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A Review of Lightweight Concrete in Civil Engