep. The animals were recorded with a decrease in alkali reserve, the content of total protein and lipids, vitamins A, E, C, B12, total calcium, and inorganic phosphorus, increase in glucose, conjugated dienes and malonic di-aldehyde in the blood, and functional insufficiency of the antioxidant protection system.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj39
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biogeochemistry, Goat, Metabolism, Micronutrient deficiency, Sheep, Trace elements deficiency.

%D 2019
%T The effects of green tea and propolis extracts on pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-β, IL2, and immunoglobulin production in experimentally infected rabbits with bovine herpesvirus-1
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. S. G. Zeedan
%A K. A. E. H. A. El-Razik
%A S. Abdel-Shafy
%A T. KorenyFarag
%A A. H. Mahmoud
%N 4
%V 9
%P 329-339
%L eprints548
%X Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is a highly contagious viral pathogen which causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in bovine worldwide. Currently, there is no antiviral prophylactic treatment available capable of the complete cure of the viral disease and facilitating recovery from latent infection in animals. The present study aimed to evaluate antiviral activities of Water Green Tea Extract (WGE) and Ethanol Propolis Extract (EPE) against BHV-1 virus comparing to commercial Acyclovir (ACV) in vitro in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line and in vivo in rabbits as a laboratory animal’s model. The cytotoxicity assay was determined the safe dose of water green tea, and Ethanol propolis extracts and evaluated antiviral activity of each extract on infected MDBK with BHV-1. The fifteen rabbits were divided accidentally into five groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were inoculated with BHV-1 virus 107 TCID50/250 ul in nostrils and received propolis ethanol, water green tea extracts and ACV antiviral for 7 dpi respectively. Group 4 was inoculated with BHV-1 virus 107 TCID50/250 ul in nostrils without extracts or commercial drug. Group 5 was considered as control negative. Results of in-vitro study showed water green tea, and ethanol propolis extracts were potent inhibitor on BHV-1, which showed 80% protection against this virus and dropped in viral titer more than ACV. In vivo study of treated infected animals with WGE, EPE and ACV reduced clinical signs, elevated cytokines, and antibody production levels and failed re-isolated or detect DNA in blood or nasal samples swabs. Non treaded infected rabbits group developed respiratory clinical signs, humoral response and re-isolated BHV-1 and detected viral DNA of BHV-1 in blood, and nasal swabs from experimentally infected rabbits. In conclusion, propolis and green tea extracts were able to prevent virus replication and reduced CPE in MDBK cell cultures infected with BHV-1 and able to induce cytokines and antibodies levels production.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj42
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Acyclovir, BHV-1, ELISA, Green tea, Propolis

%D 2019
%T Isolation and identification of Acetobacter sp. from pineapple (Ananas comosus l.) as nata starter
%J Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research
%A A. Khusna
%A A. U. Prastujati
%A S. Setiadevi
%A M. Hilmi
%A M. Damayanti
%N 4
%V 9
%P 260-264
%L eprints229
%X The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the morphological and biochemical properties of Acetobacter sp. Isolation is done by growing bacteria taken from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) juice on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) media. Identification was carried out by biochemical tests namely catalase, motility, and oxygen use tests. The study was designed per descriptive analysis by evaluating and describing the collected data. The results of the morphological experiments showed that bacterial isolates isolated from pineapple had a milky white color, round shape, small size, smooth surface, flat elevation and gram-negative type. Biochemical tests showed positive reactions in the catalase test because of break-down capability of hydrogen peroxide by the enzyme catalase, while it was negative in the motility test because bacteria form a non-motile free sphere.
Bacterial isolates showed a positive reaction in testing the use of oxygen because Acetobacter sp. need free oxygen for growth and activity. Isolation of Acetobacter sp. pineapple origin has macroscopic characteristics that are milky white color, round shape, smooth surface, and flat elevation. The results of the identification of Acetobacter sp. pineapple origin showed a positive reaction to the catalase test, which is a gram-negative bacteria and has a round shape. Future studies are recommended to conduct a polymer chain reaction test
(PCR) to identify the strain of acetobacter sp.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.23
%I Scienceline Publication
%K Acetobacter sp., Nata, Pineapple, Starter

%D 2019
%T Histopathological alterations of ceca in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) exposed to chronic heat stress
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. V. Adji
%A H. Plumeriastuti
%A A. Ma'ruf
%A D. Legowo
%N 3
%V 9
%P 211-217
%L eprints356
%X Heat stress has been found to cause adverse effects on small intestinal microstructure, but little is known about its impact on chicken’s cecum. In this research, the histopathological alterations of broiler chicken’s cecum following chronic heat stress were evaluated. 20 broiler chickens were randomly divided into control group and treatment group containing 10 replicates, respectively. Both groups were reared under standard conditions until 21 days of age. From day 22 to day 42, the control group was kept at 24-28⁰C as well as relative humidity of 40-55%, while the treatment group was exposed to high temperature of 36-40⁰C and relative humidity of 45-65% for eight hours per day. At the end of the period, proximal part of each chicken’s cecum was collected and made into histopathological slides with Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus surface area, and villus height to crypt depth ratio were examined from 10 villi per replicate. Results analysis revealed that chronic heat stress profoundly (P<0.05) reduced the crypt depth. Insignificant (P>0.05) changes of the villus despite the long-term heat exposure might imply that the damage is at its early phase. In conclusion, chronic heat stress can produce morphological alterations in the ceca of broiler chickens, though requiring longer duration due to cecum’s durability.
%R 10.36380/scil.2019.wvj27
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicken, Cecum, Heat stress, Intestinal morphology

%D 2019
%T Antibacterial effect of Aloe Vera gel extract on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of guinea fowls
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A F. Adzitey
%A A. A. Agbolosu
%A U. J. Udoka
%N 3
%V 9
%P 166-173
%L eprints357
%X Aloe vera has a long history as a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic applications. This study was conducted to assess the antibacterial effect of Aloe vera gel extract against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of guinea fowls. The conventional method was used for the isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The antibacterial activity of Aloe vera gel extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/ml) and standard antibiotics were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The prevalence of Escherichia coli in the GIT of the guinea fowls was 100% (15/15). All the Escherichia coli were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. At 48h and 72h of incubation, all the Escherichia coli were susceptible to gentamicin but not at 24h. Inhibition zones using the Aloe vera gel extract ranged from 7.87-12.23mm (50 mg/ml), 8.53-17.23mm (100 mg/ml) and 7.43-10.67mm (200 mg/ml) for Escherichia coli. Also, antibacterial test for Escherichia coli using the Aloe vera gel extract revealed an inhibition zone of 9.10-12.23mm for Escherichia coli isolate GIT1, 7.8-8.57mm for Escherichia coli isolate GIT2 and 7.43-17.23mm for Escherichia coli isolate GIT7. The prevalence of Salmonella enterica in the GIT of the guinea fowls was 40% (6/15). All Salmonella enterica were susceptible to gentamicin. At 48h and 72h of incubation, all the Salmonella enterica were susceptible to suphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline but not at 24h. Inhibition zones using Aloe vera gel extract ranged from 7.13-12.57mm (50 mg/ml), 4.2-6.7mm (100 mg/ml) and 0-9.23mm (200 mg/ml). Furthermore, antibacterial test for Salmonella enterica using the Aloe vera gel extract revealed an inhibition zone of 5.3-12.57mm for Salmonella enterica isolate GIT9, 0-7.8mm for Salmonella enterica isolate GIT10 and 4.2-9.0mm for Salmonella enterica isolate GIT15. The study revealed that Aloe vera gel extract possessed antibacterial properties. Therefore, it can be added to the feed of guinea fowls as a prophylactic to reduce bacterial infections.
%R 10.36380/scil.2019.wvj21
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aloe vera, Antibiotics, Escherichia coli, Gut, Salmonella enterica

%D 2019
%T The effects of grass-based versus grain-based feeding of ruminants on the human hygienic status, a review
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. M. Al-Thuwaini
%A M. B. S. Al-Shuhaib
%N 3
%V 9
%P 174-180
%L eprints365
%X Ruminant meat quality is one of the important factors contributing to the recent spreading of several diseases, such as obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular problems, which have increased predominately. Feeding regiment plays an important role in the determination of the composition of fatty acids and meat quality in ruminants. This review aims to highlight the main factors that lie behind the variability of ruminant meat quality and its effect on human being’s health. The reduction in grass-feeding decreases saliva levels in the ruminants, which has several consequences on the rumen, including a reduction in pH level, along with a reduction in the microorganism activities and conjugated linoleic acid levels. In adipose tissues, the expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturases gene is negatively affected by the decreased conjugated linoleic acid levels in the rumen, which leads to a decreased transformation of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, the lower monounsaturated fatty acids and the parallel increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the consumed meat can be associated with some human diseases. Thus, the present study provided a molecular explanation for the superiority of grass-based feeding in ruminants raised at pasture in term of production of meat with a healthier quality for consumers than those raised on grains.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj22
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Grain; Grass, Human disease, Ruminant meat, SCD enzyme

%D 2019
%T Advancement in vaccination of broiler chickens with genotype-matched vaccines to currently epidemic newcastle disease virus genotype VII in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. A. M. Amer
%A M. A. Ali
%A A. M. Kandeil
%A M. A. Kutkat
%N 3
%V 9
%P 117-123
%L eprints112
%X Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks still occur frequently in Egypt in spite of the heavy implementation of classic NDV vaccines for a long time ago, where NDV genotype VII has become the dominant genotype in Egypt from 2012 until now. Many previous studies have recommended using genotype-matched NDV vaccines against the epidemic virus for providing better protection and minimizing virus shedding. Therefore, the present study evaluated the efficacy of two available live NDV vaccines in Cobb 500 broilers. The group A and B (20 birds each) were vaccinated with live attenuated NDV vaccines genotype VII and II, respectively with double doses at 5 and 19 days of age. Also, group C consisting of 20 unvaccinated birds was studied as a control group. The efficacy of live vaccines was determined using virus challenge test. Hence, all groups were challenged with velogenic NDV genotype VIId at a dose equivalent to 10 6.0 50 percent Embryo Infective Dose (EID50) via the intramuscular route at 28 days-old. Serum antibodies level was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition test. Moreover, virus shedding was measured by EID50. The obtained results indicated that vaccinated birds had similar haemagglutination titers with no significant difference prior challenge. Meanwhile, group A showed significant protection against mortality, as well as a significant reduction in virus shedding 7 days post-challenge compared to Group B. We concluded that live recombinant-genotype VII vaccine homologous to challenge virus could improve the protective efficiency in chicken against NDV compared to live classic genotype II vaccine. It is suggested that the implementation of genotype-matched NDV vaccines confer better protection in commercial broilers vaccination programs.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Genotype-matched vaccine, Genotype VII, Newcastle disease virus

%D 2019
%T Optimization of nutrient medium for Pediococcus acidilactici DS15 to produce GABA
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A L. Anggraini
%A Y. Marlida
%A W. Wizna
%A J. Jamsari
%A M. Mirzah
%N 3
%V 9
%P 139-146
%L eprints114
%X Nutrition is an essential factor for microorganisms to grow and survive. Carbon and nitrogen sources are used in producing primary and secondary metabolites. Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-coded amino acid, is a secondary metabolite which acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. Pediococcus acidilactici DS15 is a bacterium belonging to the order of Lactic Acid Bacteria. This study aimed to determine the effects of nutrients including glutamate, nitrogen and carbon sources on GABA production by Pediococcus acidilactici DS15. The tests were carried out using a range of 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM, 60 mM, and 70 mM glutamate as inducer and carbon sources in the form of peptone, yeast extract, skim milk, NH4NO3, KNO3, whey tofu and soy milk as nitrogen sources, and then glucose, lactose, maltosa, sucrose, palm, and cane sugar as carbon sources. The best sources of both will be tested with levels 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% for nitrogen and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15% for carbon. The results of this investigation revealed that the addition of 60 mM glutamate caused the higher amount of GABA production and the best source of nitrogen and carbon for Pediococcus acidilactici DS15 were 100% whey tofu and 15% palm sugar, respectively. Production rate of GABA by Pediococcus acidilactici DS15 could reach up to 311,485 mg / L.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carbon, GABA, Glutamate, Nitrogen, Pediococcus acidilactici DS15

%D 2019
%T Incretin Mimetics Vildagliptin and exenatide improve pedicle skin flap survival in rats
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A L. M. Danilenko
%A A. P. Tarasova
%A M. V. Pokrovskiy
%A K. S. Trunov
%A Y. V. Stepenko
%A E. B. Artyushkova
%A O. S. Gudyrev
%N 3
%V 9
%P 187-191
%L eprints398
%X Hypoxia and tissue ischemia are the leading factors in the alteration of tissues in many pathological conditions. Prevention and reversion of the effects of local ischemia, which develops during various surgical interventions, is an actual problem of modern medicine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exenatide and vildagliptin on the survival rate of an isolated pedicle skin flap in sixty adults Wistar rats. Simulation of a pedicle skin graft was performed on the second day of the experiment. After anesthesia under aseptic conditions, a skin graft was cut out: isolated in a plastic bag, the edges of the skin were stitched with interrupted sutures (nylon 3/0). Rats were divided into six groups: control group, exenatide group (10 µg/kg/day subcutaneously for nine days after surgery), vildagliptin group (0.2 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for nine days after surgery) and pentoxifylline group (100 mg/kg/day intravenously, two hours before the surgical intervention). In the other two groups, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) were administered before injection of incretin mimetics. On the third, seventh and tenth day, area of the surviving tissue was measured. Subsequently, the survival rate of the skin graft was calculated. The area of the surviving tissue in exenatide and vildagliptin group was 1.5 and 1.7 times more compared to the control group, respectively. Preliminary blockade of ATP-dependent potassium channels by glibenclamide eliminated the protective effect of exenatide and vildagliptin. The increase in the survival of ischemic tissues using exenatide and vildagliptin has been experimentally proved. The current study confirmed the important role of ATP-dependent potassium channels in dermatoprotective properties of incretin mimetics.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj24
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Dermatoprotective properties, Еxenatide, Ischemia, Pedicle skin graft, Vildagliptin.

%D 2019
%T Fermentation of Sargassum binderi seaweed for lowering alginate content of feed in laying hens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A Y. L. Dewi
%A A. Yuniza
%A K. Sayuti
%A . Nuraini
%A M. E. Mahata
%N 3
%V 9
%P 147-153
%L eprints159
%X The object of this study was to reduce the alginate content of Sargassum binderi by fermentation of Bacillus megaterium S245 in feed of laying hens. The experiment was arranged in a factorial with completely randomized design. The first factor was different inoculum dosage (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%), while the second factor was different fermentation period (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days), and each treatment was replicated for five times. The measurements were total dry matter, organic matter, ash, alginate, and crude protein. The results showed there were no significant effect of inoculum dosage, and interaction between inoculum dosage and fermentation period on alginate, total dry matter, organic matter, ash and crude protein content of Sargassum binderi while fermentation period reduced the alginate and total dry matter content. Fermentation period also increased the crude protein content significantly. Besides that, fermentation period didn’t effect on organic matter and ash content significantly. The fermentation of Sargassum binderi with Bacillus megaterium S245 at inoculum dosage of 1% and fermentation period of nine days was the best combination for lowering alginate content in Sargassum binderi and this treatment had positive effect on nutrient content of Sargassum binderi.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.18
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Alginate, Bacillus megaterium S245, Fermentation, Laying hens, Sargassum binderi

%D 2019
%T Productive Characteristics and Reproductive Responses to Estrus synchronization and flushing in Abou-Delik ewes grazing in arid rangelands in Halaieb-Shalateen-Abouramad triangle of Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A B. Farrag
%N 3
%V 9
%P 201-210
%L eprints429
%X There are a few reports about the reproductive aspects or uses of both of flushing and estrus synchronization in Abou-Delik ewes grazing in the South Eastern zone of Egypt. Thirty-three Abou-Delik ewes were allocated to three experimental groups (n = 11 in each) to study the effects of estrus synchronization and flushing on reproductive responses and productive characteristics under arid conditions of South Eastern zone of Egypt. Group one served as control represent the system dominant in the area (without estrus synchronization and flushing ration). Ewes in group two were estrous synchronized with two doses of PGF2α, 10 days apart without flushing ration. Ewes in group three were estrous synchronized just like the second group and received 300g of barley grain/head/day as flushing meal for three weeks before the start of breeding season. All ewes were grazed Panicum turgidum (natural vegetation dominant in the area) for eight hours daily. Results showed that, the percentage of estrus exhibition in group three reached 100%, while the lowest percentage was observed in group one (81.82 %). Estrus activity signs in synchronized groups, occurred in 70 and 81.81% during the first 48 h after the second dose of PGF2α, for groups two and three respectively, compared to control group (22.22 %). The onset of estrus was earlier in synchronized groups than control group. Duration of estrus did not differ significantly. Estrus intensity in group three was higher (P< 0.05) compared to the other groups. Conception and lambing rates were 100% in group three. Third group showed the highest insignificant litter size that was 18% higher than the other groups. The overall mean of birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain of Abou-Delik lambs were 2.91, 16.89 and 0.116 kg, respectively. There is no significantly effect on concentrations of plasma progesterone among groups. While there were significant differences between sampling periods. In conclusion, under grazing on arid rangelands conditions in the South Eastern zone of Egypt, using flushing and/or estrus synchronization can be useful to improve reproductive and productive characteristics of Abou-Delik sheep.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2019.wvj26
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Abou-Delik sheep, Estrus synchronization, Flushing, Productive performance, Rangelands, Reproduction

%D 2019
%T Model estimation for longitudinalbone growth based on age in male and female commercial broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Kongpechr
%A D. Sohsuebngarm
%A P. Sukon
%N 3
%V 9
%P 124-132
%L eprints230
%X Longitudinal bone growth is essential to support rapid body growth in commercial broiler chickens. The present study aimed to determine which simple mathematic model is best suitable for explaining the absolute and the relative bone growth in length (expressed as a ratio of bone length to body weight) as a function of age in male and female commercial broiler chickens over the first 35 days of age. A total of 1,800 broiler chickens (900 males and 900 females) of Cobb 500, Ross 308, and Arbor Acres raised in standard commercial broiler houses were randomly selected for this study. Body weight and the lengths of backbones, third toe, shank bone, and keel bone were individually measured in all chickens at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. Regression analysis (with 4 simple mathematical models including linear, logarithmic, inverse, and exponential) was used to find a suitable model for estimating the absolute and the relative bone growth in length. In addition, an adjusted R2 was used to assess the model fitting. The results indicated that the absolute bone growth in length linearly increased with age. The adjusted R2 values for the linear model were 0.973, 0.937, 0.950, and 0.974 for the lengths of the backbones, third toe, shank bone, and keel bone, respectively. However, the relative bone growth in length logarithmically decreased with age. The adjusted R2 values of the logarithmic model were 0.971, 0.952, 0.957, and 0.905 for the relative length of the backbones, third toe, shank bone, and keel bone, respectively.The present investigation suggests thata linear model is a suitable model for estimating the absolute bone growth in length, but a logarithmic model is a proper model for estimating the relative bone growth in length of commercial broiler chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.15
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Age, Bone growth, Broiler chickens, Mathematical model, Regression

%D 2019
%T Effect of Glutamate supplementation as a feed additive on performance of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A V. Maslami
%A . Mirnawati
%A . Jamsari
%A Y. S. Nur
%A Y. Marlida
%N 3
%V 9
%P 154-159
%L eprints252
%X Feed additives are ingredients that are added to the ration as growth promoters and enhancement of the immune system. Glutamate is a feed additive that improves performance by improving the quality of the small intestine and enhancing the immune system. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of including glutamate as a feed additive in improving broiler performance. The material used in this study was broiler strain MB 202 from PT Charoen Phokphand Indonesia as many as 240 birds. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) trial design, with six treatments and four replications, so that there were 24 cage plots as experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 chickens. The Glutamate doses in groups were, A (0.4% commercial glutamate; B (0% glutamate); C (0.2% glutamate); D (0.4% glutamate); E (0.6% glutamate); F (0.8% glutamate). The results indicated that glutamate up to 0.8% had significant effects on feed intake body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (1.70%), but it did not affect the percentage of carcass. It is concluded that including the 0.8% glutamate in broiler disets can improve broiler performance with 35 days of maintenance.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.19
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Feed additive, Glutamate, Growth promoters, Immune system, Performance

%D 2019
%T Uses of single dose dependent and relative potency assays for evaluation of inactivated Fowl Cholera Vaccine
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. S. Salama
%A F. M. Gadallah
%A F. E. Z. G. Abo-Elkhir
%A A. A. Khedr
%A M. A. Ali
%N 3
%V 9
%P 133-138
%L eprints311
%X Fowl cholera is a septicemic respiratory complex caused by Pasteurella multocida, widely distributed in poultry and other avian species and of major economic importance. A total of 37 different inactivated Pasteurella multocida vaccines from different sources either locally prepared or imported from different sources were comparatively tested for relative potency following both single dose and booster dose vaccination assays. The study objective was to minimize the time factor exhausted in the evaluation processes of the inactivated fowl cholera vaccines. So it is planned to compare between single and booster dose vaccinations and their related potency. Correlation between protection associated with the single dose and booster dose vaccination were evaluated and average requirement for protection was 43.7% in single dose vaccination assay compared to 76.2 % associated with booster dose vaccination assay. In the same concern, the correlation between both assays for the seroconversion was estimated using ELISA and the minimum requirement was 1.8× cut off value in the single dose vaccination assay compared to 2.25× cut off value in the booster dose vaccination assay. In conclusion, single dose vaccination assay could be valuable in the evaluation of inactivated fowl cholera vaccines through determination of protection indices and/or estimation of humoral immune response if the above mentioned data is considered.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.16
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Challenge and chicken, ELISA, Inactivated vaccine, Pasteurella multocida, Single dose

%D 2019
%T Microalgae biomass application in commercial broilers nutrition and their efficacy against challenge with epidemic newcastle disease virus in Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. M. Abdo
%A S. A. M. Amer
%A H. M. Ahmed
%A R. H. Mahmoud
%A A. A. Salama
%A M. A. A. Kutkat
%N 2
%V 9
%P 98-108
%L eprints86
%X Using microalgal biomass in animal diets has been studied recently. Many species of cultivated algae were found effective in maintaining animal growth performance, and in improving body weight. Using of microalgae collected from high rate algal ponds (HRAP) as a feed additive to broilers ration was studied. One hundred and twenty broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups of 20 birds, three of them have fed on balanced broiler ration supplied with 1% weight per weight (W/W) of microalgae biomass and have variable vaccination schemes of live attenuated and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines genotype II or either non-vaccinated control. In addition, the other 3 groups have fed on free microalgae biomass balanced ration with the same vaccination treatment. Furthermore, weight gain, antibody response, mortalities, viral shedding and normal viability of chickens were estimated in order to assess the efficiency of microalgae as a feed additive. The results showed that the microalgae have no hazard effect on feed and water intake as well as enhanced viability of chickens. And in regards to immune function and body weight, they have similar effect with the free microalgae groups in normal serological response and viral shedding post vaccination with NDV vaccines as well as similar protection rate and body weight gain. In conclusion, microalgae can be used in broiler ration with no deleterious effect on growth rate, weight gain, poultry viability and immune response. In conclusion dried microalgal biomass harvested from HRAP can be used in broiler ration with no deleterious effect on growth rate, weight gain, poultry viability and immune response. Furthermore, future studies should be applied with increasing microalgae percent in poultry feed up to 5, 10 or 20% (W/W) in order to assess better performance on poultry production.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.12
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Algae biomass, Immune response, Newcastle disease virus, Poultry feed

%D 2019
%T Evaluation of dietary medicinal plants and algae in laying Japanese quails
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. Habibi
%A N. Ghahtan
%A M. A. Kohanmoo
%N 2
%V 9
%P 82-88
%L eprints205
%X The current study was conducted to examine the influences of Sargassam cristafolium, Gracilaria pulvinata, Rhus coriaria, and Punica granatum peel dried powder in two levels (10 and 20gr/kg) of dietary on productive performance and some egg quality characteristics of laying Japanese quail. A total of 675 (49 days old) Japanese quail were randomly distributed into nine groups with three replicates of 25 birds in each. Results showed that egg weight, shell weight, albumen weight and shell thickness were not influenced by treatments. The effects of medicinal plants on weekly egg production differ depending on the dietary medicinal plant type and dosage. Moreover, the birds fed diet supplemented with Sargassum cristaefolium at 10g/kg had greater weekly egg production compared to others. Haugh unit was reduced by diet supplemented with R. coriaria. Diet supplemented with S. cristaefolium at 20 g/kg increased yolk weight. Furthermore, greater albumen protein and thiobarbituric acid content of the tenth day’s eggs (TBAd10) were perceived in birds fed diet supplemented with G. pulvinata. In present study, the lowest levels of cholesterol (9.66 mg/g) was determined in the egg yolk of groups R. coriaria and G. pulvinata, and the control group showed to have the most amounts (12.00 mg/g). Based on obtained data, addition of 0.5% and 2% of S. cristafolium, G. pulvinata, R. coriaria, and P. granatum peel to the diet lead to be progress in egg production rate, enhanced the egg quality and egg biochemical properties in Japanese quail.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.10
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Egg production, Egg quality, Laying quails, Medicinal plants, Thiobarbituric acid

%D 2019
%T Fatty acid composition of female Turkey muscles in Kazakhstan
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Igenbayev
%A E. Okuskhanova
%A A. Nurgazezova
%A Y. Rebezov
%A S. Kassymov
%A G. Nurymkhan
%A D. Tazeddinova
%A I. Mironova
%A M. Rebezov
%N 2
%V 9
%P 78-81
%L eprints221
%X This paper aimed to study the fatty acid composition of turkey meat. Red and white turkey meat were sampled from the local markets of Semey city, republic of Kazakhstan. The proximate composition showed a significant difference in the fat content of red and white meat. The fatty acid composition of turkey meat was as follows: saturated fatty acids 50.67% in white and 52.64% in red meat; monounsaturated fatty acids 28.07% in white and 23.79% in red meat; polyunsaturated fatty acids 21.26% in white and 23.57% in red meat. Palmitic and pentadecanoic are the major saturated fatty acids, where the oleic and linoleic acids are in a large amount in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.9
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Fatty acid, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Red meat, Turkey meat, White meat

%D 2019
%T Effect of different bedding materials on the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A G. James
%A D. J. Garba
%A A. S. Adeolu
%A Z. Adamu
%A Z. Mamma
%N 2
%V 9
%P 50-58
%L eprints228
%X The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of different bedding materials on the, hematological and serum biochemical parameters of the broiler chickens. A completely randomized design was employed for the research in which the treatment were five bedding materials (rice hulls, groundnut hulls, wood shaving, sharp sand and control). The treatments were replicated three times each with ten birds in each experimental unit. The birds were brooded for two weeks before the experiment begin. The blood samples were collected at day 56 of experiment for hematological and serum biochemical analysis. There was no significant difference in the glucose, serum total protein, globulin, calcium, sodium, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, and serum alanine transferase, but there was a significant difference in serum cholesterol, albumin, bicarbonate and serum aspartate transferase within the groups. The findings also indicated in the hematological parameters that bedding materials caused significant difference in the hemoglobin content, white blood cell count and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, but no significant differences in the other parameters (Heterophils, monocytes, basophils, lymphocytes, mean cell volume and packed cell volume) were seen. The results suggested that rice, hulls, groundnut hulls and sharp sand can serve appropriately as bedding materials for broiler production, with compatible effects on serum biochemical and hematological parameters.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.6
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bedding materials, Broilers, Hematology, Serum biochemistry

%D 2019
%T Recent update: Effects of aflatoxin in broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A . Kurniasih
%A Y. A. Prakoso
%N 2
%V 9
%P 68-77
%L eprints235
%X Aflatoxin is a worldwide problem in poultry industries as it is known to contaminate poultry feed. Aflatoxin induces stress and increases mortality rate during infection in poultry, especially broiler chickens. The objectives of this study was to observe the pathological effects due to aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. A total of 120 chickens were divided into four groups, group A fed with a basal diet without aflatoxin contamination, group B with aflatoxin (> 1 ppb 51 ppb 101 ppb < 150 ppb). The data were collected and analysed on day 7, 14, and 21. The results showed that diet with high aflatoxin contamination in group D impaired the physical and laboratory performances of the chickens, increased the risk of residue in the poultry’s final products. The varying doses of aflatoxin contamination in the chicken feed causes the problems on the broiler chickens with different level of severity.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.8
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aflatoxin, Antibody, Broiler, Haematology, Immunohistochemistry, Residue

%D 2019
%T Effects of feeding different levels of baker's yeast on performance and hematological parameters in broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. Mulatu
%A N. Ameha
%A M. Girma
%N 2
%V 9
%P 38-49
%L eprints264
%X The effects of feeding baker’s yeast performance of Cobb 500 broilers were studied. Four nearly isocaloric and isonitrogenous starter and finisher rations were prepared. 240 chicks with an average initial body weight of 42g were randomly divided into 12 groups contained 4 treatments with 3 replications for each treatment. Treatment rations were containing 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% of baker’s yeast as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. At the end of the trial, 3 males and 3 female chickens from each replication were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The Crude Protein (CP) and Metabolizable Energy (ME) contents of baker’s yeast were 48% and 3615 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The CP content of the rations during the starter and finisher phases were 22% and 20%, respectively. The ME content of the rations during the starter and finisher phases were 3100 kcal/kg and 3200 kcal/kg respectively. Feed intake during the starter phase and entire trial period was lower for T4, whereas during the finisher phase in control diet group showed the highest feed intake than the other supplemental groups. The highest daily body weight gain was recorded in broilers fed T4 rations during starter phase, finisher phase and entire experimental period. Feed conversion ratio of T4 and T3 groups was better than T2 and T1. T3 and T4 groups had higher eviscerated percentages. Blood parameters results showed that fed broilers yeast containing ration had higher WBC, PCV and Hb. Partial budget analysis indicated that the highest net income, marginal rate of return and chicks’ sale to feed cost were obtained for T3 followed by T4. Baker’s yeast can be an important feed additive, which can be included up to 2.5% of the total ration and improve the overall performance of broilers without compromising the hematological indices of broiler chickens.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.5
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Baker’s yeast, Blood constituents, Broiler, Carcass and Growth

%D 2019
%T The characterization of post-mortem sperm of local chicken cocks in Eastern Algeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. Ouennes
%A F. A. Bouzebda
%A Z. Bouzebda
%A S. Majdoub
%A A. Djaout
%A M. A. Smadi
%N 2
%V 9
%P 59-67
%L eprints284
%X The present aimed to investigate for the first time the characteristics and conservation of post-mortem sperm, obtained from epididymis and the vas deferens of 18 pairs of adult local chicken cocks from the east of Algeria (age, 12-24 months, body weight 1.50-2.53 kg). And compare the sperm quality at the epididymis and the vas deferens levels, the efficacy of two post-mortem sperm retrieval techniques, the flushing and float-out methods in the collection of local chicken cock’s sperm, and the effects of conservation in situ at different temperatures (2h and 24h at 20°C and after refrigeration at 4°C for 24h). The quality was significantly higher (0.13±0.05ml vs 0.72±0.12ml) in the vas deferens compared to the epididymis, whereas spermatozoa abnormalities and chromatin quality did not differ in both the epididymis and vas deferens. No significant difference was observed between the flushing and float-out methods. Concentration (3.33±1.63 million sperm vs 1.75±0.76 million sperm), initial motility (77.50±6.89% vs 75.83±8.61%), viability (75±10.39% vs 74.67±10.15%) and abnormality (30.33±4.68% vs 30.33±4.68%), only the volume was significantly higher (0.72±0.12ml vs 0.17±0.08ml). However, the effects of conservation in situ, at 25°C and 4°C for 24h, showed a significant difference for viability and motility of the spermatozoa recovered from vas deferens, and no significant difference for abnormality and acrosome integrity. Therefore, it can be concluded that good quality semen samples can be collected from the vas deferens with the flushing method, and semen of Algerian local cocks can be preserved at 20°C for 24h.
%R https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2019.7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Conservation, Eastern Algeria, Epididymis, Local cocks, Post-mortem, Vas deferens

%D 2019
%T Effect of early heat shock exposure on physiological responses and reproduction of rabbits under hot desert conditions
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A O. G. Sakr
%A B. H. Mousa
%A K. R. S. Emam
%A A. S. Morsy
%A N. A. E. H. Ahmed
%N 2
%V 9
%P 90-101
%L eprints310
%X This study aimed to apply early heat shock exposure programs for releasing HSP70 gene expression to improve production of rabbits reared under hot desert conditions at Egypt. 120 Hi-Plus rabbits, one-day old were randomly divided into six equal treatments (20 rabbits/ treatment), namely T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6. T1 served as control. The rabbits of second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth treatments were exposed to heat shock (36±1 °C for 3 hours from 12:00 - 15:00 for three successive days). Rabbits of T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 were exposed to heat shock at 3, 25, 60, 3+25 and 3+25+60 days of age, respectively. HSP70 expression and tri-iodothyronine hormone in the rabbits of T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 were significantly increased. Rectal and fur temperatures, respiration rate, alanine transaminase, corticosterone hormone levels and overall mortality rate significantly decreased in the rabbits exposed to heat shock programs. Red blood cells count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration increased in the rabbits of T2, T3 and T4. Total protein and globulin concentrations increased in the rabbits of T5 when compared to the rabbits of T1, T2 and T6. However, rabbits of T2 and T4 showed an increase in total antioxidant capacity when compared to the rabbits of T1. Conception rate was higher in the does of T5 than that in T3, T4 and T6. Litter traits, productive efficiency index, feed conversion and cost of feeding improved in the rabbits exposed to heat shock programs. In conclusion, applying heat shock exposure programs of rabbits especially T3 treatment, might increase HSP70 gene expression, this led to enhance immunity responses and production under severe heat stress conditions.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ13
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Heat stress, HSP70, Physiological responses, Productive and reproductive performance, Rabbits

%D 2019
%T Influence of treated orange pulp on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and plasma constituents of rabbits
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. E. Suliman
%A R. R. Eltanani
%A L. F. Abdel-Mawla
%N 2
%V 9
%P 102-108
%L eprints326
%X The current study investigated the effect of replacement of Untreated Orange Pulp (UOP) and Treated Orange Pulp (TOP) protein by basal diet protein on growth performance, digestion coefficients, some blood constitute of rabbits and economic efficiency of growing rabbit diets. Sixty cross bread (New Zealand White, NZW X California), six weeks of age with live body weight ranging from 729.20 to 738.30g were divided to five experimental groups. The experimental diets were T1, control diet without OP; T2, 5%UOP; T3, 5% TOP; T4, 10%UOP and T5, 10%TOP. The results indicated that TOP by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast increased content of the crude protein (%) and digestible energy (Kcal/kg). The best Final Body Weight (FBW, g), Body Weight Gain (BWG, g/R/day) and feed conversion ratio recorded in 5%TOP group. Digestion coefficient of Crude Protein and Digestible Crude Protein (DCP%) were significantly (P˂ 0.05) increased in rabbits fed low replacement level of OP (5% UOP and 5%TOP). Total lipid of plasma was significantly differences (P˂ 0.05) in groups fed experimental diets compared to control group. Liver function was significantly affected by experimental diets, yeast treatment and replacement level of OP. Best economic efficiency observed with 10%UOP followed by 5%TOP. It was concluded that rabbit group fed 5%TOP recorded a better performance, best digestibility for CP%, DCP and economic efficiency. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast treatment didn't effect on digestibility and nutritive value of growing rabbits.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ14
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Digestibility, Economic, Growing rabbits, Performance, Plasma, Yeast.

%D 2019
%T A review on the role of lipid in selected apicomplexan, anaerobic, kinetoplastid and intestinal parasitic infections
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A M. Yesuf
%A A. Kenubih
%N 2
%V 9
%P 129-134
%L eprints340
%X Lipids are a diverse class of biomolecules that play a major role as energy source, membrane components and cellular signaling molecules. Because of the variation in modes of life, different parasites can partly or fully utilized significant amount lipids during infection. The aims of this paper were to provide an overview to the role of lipids in selected apicomplexan, anaerobic, kinetoplastid and intestinal parasitic infections. Lipid particles are fundamentally engaged in host-pathogen interactions like cell signaling and immunity. As a sources of eicosanoid production, they are involved in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation for the host organism. For the pathogen, lipid droplets also employed to facilitate attachment, empowering pathogenesis and used to subvert host metabolism as ways of immune evasion. The apicomplexan parasites utilized lipid particles for various purpose including changing permeability and fragility of host cells, support the insertion of parasite into the host cell membrane, and promote growth, invasion and optimal replication of the organism. In anaerobic groups of parasites, the lipid plays a considerable role as growth promoter, increasing virulence, facilitate encystation and vesicle formation as well as initiation of immune system and maturation of dendritic cells. Kinetoplastid also engaged in the uptake of essential lipid particles to produce more complex lipids, develop protective mechanisms against host innate and adaptive immunity and support pathogen survival. The lipid bodies also utilized by the intestinal parasites for disease pathogenesis, differentiation and survival of larvae in the host tissue. This review showed that the different in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that lipids have different role in different stage of the parasites infection. The associations between parasites and the lipids were observed during the attachment, invasion and other stages of parasitic infection. So far, evidences in lipid profile alteration related to different parasitic infection suggested that parasites are able to remodel/metabolize host lipids during the overall pathogenesis of parasitic infection.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ17
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Infection, Lipid, Parasitic, Role

%D 2019
%T The Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Probiotics on Growth and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Gulmez
%A N. Gulmez
%A S. Bingol
%A T. Deprem
%A S. K. Tasci
%N 1
%V 9
%P 24-31
%L eprints201
%X Probiotics are currently under investing the most valuable substances alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry breeding practice. This research was performed to evaluate the effect of supplementing broiler drinking water with probiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici and Bacillus subtilis) at a concentration of ≥108 CFU/ml during 42 days of feeding period on growth performance and gut health. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed gender) with an average initial BW of 42.3 g were used. The chicks were allotted to pens with 12 birds per pen and six replications per treatment with food and water provided ad libitum. Feed intake of Probiotic group was 4134 g, 338 g less than that of control group. Live weight of probiotic group was 2537 g and a 113 g more than that of control group. The feed conversion ratio of probiotic group was 1.61, 0.22 less than that of control group. The crypt depth of probiotic group (1110.46 ± 224.016 µm) was statistically deeper than that of control group (949.39 ± 114.166 µm) in ileum. Continuously use of probiotics in drinking water of commercial poultry flocks appears to be alternative to AGPs. The results of this study provide a greater understanding of the impact of long-life use of probiotics on broiler health and growth performances.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.3
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Gut morphology, Growth performances, Probiotics

%D 2019
%T Haematological, Serum Biochemical and Histological Responses of Cockerels to Long Term Consumption of Telfairia occidentalis Leaves Extract
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A T. O. Onyekwereh
%A D. O. Adejumo
%A K. D. Afolabi
%A F. C. Nworgu
%A A. O. Olubisi
%N 1
%V 9
%P 7-14
%L eprints282
%X Haematological, serum biochemical and haematological histological responses were studied in cockerels undergoing a long-term supplementation with Telfairia occidentalis Leave Extract (TOLE). Haematological and serum biochemical parameters investigated included haemoblobin, white blood cells, red blood cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase and triglyceride. Histological changes associated with Telfairia occidentalis leaves extract on the kidney, liver, spleen and testes were also examined. Result showed that birds on TOLE has higher values for most of the haematological parameters studied which were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control. Also the total protein, globulin and alanine aminotransferase were significant (P < 0.05) for birds on TOLE having higher values while for triglycerides birds on the control treatment had the higher values which was significant. There were no significant changes in the albumin and aspayrtate aminotransferase. Histological changes showed mild to severe congestion in the spleen and testes of birds that received 120 and 150mL TOLE/L of water that also showed reduced germinal epithelium height and sloughing of the germinal epithelium respectively. Long term supplementation of TOLE for cockerel production should not exceed 60mL of TOLE per liter of water as the administration in excess of this can bring about tissue breakdown and reduced fertility. Animals suffering from blood loss can benefit from the administration of fluted pumpkin leaves extract as the extract increased erythron production.
%R 10.36380/JWPR.2019.1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cockerels, Haematology, Serum biochemistry, Organ histology, Telfairia occidentalis, leaf extract

%D 2019
%T Mixed mammary carcinosarcoma in domesticated Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A Y. A. Prakoso
%A R. Widyawati
%A R. Wirjaatmadja
%A A. Kurnianto
%A . Kurniasih
%N 1
%V 9
%P 46-51
%L eprints289
%X A female Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), three years old was carried for a medical checkup to Ruddy animal's clinic in Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. The civet suffers enlargement of abdominal mammary glands, painless lump, asymmetric size (4.1 and 8.4 cm in diameter), and lacerated wound on the large one with severe haemorrhage. The unilateral mastectomy was conducted under anaesthesia to handles both haemorrhage and tumour mass. Following the surgery, the tumour mass was stored in 10% neutral buffer formalin for histopathology using Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry against antibody, anti-CD4+ and CD8+, further, a blood sample collected before and after surgery (on days: 0, 7, 30, and 60) for representing the healing progress. The chemotherapy was given using the combination of oral cyclophosphamide and intravenous injection of vincristine. According to laboratory results, the final diagnosis was mixed mammary carcinosarcoma with minimal expression of CD8+, notwithstanding, it showed the better prognosis after surgery and chemotherapy.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ7
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Asian palm civet, CD4+, CD8+, Mixed mammary carcinosarcoma, Therapy

%D 2019
%T A review on fungal fermented cassava pulp as a cheap alternative feedstuff in poultry ration
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Sugiharto
%N 1
%V 9
%P 1-6
%L eprints325
%X In order to reduce the production cost, cassava pulp has been incorporated in chicken diets as an energy source. However, the use of such agro-industrial by-product may be confined by its higher fibre and lower protein contents. Improving the nutritional characteristics (lowering fibre and increasing protein content) through fungal solid state fermentation may be conducted to increase the inclusion level of cassava pulp in chicken rations. Apart from an energy source, fungal fermented cassava pulp (FCP) may also exert a beneficial effect on intestinal health of chickens, although further studies are needed to explore the functional benefit of FCP on chicken health.
%R 10.36380/jwpr.2019.0
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chicken diet, Energy source, Fermented tapioca by-product, Fungal solid-state fermentation

%D 2019
%T Identification of locally isolated clostridium difficile from rabbits
%J World’s Veterinary Journal
%A M. M. Taha
%A H. A. El-Helw
%A E. F. El-Sergany
%A H. El Sawy
%A Y. A. Abdella
%A A. A. El-Meneisy
%N 1
%V 9
%P 1-7
%L eprints331
%X Clostridium difficile is one of the most important pathogens causing diarrhea and enteritis in rabbits as it causes pseudomembranous colitis that leads to intestinal damage and deaths. In this study, screening of rabbit farms from different localities in Egypt had shown rabbits suffered from diarrhea and enteritis to detect Clostridium difficile by ELISA, it revealed that five out of 50 samples (10%) were positive for it. These samples were further identification by cultivation and culture characters, microscopical examination, agglutination test, pathogenicity test and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by using specific primers for toxins genes (tcdA and tcdB). The results showing that three out of five isolates were confirmed as Clostridium difficile and concluded that these isolates causing pseudomembranous enterocolitis in rabbits and this disease unable to be treated by antibiotics, so it used for preparation of vaccine against the disease in rabbits.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ1
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Clostridiunm difficile, Rabbits, Enteritis

%D 2019
%T Effect of environmental heat stress on performance and carcass yield of broiler chicks
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Yousaf
%A A. Jabbar
%A N. Rajput
%A A. Memon
%A R. Shahnawaz
%A N. Mukhtar
%A F. Farooq
%A M. Abbas
%A R. Khalil
%N 1
%V 9
%P 26-30
%L eprints342
%X Environmental heat stress is one of the most challenging conditions which have adverse effect on the poultry industry. Broiler chickens are sensitive to heat stress mainly due to not having sweat glands. The current study was conducted to observe the effect of heat stress on performance of Ross-308 broiler chickens. 1600 Ross-308 broiler day old chicks were obtained from local hatchery and randomly divided into two groups, the heat stress group A (n = 800) and heat free group B (n = 800). Group A was reared in high temperature (1010F) whereas group B was reared in ideal temperature. To evaluate the physiological stress indicators blood glucose levels and total blood cell count were checked on day 21 and 28. The parameters observed were; feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake and carcass yield. The results indicated that feed intake, weight gain, water intake, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield were significantly higher in group B compared to group A. It was concluded that heat stress has deleterious effect over the performance of broiler Ross-308 chicken.
%R 10.36380/SCIL.2019.WVJ4
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler Ross-308, Carcass yield, Environmental, Heat stress, Performance

%D 2018
%T Successful surgical management of corneo-conjunctival dermoid cyst with bilateral nasal choristoma in a Red Kandhari calf
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A V. Aher
%A B. Bhadane
%A P. R. Balage
%A G. Dhage
%A G. Gangane
%A A. A. Mate
%A D. S. Lokhande
%N 4
%V 8
%P 106-109
%L eprints358
%X An old Red Kandhari calf presented at teaching veterinary clinical complex, veterinary college Parbhani with corneo-conjunctival haired masses on the left eye and bilateral nasal growth at nasolabial planum since birth. As the mass was completely covering on cornea due to which vision was hindered completely after physical examination and considering the health status of the calf the surgery was scheduled. The masses were surgically excised from the cornea and bulbar conjunctiva of eye and the left and right side of the dorsomedial nasolabial planum. Then the eye was flushed with normal saline and the tissue of both corneo-conjunctival and nasal were stored in 10% formalin later histopathology of the excised tissue confirmed as a unilateral corneoc-onjunctival dermoid with ectopic lacrimal glands and bilateral nasal choristomas with loose stroma and hair follicle. Two months of follow up was done where there was no reoccurrence of the growth observed. Surgery was curative and healing was uneventful.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Calf, Corneoc-onjunctival dermoid, Nasal choristoma

%D 2018
%T Comparison of three lines of Japanese quails revealed a remarkable role of plumage color in the productivity performance determination
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A F. R. Al-Kafajy
%A M. B. S. Al-Shuhaib
%A G. S. Al-Jashami
%A T. M. Al-Thuwaini
%N 4
%V 8
%P 111-119
%L eprints104
%X The study was conducted to compare body weight, egg, and carcass characteristics, as well as several biochemical parameters amongst three lines of plumage color of quails, including, black, white, and brown (n= 200 each). Body weight was analyzed on a weekly basis throughout the study period (third– 13th week of age). Eggs were collected for seven consecutive weeks of sexual maturity (seventh – 13th week of age). In addition to egg quality measurements, 16 serum biochemical parameters were also determined. The brown line had exerted significantly higher values of body weight in most analyzed weeks of sexual maturity. It had given higher values of albumen height and shell thickness, as well as carcass dressing than other lines. Simultaneously, a significantly high number of eggs in the white line were observed in the most analyzed weeks. Besides, it had given higher values in terms of shell and yolk weights, as well as several carcass characteristics, such as the heart, thigh, breast, and back. The biochemical analyses had shown no significant differences amongst the analyzed populations with exception of a higher concentration of amylase in the brown line. In conclusion, our study revealed the presence of a clear superiority of the brown and white lines in terms of the meat and egg productivity, respectively. Therefore, we recommend breeders to raise brown and white lines for a better production of meat and eggs, respectively, whereas the black line has shown the least productive characteristics than other two lines throughout the study period.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Eggs, Japanese quails, Line, Meat, Production, Serum

%D 2018
%T Survey of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) and its reoccurring threat: A brief review on different quails worldwide
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. Arya
%A R. Gupta
%A V. L. Saxena
%N 4
%V 8
%P 81-94
%L eprints119
%X This Review aims to understand the present status of influenza viruses and its epidemiology. The first case in India has been reported in the Dasarahalli village near Bangalore after six months of India’s declaration that it is free from H5N1 and H5N8 from world organization for animal health. The recent controversy regarding outbreaks and cross-species barrier resulted in highly contagious infection with fatal outcomes, triggered menace all over India with remarkable economic consequences. Thus, we had reviewed epidemiology, virology, surveillance, transmission, detection, treatment and associated control measures to depict the current perspective of Influenza epidemic. We also studied different Quails and its comprehensive portal susceptible to influenza and in-depth genetic characterization of virus due to new viral mutant causing host-virus complications, virus mutation, and vaccination with its prompt administration as it is the urgency of the era. Addressing aspects of the epidemiology of the H5N1 and drug resistance genomic signatures infecting poultry and Humans helps to frontier our ability to minimize data gaps and maximize the better results of the available H5N1 studies.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K H5N1, Avian influenza viruses, Quail, Transmission, Detection

%D 2018
%T Antibiotics resistance in broiler chicken from the farm to the table in eastern Algeria
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Berghiche
%A T. Khenenou
%A I. Labiad
%N 4
%V 8
%P 95-99
%L eprints133
%X A survey was carried out to collect information on the place of chicken meat in the feed ration of families. It aims at assessing the occurrence of diseases, the method of their diagnosis, the commonly used antibiotics in poultry farms and their impact on the health of humans in the North-Eastern region of Algeria. The survey was based on a questionnaire that was sent to 102 families, 50 poultry farmers and 30 veterinary practitioners in the poultry sector in the region. Our investigation has revealed that the Algerian families’ consumption of chicken meat is the highest (85,3 %) compared with the other types of meats. As to the surveyed poultry farmers, the investigation has shown that most of them do not apply the residue disposal waiting times (70%). Concerning the surveyed veterinary practitioners, the investigation has, on the one hand, revealed that the cases of failure of antibiotic therapy are very common (96%), they primarily are due to the development of antibioresistance. It has, on the other hand, shown that veterinarians have become only drug distributors. These investigations have shown that there is a great lack of health monitoring, and a lack of quality of white meat. It has also been noted that there is a massive use of antibiotics and a dominance of anarchic use of veterinary drugs.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotics resistance, Consumers, Inquire, Poultry farmers, Veterinary surgeons

%D 2018
%T Effect of vitamin E on the prevention of peritoneal adhesions in sheep
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A L. P. B. Borges
%A E. de Mattos-Junior
%A M. A. M. Silva
%A M. A. A. P. dos Santos
%A D. O. Garcia
%A I. M. Ayer
%A F. F. P. C. Barros
%A P. P. M. Teixeira
%N 4
%V 8
%P 90-94
%L eprints391
%X The objective of this study was to assess vitamin E solution on the prophylaxis of intraperitoneal adhesions in ovine uterine serosal damage model with bipolar diathermy. Therefore, 19 ewes underwent laparotomy for induction of adhesions, using a uterine serosal bipolar electrocauterization model. Cauterizations were performed on the right uterine horn serosa and right ovary. Ewes were randomly divided into three groups: control group (GCT, n=5), with no treatment following electrocoagulation, another group using local rinse of 20 mL of normal saline (GNS, n=8), and the last group using local rinse of 20 mL of vitamin E injection solution (GVE, n=6). On day 21 postoperative, animals underwent laparoscopy for scoring and comparison of intraperitoneal adhesion according to frequency and number. The number of adhesions was compared among groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s post-hoc test. As results, the bipolar uterine serosal coagulation model triggered uterine adhesions in 74% (14/19) of the animals. Frequency of postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions was similar (P= 0.819) among groups (80% ewes of GCT, 62.5% of GNS and 83% of GVE). There was no significant difference between treatment groups, however, number of adhesions was lower in GVE and GNS groups than in control group (P= 0.032), showing that the addition of these kind of substances are better than not using any type of barrier to prevent the formation of intraperitoneal adhesions.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Adhesions, Bipolar diathermy, Laparoscopy, Sheep, Uterus

%D 2018
%T Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of brucellosis in sheep and human in four regions in Matrouh Governorate, Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. S. Diab
%A Y. F. Elnaker
%A N. A. Ibrahim
%A E. K. Sedeek
%A S. A. A. Zidan
%N 4
%V 8
%P 65-72
%L eprints403
%X Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonosis that has major public health concern in Egypt. The present work was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and human in four localities in North Western region of Egypt, on basis of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and further confirmation by complement fixation test (CFT). A total of 2471 sheep serum samples and 371 human samples were collected. The prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and human by using RBPT were 11% (272/2471) and 24.3% (90/371), respectively while by CFT were 10.56% (261/2471) and 22.91% (85/371). There was significant relationship between age and in infection rate in sheep (P< 0.01), with higher percentage of infection was indicated in age group over than 24 months by 14.19% (264/1860) followed by age group less than 24 month and over 12 months by 2.39% (8/335). On studying the relation between locality and infection rate there was no significance in human samples while in sheep it was significant (P< 0.01) with higher percentage of infection found in Siwa region by 20.30% (94/463) in sheep and in human by 27.6% (27/98). Concerning season there is highly significant relationship between season and percent of infection with Brucella, the high percent of infection found in human and sheep by 43.1% (62/144) and 16.51% (123/745) respectively and lower percent found in spring months by 8% in sheep. From our result, it is concluded that RBPT and CFT used as screening tests for detection the prevalence of species in serum samples, Brucella infection is found with high percent in north, west region of Egypt, which need further examination and studying another risk factor associated with infection and isolation of Brucella in this area.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Brucellosis, Complement fixation test, Human brucellosis, Rose Bengal plate test, Sheep

%D 2018
%T Effect of dried rosemary supplement as antioxidant agent on blood biochemical changes in relation to growth performance of heat- stressed crossbred (Brown Swiss × Baladi) calves
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A K. A. El-Masry
%A E. B. Abdalla
%A S. S. Emara
%A A. F. Hussein
%N 4
%V 8
%P 95-105
%L eprints421
%X Heat exposure is a systemic stressor that adversely influences growth and reproductive performances in cattle. This trial aimed to study the effects of Rosemary (RM) supplementation on reducing the side effect of oxidative stress and its relation with growth performance under heat stress condition. Fifteen male calves were divided into three equal groups, the first was offered the basal diet as a control group, whereas the second and the third groups were fed the same basal diet as in control, in addition to a daily supplement of 3g and 6g dried grinded RM/kg concentrate, respectively, for a period of one month. The results showed that supplement of 3 and 6g dry grinded RM/kg concentrate led to a highly significant (P< 0.01) decrease in oxidant status and an increase in total antioxidant capacity, as well as significant (P< 0.01) declines were noted in the levels of lipids profile, kidney and liver function indicators, and iron concentration. However, RM supplemented groups showed significant (P< 0.01) elevations of feed efficiency and daily weight gain copper and triiodothyronine concentrations. In conclusion, RM improved the calves' growth performance through alleviating oxidative stress side effects under hot summer conditions to improve economic returns.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antioxidant agent, Blood biochemical, Egyptian desert, Growing calves, Oxidative stress

%D 2018
%T Biochemical alterations in hypervitaminosis D 3 in broiler chicks concomitantly challenged with endotoxin
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Kumar
%A R. S. Brar
%A H. S. Banga
%A S. Sodhi
%N 4
%V 8
%P 100-104
%L eprints233
%X Vitamin D3 is ten times more biologically active than vitamin D2, over supplementation of vitamin D3 causes hypercalcemia with deposition of calcium and phosphate as crystals in the visceral organs. Birds are considered more resistant to endotoxin and information on inflammation and homeostasis in birds supplemented with higher dose of vitamin D3 when suffer endotoxic shock is lacking. The present study was conducted to compare the effect on hemoglobin concentration and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks by administering toxic dose of vitamin D3 for 21 days concomitantly challenged with endotoxin. The chicks were randomly divided into four groups viz. A, B, C and D. Hemoglobin concentrations of control groups (A and B) and treatment groups (C and D) did not differ significantly (P< 0.05). Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia was observed in both treatment groups in comparison to the control group. No significant (P< 0.05) change was observed in the concentrations of total protein and albumin and in the activity of plasma Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alkaline Phosphatase on day 28 of control (A and B) and treatment (C and D) groups. Vitamin D3 supplementation causes immunomodulation; hence acute endotoxic shock does not incite inflammatory response and disturb the homeostasis in broiler chicks.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler chicks, Hypercalcaemia, Hypervitaminosis D3, Hyperphosphatemia

%D 2018
%T A review on potential of glutamate producing lactic acid bacteria of West Sumatera's fermented food origin, as feed additive for broiler chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A V. Maslami
%A Y. Marlida
%A . Mirnawati
%A . Jamsari
%A Y. S. Nur
%A F. Adzitey
%A N. Huda
%N 4
%V 8
%P 120-126
%L eprints251
%X Increasing broiler populations must be supported by cheap and high quality feed. Improving the quality of feed can be done by adding feed additives. Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid that can be used as a feed additive in the form of flavoring agents in broiler feed which functions as a neurotransmitter of taste, basic structure of proteins, and in metabolism of the body. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are one of the microbes that are considered faster and safe in producing glutamate. Fermented foods of West Sumatera, Indonesia origin serve as sources of LAB include dadih (fermented milk), asam durian (fermented durian), ikan budu (fermented fish) and tapai (fermented rice and cassava). The West Sumatra’s fermented foods are potential sources of glutamate. Supplementation of glutamate in broiler diet can increase body weight, protein digestibility, reduce faecal ammonia and improve carcass quality (improve umami taste, and reduce bruises and abdominal fat).
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carcass quality, Feed additive, Fermented food, Glutamate, Lactic acid bacteria, Performance

%D 2018
%T Effect of combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves (Mesona Palustris BL) and probiotics on production performances, yolk cholesterol content and ammonia level of laying hen
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. H. Natsir
%A O. Sjofjan
%A I. Ardiansah
%A S. Khairani
%A . Elliyana
%N 4
%V 8
%P 105-110
%L eprints268
%X The purpose of this research was to determine addition of natural feed additives from combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves and probiotics on feed intake, feed conversion, hen day production (HDP), egg mass, income over feed cost (IOFC), egg weight, yolk cholesterol content and ammonia levels in excreta. One hundred ninety-two laying hens at 28 weeks were used in this experiment. Egg mass which used before this research was 64.63±2.97 g/ day with CV was 4.59%. The method which used was experimental of completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and six replications (eight-layers each). The treatments used were T0: basal feed; T1: basal feed + combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves and probiotics 0.5%; T2: basal feed + combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves and probiotics 1%; T3: basal feed + combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves and probiotics 1.5%. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance, if any significant effect, it would be further tested by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The result showed that no siginficant effect (P> 0.05) on feed intake, feed conversion, HDP, egg mass, IOFC, egg weight and yolk cholesterol content, but any significant effect (P< 0.05) on ammonia level. This research concludes that using 1.5% of combination of encapsulated black cincau leaves and probiotics give better result than others.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Black cincau leaves, Egg quality, Encapsulated probiotic, Hen production, Laying hen

%D 2018
%T Molecular survey and characterization of H5N8 isolates during 2016-2017 on Egypt
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. E. S. Sedeik
%A N. A. Elshal
%A A. M. Awad
%A N. Kandil
%N 4
%V 8
%P 127-133
%L eprints317
%X Avian influenza (AI) disease still threat poultry industry in Egypt causing great economic losses. In order to identify and characterize the agent of suggestive clinical cases of AI disease, 28 flocks showing clinical signs suspected to be due to AI infections have been investigated. By slide Haemagglutination (HA), the positive samples were 14/28 and concerning the results of real time- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR), 2/14 samples were positive to AI H5, 7/14 to New castle disease virus (NDV), 1/14 to H9 and 4/14 co-infected (2 samples had NDV + AI H5 and others had NDV + AI H9). These positive PCR samples were subjected to further characterization by genotyping and sequencing analysis. The two isolated of H5 AI strain were classified to H5N8 which, related to Russian strains (clade 2.3.4.4) and the genetic analysis approved little relationship between these two H5N8 strain and the commercial AI vaccines with percent (80- 91.7%). So, the researchers should have more monitoring for these viral diseases with effective biosecurity and quarantine measures to minimize the disease occurrence.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Avian influenza, flocks, molecular, survey

%D 2018
%T Application of different hormonal protocols for improving reproductive performance of Barki ewes
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A G. Ashour
%A M. F. El-Bassiony
%A S. M. Dessouki
%A M. A. El-Wakeel
%N 3
%V 8
%P 55-64
%L eprints374
%X This investigation was designed to assess reproductive improvement in Barki ewes using different hormonal protocols. Seventy-five non-pregnant and non-lactating Barki ewes were randomly assigned into three equal groups (25 ewes each), namely G1, G2 and G3. (G1) served as control, while (G2) was treated with an intravaginal progestagen impregnated sponge for 12 days then was removed. On the ninth day, all treated ewes received an intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F2α. (G3) was also synchronized as G2, in addition to on the 10th day ewes were received an intramuscular injection of 750 IU PMSG in descending doses for three days so that the last dose was injected at the 12th day concurrently with sponges' removal. Meanwhile, on the 14th day, all ewes in G3 were received an intramuscular injection of hCG hormone (500 IU/ewe). The results showed an increase in plasma progesterone level from the first day of pregnancy and rises up to the last day before parturition. Progesterone was found to be higher in G3 (that had higher twining rate) than in G2 than in G1. Insignificant increase in estrus response was observed in groups (G2, G3) compared to G1 (100, 100 and 92%, respectively). Conception rate was significantly higher in G3 (100%) than G2 (92%) and G1 (88%). While, abortion rate was higher in G1 and surpassing G2 and G3 (9.0, 0.0 and 0.0 %, respectively). Lambing rate was significantly higher in G3 as compared to G2 and G1 groups (100, 92 and 80 %, respectively). While, weaning rate was recorded to be insignificantly higher in G2 than in G1 and G3 (100.0, 95.45 and 94.29%, respectively). It could be concluded that, hormonal manipulation using intravaginal progestagen impregnated sponge and PMSG in the presence of hCG; would be a proper way for enhancing the reproductive efficiency of Barki ewes.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Barki ewes, Synchronization, Superovulation, Twining, Reproduction

%D 2018
%T The effects of some herbal essential oils against Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolated from infected broiler flocks
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. Habibi
%A N. Ghahtan
%A S. Morammazi
%N 3
%V 8
%P 74-80
%L eprints206
%X Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp are two bacterial infectious diseases responsible for heavy economic losses in the poultry industry. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and its potential harmful threat to human health has led to a need to find safe alternatives for the control of these bacteria. To this end, the use of herbal remedies in poultry has been suggested. In this study, we have investigated the effect of essential oils extracted from five different herbal plants against Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli that have been isolated directly from infected broiler flocks. Standard Disk-diffusion method, Minimum Inhibition Concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were used to determine the inhibitory effect of these essential oils. Also, tetracycline was used as a control group. Among the essential oils, Carum copticum had the highest antibacterial properties. The maximum inhibition zone in diameter against Salmonella and Escherichia coli were respectively 26.7 and 22.5 mm that concern about Carum copticum essential oils. According to the results of this study, it was found that some of the essential oils have a stronger antibacterial effect than tetracycline. So, after the complementary studies, some of these herbal plants can be suggested as alternatives to antibiotics for treating infections caused by these bacteria in poultry industry.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Essential oil, Herbal plant, Escherichia coli, Salmonella

%D 2018
%T Effect of cold stress and various suitable remedies on performance of broiler chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Qureshi
%A H. M. Khan
%A M. S. Mir
%A T. A. Raja
%A A. A. Khan
%A H. Ali
%A S. Adil
%N 3
%V 8
%P 66-73
%L eprints290
%X A biological trial was conducted on commercial chicks during the winter months (December and January). Day old commercial meat type broiler chicks (273) were procured from a reputed source. Cold conditioning (20C to 80C) at third and fourth day of age for 3-4 hours was provided to 78 birds. These early cold conditioned birds were kept separate until distributed into respective treatment groups (fifth and sixth). At the end of second week, the chicks were individually weighed, distributed into 7 treatment groups of 3 replicates with 13 chicks in each replicate. Cold challenge @ 20C to 80C for 8 hours was provided from third week of age to sixth week of their age for all treatment groups except first and fifth treatment groups. The broiler birds in the treatment groups T1 and T5 were reared under normal temperature conditions (250C). Treatment group first (T1) was kept as control group. Antioxidant Vitamin E 250 mg per kg of feed was supplemented to the basal diet in the third treatment group. Chromium 0.1 gram per kg of feed was supplemented to the basal diet in the fourth treatment group. Chromium 0.2 gram per kg of feed was supplemented to the basal diet in the seventh treatment group. The data on individual body weight of the experimental birds and the cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion ratio on group basis were recorded at weekly intervals. Deaths were recorded daily and all dead birds were necropsied to identify ascites syndrome. There was no significant (p< 0.05) difference in the average body weight and body weight gain among various treatment groups throughout the experiment period. The cumulative feed consumption showed significant (p< 0.05) difference among various treatment groups throughout the experiment period. Highest feed consumption (p< 0.05) was observed in broiler chickens reared under cold conditions when compared with broiler birds reared under normal temperature conditions. Among the cold challenge treatment groups (T2, T3, T4, T6 and T7), there was significant (p< 0.05) improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the treatment groups T6 (early cold conditioning birds exposed to cold stress) and T7 (supplementation of chromium 0.2 g/kg of feed to birds exposed to cold stress). Among different treatment groups in general best FCR was observed in treatment group T5 (early cold conditioning group reared under normal conditions) followed by T1 (control group reared under normal conditions). At the end of the biological trial ascites linked mortalities showed significant (p< 0.05) difference among various treatment groups. There was no mortality reported in treatment groups kept under normal temperature conditions (T1 and T5). Highest ascites related mortality (23.07%) was observed in treatment group in which cold stress was provided and no measures were taken to alleviate the effect of cold stress on broiler birds (T2). The Vitamin E supplementation in the diet of broiler birds reared under cold stress (T3) showed significant (p< 0.05) reduction in ascites related mortality (10.25%).
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Ascites, Broiler chicken, Early cold conditioning, Chromium, Cold stress, Performance, Vitamin E

%D 2018
%T Effect of lithium toxicity in broiler
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Rasooli
%A I. Salamatian
%A M. Aghazamani
%A A. Oryan
%A M. Salehi
%A H. Rohollahzadeh
%N 3
%V 8
%P 59-65
%L eprints296
%X Lithium concentration in surface and underground water, in some instances is higher than the standard level in places where lithium-rich brines and minerals occur, and in places where lithium batteries disposed of. This metal has numerous effects on human and other organisms, but there is no evidence about its effects on birds. For the first time we evaluated the effects of experimental lithium consumption in birds. The broiler chicks received daily 200 ppm lithium carbonate in their water, for 20 days and control group received water without lithium. At the end, blood samples collected for chemical analyses and the chickens were then euthanized and samples from brain, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, heart and liver were collected for histopathological studies. Gross and microscopic lesions in organs were evaluated. Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) and Uric acid also measured. The significant differences (P < 0.05) between experimental group and control group were seen.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Lithium, Toxicity, Bird, Histopathology, Clinical pathology

%D 2018
%T Real time PCR quantification and differentiation of both challenge and vaccinal Mycoplasma gallisepticums trains used in vaccine quality control
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. H. Sayed
%A H. A. Ahmed
%A F. A. Shasha
%A A. M. Ali
%N 3
%V 8
%P 50-58
%L eprints316
%X Mycoplasma gallisepticum is an economically important pathogen of poultry worldwide, causing chronic respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys. Vaccination of poultry with Mycoplasma gallisepticum live vaccines is an approach to reduce susceptibility to infection and to prevent economic losses. The goal of this study was to develop an alternative method for evaluation of live and killed vaccine using quantitative differential real time PCR (rt-PCR) assay. Real time PCR assay was implemented for titration and identification of three types of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (F, ts-11 and field strain). Three groups of chicks were vaccinated by using F- strain, ts-11 and killed vaccine and the forth group was considered control. Challenge test was appliedby using Mycoplasma gallisepticum field strain (108 CFU) at three weeks post vaccination. Antibody ELISA titers against Mycoplasma gallisepticum were 319, 259 and 1009 for F, t-11 and killed vaccine respectively at 3 weeks post vaccination. The protection rates were 81.5%, 74%, and 66.6% for F- strain, ts-11 and killed vaccine respectively that was determined by air sac lesion scour. Using quantitative differential rt-PCR for necropsied birds at 5 days post challenge 7days post challenge and 14 days post challenge demonstrated that the F-strain vaccine had ability to prevent shedding of field strain at 14 days post challenge mean while the ts-11 and killed vaccine decreased shedding of field strain from 108.1 and 108.6 to 105.1 and 105.8 CFU respectively at 14 days post challenge. In this study, rt-PCR had ability to identify and quantify of two types of vaccines (F and ts-11) and field strain.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Mycoplasma, rt-PCR, Vaccine, Poultry

%D 2018
%T The epidemiology of canine parvovirus enteritis in dogs of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A T. M. Terzungwe
%A A. T. Thaddaeus
%A S. A. Saganuwan
%A N. H. Chukwuebuka
%A T. Terzungwe
%A A. T. Mwuese
%A A. A. Andrew
%A N. S. Aondonenge
%A I. A. Faith
%A A. I. Washima
%N 3
%V 8
%P 48-54
%L eprints533
%X Since its emergence, canine parvovirus enteritis has remained the most significant and important cause of enteritis in puppies between six weeks and six months of age. The aim of this study was to carry out a retrospective study in order to assess the effect of certain factors on the prevalence of the disease in diagnosed cases presented to the veterinary teaching hospital Annex, university of agriculture Makurdi from 2010 to 2016. The overall prevalence of the diagnosed cases of canine parvoviral enteritis has been at 5.7% for the past seven years. Age, sex, breed, vaccination status was showed to have been associated with the infection. Puppies of up to five months of age, males, breeds such as the Nigerian local breed, Alsatian, Caucasian, Rottweiler and Russian shepherd dogs and unvaccinated dogs are prone to this disease. Furthermore, this study revealed that early presentation and an aggressive support management of these cases had brought about a high recovery outcome of 85.4%. The distribution of the disease according to the season showed the highest incidence of cases occurred in 2012 (25.8%) and had descended down to (9%) by 2016 with most cases witnessed around January (22.5%) in dry season and June (15.7%) in wet season. The need for educating both veterinarians and dog owners about core vaccinations in dogs is paramount.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Canine parvoviral enteritis, Dogs, Makurdi, Prevalence

%D 2018
%T Effect of technological intervention on the economics of Vanaraja chicken rearing in West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. S. Baruah
%A C. S. Raghav
%A H. Kalita
%N 2
%V 8
%P 44-49
%L eprints131
%X The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative economics of two methods of Vanaraja chicken rearing under backyard system i.e. improved technologies demonstrated under Front Line Demonstration (FLD) and Farmer’s Practice (FP) traditionally adopted by the farmers. All together 120 farmers from 12 randomly selected villages of West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh having experience of poultry rearing for more than two years were selected for FLD. The study (from August, 2015 to July, 2017) reveals that, the technologies demonstrated in FLDs recorded higher body weight gain of male chickens (2300g) over FP (1800g) at 20 weeks of age, which was 27.78% higher than that of Farmers’ Practice. Mean annual egg production under FLD was recorded as 110 numbers which was 37.50% higher than that of FP (80). The estimated technology gap in body weight gain was recorded as 200 g/bird, whereas for egg production it was 20 numbers/bird. The extension gap of body weight gains and egg production was recorded as 500 g/bird and 30 numbers/bird, respectively with a technology index of 8% in body weight gain and 15.38% in egg production. The benefit cost (B: C) ratio for Vanaraja chicken rearing under FLD and Farmers’ Practice was recorded as 2.62:1 and 1.71:1, respectively which indicated that under improved rearing techniques demonstrated under FLD Vanaraja chicken gives much more profit than that of rearing techniques under FP. Non availability of improved germplasm of poultry (93.33%) was given the top ranking while weak market linkage to dispose the produce (35.00%) was given as bottom ranking in the constraints matrix ranking in poultry production. Under client satisfaction index over the performance of FLD analysis reveals 63.33% of high satisfaction index over the performance of FLDs while 27.50% respondent expressed medium level of satisfaction and only 9.17% respondent expressed low level of satisfaction index.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Backyard poultry, Front line demonstration, Vanaraja, Benefit cost ratio.

%D 2018
%T Growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens fed dried pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn) latex
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. A. Haruna
%A A. A. Odunsi
%N 2
%V 8
%P 31-36
%L eprints210
%X This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of latex of pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn) as a feed additive and crude enzyme complex on growth performance, cell-mediated immunity, carcass and organ measurements of broiler chicken. Four experimental diets each were formulated during the starter (1-28d) and finisher (29-49d) phases such that the basal diets were supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% Pawpaw Latex (PL). A total of 120 day-old Arbor Acre chicks were randomly allocated to the four dietary treatments comprising of three replicates each in a completely randomized design. Performance parameters measured include Daily Feed Intake (DFI) and Daily Weight Gain (DWG) while Feed to Gain Ratio (FGR) and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) were estimated. At day 49, twelve birds per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter in order to measure carcass cut-up parts (thigh, breast, neck, wing, back, drumstick and abdominal fat), and selected organs were weighed and expressed relative to live weight. The immunity index was also evaluated. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and treatment means separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. PL contained 54.9% crude protein, 6.28% ether extract, 4.65% crude fibre, 5.5% ash and 18.79% nitrogen free extracts. At the starter phase, there was a general decline in DFI, DWG and FGR as levels of PL increased. Between days 28-49, broilers on 0.1%PL had comparable DWG, FGR, PER and carcass yield with those fed PL-free diet. Hypertrophy of gizzard, liver and intestines were recorded with increase in level of PL. Generally, dietary inclusion of pawpaw latex decreased growth performance but maintained carcass yield, improved immune response and survivability of broiler chickens.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Carcass, Carica papaya, Immunity, Papain, Performance, Poultry.

%D 2018
%T The effect of early setting inside single stage incubator on stored eggs
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Jabbar
%A A. Hameed
%A A. Riaz
%A Y. A. Ditta
%N 2
%V 8
%P 37-43
%L eprints226
%X Eggs weight loss during storage has been documented well due to water loss. The single stage incubators are designed to use egg water loss as humidity source during incubation. In this experiment one week old eggs (n=430840) were collected in Salman hatchery, Pakistan and divided into two groups, group A was (eggs n=215420) immediately shifted to incubators before 10 hours of incubation to avoid further weight loss) and eggs from group B (n=215420) was stored in eggs room at 23.80 C and 65% humidity with 2cfm/1000 eggs ventilation for 10 hours. After 10 hours of storage both groups were pre-heated at 80 0F for 5 hours leading to incubation conditions. Hatchability % (84.502±2.9221, 84.217±3.0279) candling% (6.5418±0.5605, 6.7682±0.5705) dead in shell% (6.5418±2.3112, 6.7682±2.3702) and hatch window (hours) (22-24±0.142, 26-28±0.1324) were significantly better for A compare to B respectively, Water loss% (11.556±0.1399, 11.545±0.1486), chick yield% (68.835±0.0926, 68.818±0.0928) and chick waste (gram) (19.67±1.721, 19.69±1.7653) were insignificant due to same incubation conditions inside incubator. The water loss from eggs of group A retained inside incubator have an impact on embryonic mortality including the duration of first and the last chick that hatches out. So, the deleterious effects of storage can be avoided by shifting the eggs inside a single stage incubator before 10 hours of incubation including pre-heating.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Water loss, Egg storage, Single stage incubator, Candling, Dead in shell, Hatch window.

%D 2018
%T Hepatoprotective effects of Cichorium intybus against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in broiler
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A R. Rasooli
%A H. Sheibani
%A R. Kheirandish
%A H. Rohollahzadeh
%N 2
%V 8
%P 25-30
%L eprints297
%X Hepatic damage in poultry occurs either due to metabolic or nutritional disturbances or chemical intoxication. The absence of reliable liver protective drugs and also consumption of broiler meat, limit us in usage of chemical hepatoprotective agents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effects of CichoriumIntybus (CI) extract in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in broiler chicks. One-day-old Ross chicken broilers were divided into four groups. One group was kept as normal and liver damage were induced in other 3 groups by oral administration of 1 ml/kg body weight of paracetamol for four successive days. Of 3 intoxicated groups one was kept as control and two different medicinal plants extracts were administered 0.2 g/kg of CI and 0.4 g/kg of CI extract. The medicinal plant was administered orally for 14 days after paracetamol administration. Then the blood samples were collected and the chicks sacrificed to histopathological examination. Serum liver markers and histopathological assessment of the livers revealed that Cichoriumintybus has protective activity against hepatic damage specially at a dose of 0.4 g/kg body weight and exhibited anti-hepatotoxic activity in broilers. The present study showed that administration of Cichoriumintybus extract at the doses of 0.2 g/kg/day and 0.4 g/kg/day respectively to Paracetamol intoxicated broilers, mitigates liver toxicity and liver histopathological changes.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cichoriumintybus, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Broiler.

%D 2018
%T Molecular characterization of Staphylococci isolated from cattle with mastitis
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. M. Ali
%A S. M.Helmy
%A I. E. El Desouky
%A H. A. Asfour
%N 1
%V 8
%P 9-18
%L eprints362
%X This study was carried out in order to investigate the occurrence of some virulence genes of Staphylococci isolated from cattle with mastitis. A total number of 133 milk samples (45 from clinical mastitis and 88 from subclinical mastitis) were collected from dairy cattle in Kafr El-Sheikh and EL Gharbia Governorates, Egypt. The samples were examined for the presence of Staphylococci by classical bacteriological methods and were further characterized geno-typically. A total of 41 Staphylococcus isolates were recovered from cattle with mastitis with an incidence of 30.8%. Among the isolates, 21(15.8%) of S. aureus [6 from clinical mastitis (13.3%) and 15 from subclinical mastitis (17%)] and 20 (15%) isolates of CNS [8 from clinical mastitis (17.7%) and 12 from subclinical mastitis (13.6%)] were identified phenotypically. All isolates were screened for the detection of binding protein A (spa-X), haemolysine type A (hla), Haemolysine type B (hlb), and toxic shock syndrome (tsst-1) by PCR. The obtained results revealed that the spa Xgene was detected in all Staphylococcus isolates recovered from subclinical mastitis while in clinical mastitis was detected with an incidence of 42.9%. Haemolysine type A was detected in clinical and subclinical mastitis with an incidence of 71.4% and 70% respectively, while haemolysine type B was detected in clinical and subclinical mastitis with an incidence of 28.5% and 40% respectively. Toxic shock syndrome was not detected in any of the isolates. The data in the study provided an overview on the distribution of some virulence genes related to Staphylococci isolated from cattle with mastitis in Egypt.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Cattle, Mastitis, Staphylococci, Virulence gene, PCR

%D 2018
%T Haematological parameters of broilers fed Moringa oleifera leaf supplemented feed following challenge with a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. A. Gana
%A N. J. James
%A G. J. Joseph
%A E. S. James
%A C. M. Adam
%A A. P. Ayuba
%A W. A. Mohammed
%A A. Tagang
%A O. S. Blessing
%N 1
%V 8
%P 8-17
%L eprints195
%X A study was conducted to evaluate the haematological parameters of broilers fed Moringa oleifera leaf supplemented feed and had been challenged with a very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Two hundred and forty day-old Ross 308 hybrid broiler chicks were assigned into four groups (A,B,C,D) of 60 chicks each in a deep litter type housing. While groups A and B were fed with formulated broiler starter and finisher containing 5% Moringa oleifera leaf, groups C and D were fed with formulated broiler starter and finisher without Moringa oleifera leaf. Groups A and C were vaccinated intramuscularly against infectious bursal disease (IBD) at 14 and 21 days of age, and Newcastle’s disease at 18 days of age. Groups A, B and C were intraocularly challenged at 35 days of age with 0.05 ml of a live vv IBDV. Groups B and D served as positive and negative control respectively. Blood was collected from 10 broilers in each group via the wing vein at 35, 38 and 42 days of age for various haematological indices. A significant decrease in the values of lymphocytes counts in group B at 38 days of age was observed. Heterophil / lymphocyte ratio had significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group D at 38 days of age. Packed cell volume significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at 38 days of age in groups A, B, C and D and subsequently increased (P < 0.05) by 42 days of age in groups B, C and D. Red blood cell count was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in group B and C at 38 days of age, while haemoglobin concentration significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 42 days of age in group B and D. Feeding broilers with5% MOL supplemented diet without vaccination did not prevent vvIBDV from causing a decrease in lymphocyte count 3 dpi in broilers of group B.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Moringa oleifera leaf, vvIBDV, PCV, Lymphocyte, Haemoglobin

%D 2018
%T Parasitic infection with emphasis on Tylodelphys spp. as new host and locality records in Nile perch; Lates niloticus from Lake Nasser, Egypt
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. H. Hamouda
%A S. S. Sorour
%A N. M. El-Habashi
%A E. H. A. Adam
%N 1
%V 8
%P 19-33
%L eprints445
%X A total number of 200 Lates niloticus were collected alive from several and various localities at Lake Nasser in Aswan governorate, to investigate the prevailing parasites that infect this fish species. All the examined fish were positive for one or more parasites, three trematodes of two families were identified: Diplectanum simile, Diplectanum lacustris and Tylodelphys spp. (recorded for the first time in Lates niloticus representing new host and locality records), two nematodes of two families: Philometra ovata and L3 larvae of Contracaecum spp.(has zoonotic importance), one acanthocephalan parasite: Rhadinorhynchus niloticus, two crustaceans parasites of one family: Ergasilus kandti and Ergasilus latus, while no cestodal infections were recorded at all. The prevalence of trematodes was at 95% meanwhile the nematodes were at 100% in addition to the acanthocephalan parasite was at 24.5% as well, crustaceans parasites were at 69.5%. This study evaluated clinical signs, postmortem examinations, parasitological examinations, seasonal prevalence and histopathological investigations of infected fish in addition to the relation between fish age and parasitism was also described. This study builds on our current understanding of different parasites infecting the wild Lates niloticus and provides novel information on the patterns of the isolated parasites and also serves to reassure the consumers that the musculature (the edible part) of the fish was free from any parasitic infections and safe for human consumption provided that the fish must be eviscerated as soon as possible after being caught and adequately cooked.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Lates niloticus, Nile perch, Tylodelphys spp., Philometra ovata, Pathology, Lake Nasser

%D 2018
%T Molecular and genetic characterization of infectious Bronchitis viruses isolated from commercial chicken flocks in Egypt between 2014 and 2016
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Setta
%A H. M. Salem
%A M. Elhady
%A A. El-Hussieny
%A A. S. Arafa
%N 1
%V 8
%P 1-7
%L eprints319
%X Infectious Bronchitis is one of the major viral diseases affecting poultry causing severe economic losses. The prevalence of Infectious Bronchitis viruses was studied in commercial chicken farms in Egypt between 2014 and 2016. A total of 1722 organ samples (trachea, kidney, caecal tonsils and lungs) were collected from 246 problematic flocks, showing respiratory signs and considerable mortalities, from 13 governorates throughout the examination period and were then subjected to molecular analysis using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Data from this study have shown a high prevalence (75.6%) of Infectious Bronchitis virus in Egyptian farms. Infections mixed with other respiratory viruses were frequently observed, including very virulent Newcastle disease, Low pathogenic avian influenza, H9N2 and High pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 with 27.9%, 25.7% and 17.1%, respectively with higher detection percentages observed in the winter season. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 selected positive Infectious Bronchitis virus has revealed Infectious Bronchitis virus genotypes closely related to variant II strains Eg/12120S/2012, IS/885, IS/1494, with 4 isolates was clustered in a new group. In conclusion, the present study provides further updates on the circulation and co-circulation of Infectious Bronchitis virus in commercial Egyptian flocks. The continuous existence of field variant Infectious Bronchitis virus in commercial chicken's farms in Egypt emphasizes the need for regular monitoring of Infectious Bronchitis with updating the control and vaccination strategies.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Infectious bronchitis, Genetic characterization, Poultry, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Sequencing.

%D 2018
%T Performance and microbiological profiles of piglets fed with diets enriched with bio-flavonoids and ascorbic acid
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. F. de Oliveira
%A C. A. Rigon Rossi
%A M. Shardong Lucca
%A M. Soares
%A V. de Oliveira
%A J. Dornelles
%A L. M. de Lima Schlösser
%A C. Guilherme Gräf
%N 1
%V 8
%P 1-8
%L eprints400
%X The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and microbiological profile of 40 piglets (females and males) in the nursery phase. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments, five replicates and sex as a blocking factor. The treatments were distributed in: T1 (control); T2 (Plant Extract as PE, 500 ppm); T3 (Amoxicillin as A, 20 mg kg-1) and T4 (PE+A, 500 ppm + 20 mg kg-1). There was no influence (P > 0.01), between treatments for both the initial and the final weight and average daily gain, but the control group males had an average daily feed intake of 1.8% or higher (P < 0.01) compared to other treatments. The total count control bacterial colonies were 35.9%, 70.9 % and 63.8 % higher (P < 0.01) to treatment with A, PE+A and PE, respectively. For MacConkey test, the treated group A was 88.44 %, 91.78 % and 56.50 % higher (P < 0.01) compared to PE+A, PE and control, respectively. The antibiogram of 48 stool samples had shown that Amoxicillin disk were at 85.7 %, 72.7 %, 44.5 % and 100 % resistant in the control treatments, PE, A and PE+A respectively. The bioflavonoids and ascorbic acid and the interaction with amoxicillin did not alter the performance of pigs in the nursery phase but had reduced the presence of bacterial colonies.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Amoxicillin, Bacterial colonies, E. coli, Nursery, Plant extract

%D 2017
%T Biological control of mycotoxins: An update
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. O. Fapohunda
%A A. O. Esan
%A T. S. Anjorin
%N 4
%V 7
%P 117-127
%L eprints427
%X Biological control, or rather the deployment of living organisms in an effort to arrest the growth and development of another organism, is a hot topic in mycotoxin studies. Confirmed environmental inclemency and increasing cases of resistance, brought about by the use of chemical applications have invited the development of natural and better alternatives. Many candidates from bacteria through yeasts to fungi have been exploited to control mycotoxin-producing fungi with appreciable success. This review takes a critical look at the development and harvest the reaction of crop and livestock farmers and other stakeholders and, concludes that the bio- control of mycotoxins is a field with a promising future, in spite of a few research gaps that have to be filled.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Biological control, Crop, Food safety, Mycotoxin

%D 2017
%T Effect of floor eggs on hatchability, candling, water loss, chick yield, chick weight and dead in shell
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Jabbar
%A Y. A. Ditta
%N 4
%V 7
%P 154-158
%L eprints225
%X A chicken with high quality resulted from a clean egg, not broken, and not containing cracks. This experiment was performed with the goal to evaluate the effect of contaminated eggs on hatchability, egg water loss, chick weight, chick yield, DIS, A grade and B grade chicks. Eggs (Cobb 300, Ross 308, Hubbard classic n=8616960) from six different farms were collected and divided into two groups. Group A containing good quality eggs and group B contaminated eggs or floor eggs. Each farm participated (n=1436160) eggs for sixteen replicates. Candling was significantly better (P < 0.001) in all flocks of group A as compared to B regardless of the age and breed of broiler eggs. The eggs from group B presented significantly less water loss as compared to group A. Chick yield was significantly better for group A than group B. Similarly, Chick weight, quantity of A grade chicks was significantly better for group A than group B. In short floor or contaminated eggs negatively affects the hatchery parameters and becomes a source of contamination for chicks in the hatchery and farms.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chick weight, Chick yield, Dead in shell, Floor Eggs, Hatchability, Water loss

%D 2017
%T Effect of plumage color and body weight on the semen quality of naked neck chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A W. Abbass
%A A. Jabbar
%A A. Riaz
%A M. Akram
%A Y. A. Ditta
%N 3
%V 7
%P 129-133
%L eprints81
%X The low fertility of local chicken breeds is a major issue in backyard poultry system. The fertility rate varies among different males due to their difference in semen quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plumage color and body weight on the semen quality of Naked Neck chicken. The Naked Neck males (n=18) vary in three plumage colors (black=6, brown=6, white=6) and each color contains two body weight sub groups (heavy= >1600gm n=3 and light= 1600 gm) contained significantly more semen volume (0.21±0.02 ml) and sperm concentration (1.88±0.06×109 ml) than the lightweight group (light = < 1600 gm). So, black plumage color roosters of can be use to enhance fertility rate of naked neck chickens.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Body weight, Naked neck chicken, Plumage color, Semen quality

%D 2017
%T Adverse effects of chemotherapy in dogs
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. C. S. Cunha
%A F. B. F. Silva
%A K. B. Corgozinho
%A K. G. C. da Silva
%A A. M. R. Ferreira
%N 3
%V 7
%P 74-82
%L eprints396
%X Owners of dogs with cancer are often offered chemotherapeutic treatment. However, clients who seek veterinary care for pets with cancer are often concerned about the potential negative impact of chemotherapeutic treatments on their animals’ quality of life. The purpose of this retrospective case series was to investigate the delayed acute effects of chemotherapy drugs in dogs receiving cancer treatment and their owners’ opinions regarding chemotherapy acceptance by their pet. In this study, 292 dogs that were treated with chemotherapy as a definitive and/or adjuvant treatment for cancer. Medical records were reviewed to determine the chemotherapy agent used and if they had any delayed adverse effects or not. Side effects were classified according to VCOG-CTCAE grading of adverse effect severity veterinary co-operative oncology group. Lomustine, carboplatin, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophospha-mide, mitoxantrone, and vinblastine were administered in 16%, 20%, 15%, 18%, 16%, 8%, and 7% of the cases respectively. The most common adverse effects were neutropenia (22%), vomiting (21%), diarrhea (20%) and inappetence (20%). Cyclophosphamide and vincristine were the agents that had caused more adverse gastrointestinal effects, while lomustine was the drug that had caused more hematologic effects. In some dogs receiving lomustine and carboplatin, neutropenia (some of them severe) had occurred as early as in the sixth day. According to the current grading system of adverse effects induced by chemotherapy, general tolerance to chemotherapy is referred to as grade 1, which was observed in 83% of the cases. Owner opinion was positive in most cases, and 77% of the owners had evaluated that the treatment was well tolerated by their dogs. In contrast, 8% of the treatments were poorly tolerated and they had negatively impacted the affected dogs’ quality of life. Based on the data examined, we would recommend that gastrointestinal adverse effects must be prevented with antiemetic medication, especially in dogs receiving cyclophosphamide, vincristine, carboplatin and doxorubicin. Hematologic profile must be performed as early as in the 6-7th day after lomustine and carboplatin, as severe neutropenia can occur. Adverse chemotherapy effects may occur in about 20-25% of canine patients.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170896
%I http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170896
%K Canine, Oncology, Chemotherapy, Side effect, Tolerability

%D 2017
%T Influence of enzymatic and mechanical liquefaction of seminal plasma on freezability of dromedary camel semen
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A K. A. El-Bahrawy
%N 3
%V 7
%P 108-116
%L eprints407
%X This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of mechanical and enzymatic elimination of semen viscosity in adult dromedary camel bulls’ semen on cryopreservation potential of spermatozoa during the breeding season. Bulls showed reaction time 40.0±8.23 seconds and 251±24 seconds mating duration. Physical properties of raw semen showed volume mean value 5.28±0.66 ml, initial viability 2.5±0.6, initial raw motility 59.34±4.99%, livability 95.3±2.36%, first and second abnormalities 4.13±0.88% and 7.01±1.254%, respectively and acrosomal integrity 5.03±1.05%. The researcher examined three different treatments for viscosity elimination; namely; Amylase Enzymatic Treatment (AET), Syringe Mechanical Treatment (SMT) and Amylase Syringe Mixed Treatment (ASMT). The results revealed that, a significant deleterious effect of the ASMT on the post-thaw motility (MPT) 25.00±3.69% was observed, with sperm Recovery Rate (RR) 35.02±5.02%, contrary to a clear superiority of AET treatment on (MPT) 49.00±4.87%, followed by the SMT treatment (MPT) 41.67±6.72%, with significantly higher RR% (76.86±4.63% and 62.10±6.65%) respectively. The AET recorded the highest acrosomal reaction (10.17±1.11%), followed by the mixed treatment (8.33±0.14%), with the least significant effect (P <0.05) on the mechanically treated group (7.33±0.99%). The results also showed the same trend for first and second abnormalities. Computer assisted semen analysis showed a significant superiority for the AET on mostly all sperm kinetics (DCL, DAP, VAP, VSL), except for DSL, VCL that showed highest significant value for SMT treatment. Conversely, the study recorded the lowest significant values for LIN, STR and WOB in the SMT. These results clarified that both enzymatic and mechanical methods have a positive influence on dromedary camel semen cryopreservation.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.201708100
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Amylase, Cryopreservation, Dromedary, Semen syringing, Viscosity

%D 2017
%T Performance, serum biochemical parameters and immunity in broiler chicks fed dietary Echinacea purpurea and Thymus vulgaris extracts
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. Habibi
%A S. Firouzi
%N 3
%V 7
%P 123-128
%L eprints204
%X The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of administrating herbal extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Thymus vulgaris into broilers drinking water on performance, immune response and serum biochemical and Phyto hemagglutinin. 270 day-old Ross chicks were assigned to nine dietary treatments in a randomized manner. Each treatment was given to two replicates of 15 birds. The variables of T. vulgaris extract were 1% and 2% and variables of E. purpurea extract were 0%, 1% and 2% in drinking water. Body Weight (BW), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were recorded at the end of the experiment. Antibody responses against Newcastle disease viruses were measured after blood sampling at 42 days of age. The plant extracts did not affect BW, FI and FCR (P > 0.05). Antibody titers against NDV were significantly affected by the administration of E. purpurea (P < 0.05). The highest elevation was for the birds that were administrated with 2% E. purpurea from 1 to 42 days (P < 0.05). Administration of thyme extracts had improved serum biochemical parameters as compared with Echinacea and control group. It was concluded that under these research conditions, high levels of E. purpurea extracts had increased the broiler chickens’ immunity.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Echinacea purpurea extract, Immunity, Performance, Thymus vulgaris extract.

%D 2017
%T Efficacy of combined vaccine against salmonellosis and infectious coryza in poultry
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A H. M. Ibrahim
%A R. Abd El-Aziz Wafaa
%A E. S. Halaa
%A R. H. Sayed
%A M. Mohammed Gina
%N 3
%V 7
%P 145-153
%L eprints219
%X In the present study, efficacy of two prepared combined vaccines against salmonellosis and infectious coryza in poultry has been studied. Two vaccines were prepared using Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis combined with Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A, B, and C. one vaccine was adjuvanated with aluminium hydroxide gel and the other adjuvanated with montanide ISA71. The two vaccines were assayed in six weeks old Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) white Lohman layer chickens by injecting two doses of each vaccine 3 weeks apart. These chickens were challenged with either Salmonella virulent strains or Avibacterium paragallinarum different serovars 3 weeks post second dose. Antibody titers in sera of chickens against different antigens were higher in groups vaccinated with montanide oil vaccine than those vaccinated with aluminium hydroxide gel vaccine as detected by different serological tests; ELISA, micro-agglutination test and haem-agglutination inhibition test. Protection rate against challenge test were 80% and 85% for Salmonella and (80%; 90%, and 70%) and (90%; 100%, and 90%) to Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars A, B, and C respectively for combined vaccine adjuvanated by aluminum hydroxide gel and montanide ISA71. The protection rate was 15% against Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis and 0% against infectious coryza among the unvaccinated chicken group.it could be concluded that producing a vaccine from locally isolated Salmonella and Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum strains adjuvanated with montanide ISA71 is recommended to aid in controlling avian salmonellosis and Infectious coryza at the same time.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aluminum hydroxide gel, Chicken, Infectious coryza, Salmonellosis, Vaccine.

%D 2017
%T Growth performance and haemato-biochemical parameters of different breeds of rural chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Parveen
%A S. H. Khan
%A T. Khawaja
%A N. Iftikhar
%A S. Khan
%N 3
%V 7
%P 114-122
%L eprints286
%X A total of 2000 un-sexed day-old-chicks of each Desi, Fayoumi and Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds were reared and maintained on deep litter system for a period of 20 weeks. In floor pens, each breed was reared separately in a single pen until 7 weeks of age when the 2000 birds had been randomly distributed between pens, with 21 to 24 birds of the same breed per pen (2.00 to 2.50 ft2/bird). The results had revealed that the average day old weight was the highest in RIR, intermediate in Desi and lowest in Fayoumi. The RIR breed had consumed more feed and therefore, gained the highest weight gain than as compared to those of Desi and Fayoumi breeds at all ages of growing phase. The feed conversion was best in RIR and lowest in Desi breed. Desi and Fayoumi chicks had a lower mortality than the RIR breed chicks. The meat composition was found to be insignificant amongst the three breeds. There was no significant difference in blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium, protein, uric acid and alkaline phosphatase values amongst the three breeds. There was also no significant difference in hematological values among all breeds. The total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and packed cell volume increased with the advancement of age. However, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin values decreased gradually with the advancement of age. It may be concluded that overall, RIR chickens had performed better than Fayoumi and Desi chickens. However, a lower mortality rate had been observed in Desi chickens.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Rural chicken, Body weight, Feed intake, Meat composition, Biochemical parameter

%D 2017
%T Use of Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) as a feed additive in poultry nutrition
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A M. Saeed
%A F. Ahmad
%A M. A. Arain
%A M. E. Abd El-Hack
%A M. Emam
%A Z. A. Bhutto
%A A. Moshaveri
%N 3
%V 7
%P 94-103
%L eprints306
%X The European Union banned using all prophylactic antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. As a result, the poultry nutritionist is now forced to look for growth promoting antibiotic alternatives, or at least considerably demote the amount of antibiotics used to sustain efficient broiler meat production and to be able to produce safe poultry egg and meat products. The Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), is a type of probiotics originated from the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has gained more prominent attention, mainly due to its ability to bind the threadlike fimbriae on pathogenic bacteria preventing them from attaching to the gut wall, thereby averting their stabilization and the resulting colonization and multiplication, up to the disease level, so it had been showed to be a most capable solution for antibiotic-free diets, as well as furnishing effective support for digestion and immunity in poultry. Several investigations confirmed that using MOS as a feed supplement in poultry diets allowed birds to achieve a similar trend as when they were fed a diet enriched with antibiotic growth promoters. In addition, MOS has also shown to have a positive affection on bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, egg production, fertility, and hatchability thus ameliorating well-being, energy levels and performance of avian species. Furthermore, it is also thought that it plays a role as an antioxidant, helping with mineral retention, improving bone mineralization and subsequently the overall improvement the performance of poultry birds. This review article has aimed to illuminate its sources, mode of action and beneficial applications of MOS in poultry diet for improving, production, immunity, safeguarding health among consumers and it ought to be used as a natural growth promoter on a commercial level in order to replace synthetic antibiotics in the poultry industry.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antioxidant, Feed additive, Gastrointestinal health, Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), Performance, Poultry

%D 2017
%T Effect of aging on mitochondrial gene expression in chicken breast muscle
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. Tarai
%A D. Thyagarajan
%A G. Srinivasan
%N 3
%V 7
%P 104-113
%L eprints332
%X Efficient conversion of food into body mass has been associated with altered gene expression of some proteins of the electron transport chain. We evaluated the effect of age on the mRNA expression of Cytochrome oxidase III(COX III), avian adenine nucleotide translocator (avANT), avian PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (avPGC-1α), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) in chicken. A total of 90 male birds each from Nandanam B2, Rhode Island Red, Aseel and White Leghorn, were divided into three replicates containing 30 birds each and used for the study. Production parameters consist of body weight, body weight gain, cumulative feed consumption and cumulative feed efficiency at fourth and eighth weeks of age were recorded. Total RNA was extracted from the breast muscle tissue of male birds and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Real-time PCR analysis was performed using specific primers for the genes. The greatest reduction was observed when comparing fourth and eighth week old birds in COX III, avANT mRNA expression levels were then followed by avPGC-1α and increased mRNA expression levels were observed in PPARγ followed by avUCP at eighth week of age. The study revealed phenotypic differences in production traits as well as the difference in expression of mitochondrial gene like COX III, avANT, avPGC-1α, PPARγ and avUCP expression level change with age in chickens.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Ageing, Mitochondia, PPARγ, COX III, avANT, avPGC-1α, avUCP

%D 2017
%T Sero-prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in three senatorial district of Kaduna State, Nigeria using Latex Agglutination Test
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A I. L. Billy
%A A. G. Balami
%A A. K. B. Sackey
%A L. B. Tekdek
%A S. N. Sa'idu
%A S. O. Okaiyeto
%N 2
%V 7
%P 65-73
%L eprints389
%X A study was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in cattle in 3 senatorial districts of Kaduna State, using Latex Agglutination Test (BoviLAT PA 6223). One Local Government Area (LGA) from each senatorial district was randomly selected for this study thus; Ikara (Northern), Chikun (Central) and Kauru (Southern). A total of 300 blood samples were each collected from the selected LGAs in each senatorial district using simple random sampling without replacement technique. An overall sero-prevalence of 26.0% (234/900) was recorded, with Kauru having a higher sero-prevalence of 46.0% (138/300), followed by Ikara (17.0%) (51/300) and Chikun (15.0%) (45/300) LGAs. The sero-prevalence was highest (30%) in the age group of >6 years old and lowest (19.3%) in the age group <1-3 years old (P=0.0027). Based on sex of the cattle, there was no statistical significant association (P=0.1424) in the sero-prevalence of CBPP between the female (27.1%) and the male (21.9%) cattle. Though the sero-prevalence showed some degree of variation, there was no statistical significant difference (P=0.0572) in infection among Sokoto Gudali (57.1%), Red Bororo (50%) and White Fulani (25.3%) breeds of cattle. The study revealed the sero-prevalence of CBPP in cattle in the study area. Although BoviLAT Latex Agglutination is not capable of differentiating between antibodies from vaccinated animals and those of natural infection, it however provides, a fast and easy to perform diagnostic technique in the field, and therefore, good for early detection of cattle with CBPP.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170495
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Chikun, Ikara, Kauru, Latex Agglutination, Mycoplasma mycoides, Sero-prevalence.

%D 2017
%T Prospects of improving semen collection and preservation from elite dromedary camel breeds
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A E. S. E. S. El-Hassanein
%N 2
%V 7
%P 47-64
%L eprints414
%X Low reproductive performance is one of the most important factors affecting camel productivity.  The genetic improvement of dromedary camels is still less progressed compared with other productive farm animals. In order to improve productive and reproductive performance of camels, monitoring and increasing efficient selection strategies in concurrent with developing assisted reproductive technologies and establishing a semen bank for elite camel breeds is urgently needed. To this date, semen preservation and its related techniques in dromedary camels has been slow due to the continual preference of natural breeding with elite males, the difficulty of semen collection, the highly viscous nature of camel semen and the low sperm resilience, unable to withstand processing for preservation. The present article is aimed in surveying of the fundamental challenges of semen collection, processing and preservation from dromedary camels. Developing a collection process, improving the rheological characteristics of delivered semen, modification of extenders and optimizations of the preservation protocols have also been discussed.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170494
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Breeding management, Electroejaculation, Camel-dummy, Semen viscosity, Processing, Chilling, Freezing.

%D 2017
%T Effect of broiler breeders age on hatchability, candling, water loss, chick yield and dead in shell
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. Jabbar
%A Y. A. Ditta
%N 2
%V 7
%P 40-46
%L eprints454
%X Water loss, chick yield and DIS analysis are all important factors in quality investigation of both the chick and hatchery performance. The age of breeders affect the hatchability, egg weight, chick weight water loss, Candling and DIS. In this experiment the broiler breeder were divided into three groups on the basis of age, young (24-30 weeks), prime (31-50 weeks) and old (51+ weeks) to investigate the effects of hatchability , egg weight, chick weight , Water loss, chick yield and DIS along mal-position and mal-formations. Hatchability (81.98±1.1, 88.44±1.6, 79.60±1.6), candling (10.25±1.25, 6.44±0.88, 10.73±1.25), DIS (7.7±0.4, 5.1±0.6, 9.6±0.6), water loss (11.29±0.11, 11.77±0.16, 12.13±0.16), egg weight (57.2±0.5, 64.2±0.7, 70.5±0.7), chick weight (39.4±0.3, 43.9±0.5, 48.15±0.5) were significantly (P< 0.001) different for young, prime and old groups respectively. For crack eggs (0.5 ±0.12, 0.5±0.17, 1.1±0.17) and contaminated eggs (0.63 ±0.09, 0.50±0.12, 1.31±0.12) young and prime were significantly (P< 0.0001) better then old. Young, prime and old were significantly different for early embryonic mortality (3.07±0.3, 3.46±0.2, 4.55±0.3) respectively, while for mid (1.04±0.13, 0.53±0.09, 1.0±0.13) and late embryonic mortality (3.77±0.4, 2.58±0.2, 3.28±0.4) prime was significantly better than young and old. Range of hatch window was 20-24 hours for prime and old while 20-22 hours for young. Mal-Position and Mal-Formation were significantly identical for all three groups. Mal-Position and Mal-Formation were 1.5% and 0.5% for total eggs set respectively.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170493
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Breeders, Water loss, Chick yield, DIS, Mal-Formation/Mal-Position

%D 2017
%T Understanding the direct and indirect mechanisms of xylanase action on starch digestion in broilers
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. A. Lee
%A J. Wiseman
%A H. V. Masey O'Neill
%A D. V. Scholey
%A E. J. Burton
%A S. E. Hill
%N 2
%V 7
%P 35-47
%L eprints238
%X The objective of the current study was to investigate the mechanisms of xylanase action in a maize-soya diet and its effect on starch digestion. A total of 60 broilers were divided into 6 treatment groups; a control group without xylanase, and five other groups supplemented with xylanase (Econase XT 25; 100 g/t) from 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks before slaughter. At the end of the experiment, digesta was collected from the gizzard, upper and lower small intestine, and both caeca. Digesta pH ranged from pH 2.2-4.4, 5.9-6.6, 6.7-7.8 and 5.7-7.3 in the gizzard, upper small intestine, lower small intestine, and both caeca, respectively, with no effect of xylanase (P > 0.05). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images along with total starch measurements showed the progression of starch digestion through the tract. The SEM did not show any greater disruption to cell wall material with xylanase supplementation. This suggests that xylanase was not working directly on the cell wall and provides evidence for the hypothesis that xylanase works through an indirect mechanism. Peptide YY (PYY) concentration in the blood was higher during the first few weeks of supplementation, with longer periods of supplementation nulling this effect, implying that xylanase may be acting through a prebiotic mechanism. The RT-q PCR results revealed a numerical increase in glucose transporter (GLUT2 and SGLT1) expression at 2 and 3 weeks of xylanase supplementation, respectively, which might suggest a greater absorption capacity of birds. From these results, a potential mechanism of xylanase action in maize-based diets has been proposed.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Maize, Starch, Xylanase

%D 2017
%T Understanding of social and mating behaviour of ostrich (Struthio camelus)
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Mukhtar
%A . Gazala
%A M. W. Mirza
%N 2
%V 7
%P 72-78
%L eprints262
%X The ostrich is the largest wild ratite bird. The head of ostrich is 1.8-2.75m above ground due to large legs. The ostrich is the largest vertebrate and achieves a speed of 60-65km/h. There are four extinct subspecies and limited to Africa. The preferred habitat in nature is the open area, small grass corners and open desert. They choose more open woodland and avoid areas of dense woodland and tall grass. In natural environment, ostrich is gregarious and lives in groups. This small crowd are led mature sire or dam. Walking, chasing and kantling are exhibited to protect the territories by males. Off springs are protected by adults from predator by mock injury. Other behaviours are yawning, stretching and thermoregulation. Frequency of mating is low in captivity. Mostly male-female ratio is 1:2 (Male: Female) kept in experiment and ostriches are selective in case of their mates and they might direct their courtship displays at humans rather than their mates, due to the presence of humans around in captivity. The breeding behaviour of ostriches is improved due to external application of L-carnitine-magnesium supplement.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Ostrich, Mating, Behaviour, Courtship, Breeding

%D 2017
%T Effect of blend herbal supplement on haematology and serum biochemistry in commercial layer chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A S. P. Muthusamy
%A T. R. G. K. Murthy
%A V. Thiagarajan
%N 2
%V 7
%P 48-56
%L eprints265
%X Many herbal supplements are tested for theirs efficacy in poultry to replace the antibiotic growth promoter. Hence this study was carried out to find the effect of a blend herbal preparation (Ocimum sanctum, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Trigonella foenum graceum and Curcuma longa) on the vital parameters in layers. An experimental trial for three weeks was carried out on 80 layers aged 11 weeks. Birds were randomly divided to 4 groups with 2 replicate for each group and supplemented by herbal preparation @ 0.1 percent, 0.25 percent and 0.5 percent in feed. The results indicated a significant increase in the red blood cells count, white blood cell count, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus and reduction in the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase with alanine aminotransferase in the normal range. The significant increase in the vital parameters, decrease in hepatic enzymes inside the clinically healthy condition denote that the birds were in good health. Birds increased nutrient utilization, improved oxygen carrying capacity and caused active immune system. The better absorption of minerals like calcium and phosphorus signifies the role of herbs in enhancing digestion performance. Oral feeding caused a normal activity of hepatic enzymes which can prove safety and hepatoprotective nature of these herbs. Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of these herbs in the layer feed could be important in prevention of diseases in birds. However further studies are recommended to indicate the toxic levels of these herbs and optimize the beneficial dosage in diet of layer birds.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Enzymes, Haematology, Herbs, Layers, Serum biochemistry.

%D 2017
%T Effect of chemically treated litter on ammonia emmission, performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A A. Rashid
%A M. T. Banday
%A S. Adil
%A A. A. Khan
%A S. Qureshi
%A M. Untoo
%A M. A. Pal
%N 2
%V 7
%P 88-93
%L eprints295
%X The condition of litter is a single major factor in deciding the emission of various harmful gases particularly ammonia, which is a major environmental concern, affecting the overall welfare of birds. Therefore, a study was conducted with the objectives to assess the effect of two chemicals namely aluminum sulfate and calcium carbonate on litter ammonia emission, performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. A total of 240 day old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups, each having 4 replicates of 13 chicks each. In the control group no chemical was added to litter; however, in other groups litter was treated with Aluminum Sulfate (AS) @ 25g/kg; Calcium Carbonate (CC) @ 50g/kg; and combination of 25g Aluminum Sulfate and 50g Calcium Carbonate/kg (ASCC). The results revealed a significant (P0.05) difference among themselves. AS was found to be highly effective in reducing the ammonia emission levels, either by itself or in combination, with values of 9.46 ± 0.35 (AS) and 10.499 ± 0.39 (ASCC) compared to 47.7 ± 2.40 and 51.15 ± 1.85 ppm in CC and control. A significant (P0.05) differences were found with respect to various carcass characteristics among treatment groups as compared to control. In conclusion, compared to CC, AS was found to be highly effective in reducing the litter ammonia emission and improving the performance of birds.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aluminium sulphate, Ammonia emmsision, Broiler chicken, Performance

%D 2017
%T Performances of broiler chickens fed on diet supplemented with thyme and oregano essential oils stabilized in a plant charcoal matrix
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. T. Ruben
%A K. J. Raphaël
%A N. T. Boris
%A Y. M. D. Doriane
%A M. K. Hervé
%A K. Serges
%A T. Alexis
%A M. Amir
%N 2
%V 7
%P 79-87
%L eprints299
%X This study was designed to mitigate the volatile and oxidative ability of essential oils (EOs) in poultry feed using natural plant charcoal. The dietary treatments consisted of supplementing control diet (R0) with 0.01% of the mixture (1/1) of thyme and oregano EOs (RTh+or), 0.2% of Canarium charcoal without EO (R0C), 0.2% charcoal respectively enriched with 0.01% of thyme EO (R0C+Th), oregano EO (R0C+Or) and the mixture of EOs (R0C+Th+Or). Results revealed a non-significant increase in weight gain for about 5 and 6%, respectively with the mixture of the EOs without charcoal and charcoal enriched with the mixture of the EOs compared to the control (R0). The carcass yield was higher with oregano EO and the mixture of EOs compared to the other treatments. Intestinal density was lower (P < 0.05) with the mixture of the EOs compared to thyme EO alone and the control ration. Charcoal containing EOs significantly increased (P < 0.05) total protein in serum content, triglycerides, albumin, globulin and decreased serum content in creatinin, ASAT, ALAT and cholesterol. Hematological parameters were not significantly affected by the treatments. The blend of EOs associated or not to charcoal increased lactic acid bacteria count in both the ileum and the cæcum as compared to E. coli and salmonella. It was concluded that Canarium charcoal can be used to stabilize EOs in the feed for gut microbiota modulation and better growth performances of broiler chickens.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broiler, Essential oil, Hematology, Gut microbiota, Oregano, Plant charcoal, Thyme

%D 2017
%T Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotics and organic acids on performance, intestinal microbiology, serum biochemistry and carcass traits of broiler chickens
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A I. M. I. Youssef
%A A. S. Mostafa
%A M. A. Abdel-Wahab
%N 2
%V 7
%P 57-71
%L eprints343
%X This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotics and organic acids, as alternative feed additives to antibiotics, on productive performance of broilers. Two different types of probiotics varying in the microbial content were tested and organic acids blend was compared against a single organic acid (lactic acid). One hundred and ninety eight broiler chicks were randomly allocated into six treatments, each with 33 chicks. Every treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 11 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were a control diet without any feed additives or the same control diet supplemented either with a commercial antibiotic (Maxus®G200), probiotics (Bactocell® or Biopellet-S®) or acidifiers (Salmo-Nil Dry® or lactic acid). The antibiotic was added to the diet at the rate of 0.005%, whereas the probiotics were used at 0.01%. The product Salmo-Nil Dry® was provided to the diet at a level of 0.4%, whereas the lactic acid was used at 0.20 %. It was found that the antibiotic, probiotics and lactic acid increased the body weight. All dietary supplements improved the FCR compared to the control. The additives reduced the serum cholesterol level and the pH of small intestine but did not affect the carcass yield, breast or organ weights. The feed supplements showed a numerical decrease in intestinal aerobes, fecal coliforms and E. coli counts. In addition, all additives significantly reduced total aerobic and staphylococcus counts in the carcass meat, with a numerical decrease in E. coli count. In conclusions, probiotics and acidifiers can be used as potential alternatives to antibiotics in broiler diets. No difference between the used types of probiotics was detected. Lactic acid alone seems to produce better performance results than the organic acid mixture. The effect of lactic acid produced by bacteria might be similar to that of the chemical one.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Broilers, Probiotic, Organic acids, Performance, Lactic acid, Carcass

%D 2017
%T Assessment of a New Backyard poultry strain "Kaveri" in farmer's situation, Rural Odisha, India
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A B. K. Banja
%A P. N. Ananth
%A S. Singh
%A P. R. Sahoo
%A P. Jayasankar
%N 1
%V 7
%P 8-14
%L eprints130
%X Backyard poultry plays an important role in livelihoods of Indian farmers. Research and Development efforts on developing improved strains to enhance productivity have enhanced farmer’s income. Scaling up of improved strains is based on adaptive trials conducted by extension agencies for location specificity and feasibility. The present study is a first time report in India on the performance of newly released Kaveri poultry in the backyard production system through an on farm trial by Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Khordha, the farm science centre of Indian council of agricultural research at the district level. Kaveri birds have characteristic features like low early chick and laying mortality, excellent flock uniformity, early sexual maturity, withstanding predators, laying brown colour eggs etc. The participatory trial was organised at 30 farmer’s fields administering participatory approach by providing 300 chicks to the farmers. The biggest gain of Kaveri poultry in the trial was the body weight, which was recorded to be 3200 gm in male and 2800 gm in female birds at the end of 12 months study period compared to the 1750 gm and 1250 gm respectively with the local strains. Kaveri chicks exhibited superiority in their liveability with a mortality rate of 15% during the critical period of the first 10 weeks of their life compared to the most popular backyard improved strain Vanaraja in which it is up to 24% in the backyard system. Majority of the farmers perceived that this strain can withstand predation which scores better than the other improved strains. The study concluded that Kaveri is suitable for backyard farming system and is highly profitable. Attempts were taken in 2016 to link the results of the strain assessment to the mainstream extension at the district for larger adoption of rural communities.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Backyard poultry, Kaveri, Rural Odisha

%D 2017
%T A report of Ascaridia galli in commercial poultry egg from India
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A G. A. Bharat
%A N. P. Kumar
%A B. Subhasish
%A B. Ria
%N 1
%V 7
%P 23-26
%L eprints135
%X Ascaridia galli is a major encountered species of nemathelminthes in the domestic fowl from all around the world. The parasite causes many pathological conditions which may lead to production losses in the poultry industry. Life cycle of the nematode is direct and involves a single host. Adult parasites present in the small intestine but, erratically they can migrate to the other visceral organs including oviduct. In the study, we isolated two adult female parasites of species A. galli from albumin portion of the poultry egg. Isolated parasites as well as extracted eggs were examined by parasitological techniques. While erratic migration, It may lead the mechanical transmission of enteric pathogens including Salmonella spp. to the egg. Such reports may lead to consumer complaints as well as health problems in the people who consume raw eggs. Poultry egg harbouring such nematode and Salmonella organisms is a cause of concern, as it is widely consumed by people.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Egg, Ascaridia galli, Poultry, Erratic migration

%D 2017
%T Retrospective study on survival time of cats with mammary carcinomas undergoing surgery alone or with adjuvant chemotherapy
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A S. C. S. Cunha
%A K. B. Corgozinho
%A H. J. M. de Souza
%A K. V. G. C. da Silva
%A J. S. Leite
%A M. F. V. de Mello
%A A. M. R. Ferreira
%N 1
%V 7
%P 30-35
%L eprints395
%X This retrospective study was carried out to evaluate disease free interval (DFI) and survival time of cats with mammary carcinomas that underwent mastectomy (RM) and adjuvant chemotherapy (RMAC) in 35 cats to remove the neoplastic mammary chain and regional inguinal lymphadenectomy. According to performed treatment, the cats were divided into two groups. The RM group (21 cats) received no adjuvant therapy, and the RMAC group (14 cats) received chemotherapy with mitoxantrone or doxorubicin. Histopathological margins were considered complete in all cases. Eight cats had histologically confirmed lymph node involvement at the time of surgery. Three cases were classified as stage I, 21 cases as II and eight cases as III. Nine cats had tumor recurrence (four cats of RM group and five cats of RMAC group) and 12 cats had distant metastasis to the lungs (six cats of each group). Mean and median survival times were 1625 and 2404 days in the RM group, while mean DFI was 815 days.  In RMAC group, mean and median survival times were 719 and 690 days, while mean DFI was 549 days. Surgery remains the main treatment and more studies are necessary to evaluate the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170291
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Feline, Mammary carcinoma, Oncology, Surgery, Chemotherapy

%D 2017
%T Bovine tuberculosis prevalence, potential risk factors and its public health implication in selected state dairy farms, central Ethiopia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A M. A. Endalew
%A B. D. Gelalcha
%A G. Chimdi
%N 1
%V 7
%P 21-29
%L eprints424
%X Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M.bovis), is endemic in Ethiopia. However, its magnitude in cattle and human population are not well documented. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 720 apparently healthy dairy cattle kept in three different state owned farms in central Ethiopia to quantify the risk factors and determine the prevalence of BTB using (CIDT) Comparative Intra-Dermal Tuberculin Test from December 2013 to November 2014. Questionnaire survey was used to assess the risk factors and zoonotic implication of BTB. The prevalence of BTB was at 16.53% (95% CI 14.2-18.9) and It was significantly higher in crossbreed (X2= 54.76; P< 0.001; OR=16.1; 95% CI=6.2-41.1) and animals older than 4 years (X2=34.51; P< 0.001, OR =6.22; 95% CI=3.5-11.12). Moreover, the prevalence was also significantly higher in good body conditioned dairy cattle compared to poor body conditioned dairy cattle (X2=29.69; P < 0.001; OR=2.45; 95% CI=1.1-5.7). The prevalence of BTB was also significantly varied among the reproductive status of the dairy cattle (X2 =18.10; P< 0.001).The majority of the respondents consume raw milk (66.1% and raw meat (74.20%) respectively. There was statistically significant variation (X2 =12.51; P< 0.03) in consumption habit between educated and non-educated dairy farm workers. The major risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in this study were breed and age of the dairy cattle. Consumption of raw milk and meat is still a common practice in the study farms. Culling of aged dairy cattle and continuous test and slaughter of infected cattle should be practiced at least in state owned dairy farms to decrease the risk of transmission. In addition to awareness creation of the public particularly the dairy farm workers on the zoonotic nature of tuberculosis is of utmost importance to control bovine tuberculosis.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170290
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bovine tuberculosis prevalence, Dairy cattle, Farm worker, Risk factor

%D 2017
%T Isolation and characterization of bacterial species from respiratory tracts of cattle slaughtered in Addis Ababa City, Central Ethiopia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. K. Gebremeske
%A T. S. Tesema
%A A. A. Yegoraw
%A B. T. Birhanu
%A S. A. Mekuria
%N 1
%V 7
%P 14-20
%L eprints435
%X The present study was an attempt to isolate and identify the diverse bacteria localizing pneumonic lungs and the associated tracheas of 50 slaughtered cattle at Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, central Ethiopia, in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. 158 and 135 bacterial isolate was found in aerobic and anaerobic state, respectively using primary and secondary microbiological testes. Gram positive bacteria were the dominant bacteria in both conditions. The frequency of isolation increased from trachea down to the lung in both state indicating the bacterial role in the progress of bovine pneumonia. Most prevalently isolated bacteria from both aerobics and anaerobics conditions were Staphylococcus species, Bacillus species, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Whereas the Streptococcus species, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Actinobacillus species, Micrococcus species, Arcanobacterium, species Neisseriaspecies, Acinetobacter species, Corynebacterium species, Bordetella species, Pseudomonas species, and Rhodococcus equi were among the bacteria isolated.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170289
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Aerobic, Anaerobic, Bacteria, Bovine, Pneumonia

%D 2017
%T Prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine schistosomiasis in Northwestern Ethiopia
%J World's Veterinary Journal
%A A. K. Gebremeskel
%A S. T. Simeneh
%A S. A. Mekuria
%N 1
%V 7
%P 1-4
%L eprints436
%X Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by microorganisms from the genus Schistosoma. It has a huge negative impact on both economy and health worldwide. In this paper a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine schistosomiasis in north western Ethiopia with the objective of providing detailed information on bovine schistosomiasis prevalence in relation to animal and ecological related risk factors. The sampled animals were categorized under four associated risk factors which include: origin, sex, body condition score and age. Fecal samples were randomly collected from a total of 289 animals and Schistosoma’s eggs were identified by sedimentation technique. 69 (23.9%) fecal samples were revealed positive for Schistosoma. The highest (29.8%) prevalence rate was recorded at Keltafa district followed by Lalibella (25.9 %), Korench (19.1%) and kurbiha (14.0%). Animals categorized under medium body condition score has a relative high prevalence (25.7%) followed by poor (24.3%) and good body condition (21.7%) animals. In conclusion, the prevalence recorded among different selected study districts, sex, body condition score and age groups  shows some degree of variability and insignificant (p>0.05), which resulted from the difference in abundancy of  marshy areas and rivers, animal’s immunity and types of management system. Despite these variability factors, the disease has a great socio-economic impact that needs intervention.
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/wvj.20170287
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Bovine, Prevalence, Schistosomiasis, Ethiopia

%D 2017
%T Effect of Psyllium husk fiber on growth performance, egg quality traits and lipid profile in layers under high ambient temperature
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A N. Mukhtar
%A R. Mehmood
%A S. H. Khan
%A N. M. Ashrif
%A M. W. Mirza
%N 1
%V 7
%P 15-22
%L eprints263
%X The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of cholesterol lowering effect of Psyllium husk in egg yolk cholesterol through dietary supplementation in white Leghorn layers. A total of 180 commercial layer hens were randomly divided into four equal groups of 45 birds each to be allocated to four dietary regimes, consist of 0, 5, 10 and 20 g of Psyllium per kg diet, each group was subdivided into three replicate containing 15 layers per replicate. Dietary treatments had a non-significant effect on weight gain, egg production, feed intake and mortality. There was a positive impact of dietary Psyllium levels on egg mass and shell thickness, however, haugh unit and egg shape index deteriorated with higher dietary inclusion of Psyllium. Cholesterol levels in yolk and blood reduced significantly (P < 0.05) with an increasing level of dietary Psyllium. The results from present study suggested that dietary inclusion of Psyllium can be an effective tool for the reduction of blood and egg yolk cholesterol levels.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Psyllium, Egg traits, yolk cholesterol, egg production, lipid profile.

%D 2017
%T Phosphorus utilisation and growth performance of broiler chicken fed diets containing graded levels of supplementary myo-inositol with and without exogenous phytase
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A V. R. Pirgozliev
%A M. R. Bedford
%A S. P. Rose
%A I. M. Whiting
%A O. O. Oluwatosin
%A A. O. Oso
%A F. O. Oke
%A S. G. Ivanova
%A G. P. Staykova
%N 1
%V 7
%P 1-7
%L eprints288
%X A total of 80 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in this study to quantify the response and inter-relationship of bird growth performance, dietary nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), and nutrient digestibility as a result of feeding graded levels of supplementary myo-inositol (MYO) with and without exogenous phytase (PHY). Supplementation of diet that was formulated to be insufficient in available Phosphorus (P) with graded levels of MYO improved daily weigh gain (WG) and AMEn intake (P < 0.05; quadratic) and linearly reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration and the secretion of sialic acid (SA) in excreta. Supplementation with PHY improved (P < 0.05) dietary dry matter (DMD) and nitrogen (ND) digestibility coefficients. Dietary phosphorus digestibility (PD) increased with PHY addition as expected but the effect was much more pronounced in the low MYO group compared with high MYO diets as described by the interaction (P < 0.05). The interaction showed that increasing MYO content had no effect in the absence of PHY but it depressed P digestibility in the diets containing PHY. It can be concluded that dietary MYO improves bird growth and possibly intestinal health of broiler chickens. Dietary supplementation with either MYO or PHY may improve growth of chickens although these effects may not always be additive.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Phytase, Myo-inositol, Broiler, Nutrition

%D 2017
%T Effect of dietary mimosa small bell (Dichostachys glomerata) fruit supplement as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter for broiler chicken
%J Journal of World's Poultry Research
%A K. J. Raphae
%A M. K. Hervé
%A N. T. Ruben
%A T. Francklin
%A K. Ronald
%A Y. Antoine
%A T. Alexis
%N 1
%V 7
%P 27-34
%L eprints293
%X There is a growing interest in plant feed additives as a consequence of the antibiotics growth promoters restriction in livestock farming all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Dichrostachys glomerata fruit powder on the growth performances of broiler chickens. A group of chickens fed on a basal diet without any supplementation (negative control R0-) was compared to three other groups fed on diets supplemented by 0.1% of antibiotic (positive control R0+), 0.2% (R0.2) and 0.4% (R0.4) D. glomerata fruit powder respectively. The results revealed a significant decrease in feed intake as compared to the negative and the positive control. The lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was recorded with diet supplemented with antibiotic and 0.2% D. glomerata. The Body Weight (BW) and the Body Weight Gain (BWG) of chickens fed on diets supplemented with D. glomerata had an upward trend as compared to negative control diet. Apart from the relative weight of the head which tended to increase in coordination with increasing levels of D. glomerata in feed, this phytobiotic had no significant effect (P>0.05) on carcass characteristics. The increasing level of this phytobiotic tended to decrease serum content of creatinine as compared to the negative and positive control diets. The serum content in ASpartate AminoTransferase (ASAT) tended to increase with the increasing levels of this phytobiotic mean while no significant effect (P>0.05) was recorded on the serum contents of urea, total proteins and ALanine AminoTransferase (ALAT). In conclusion, 0.2% of D. glomerata fruit powder can be used to replace antibiotic, for a better growth performances and to produce antibiotics residues free chicken meat.
%I Scienceline Publication, Ltd
%K Antibiotic, Broiler chicken, Carcass, Dichrostachys glomerata, Growth performance, Phytobiotic, Production cost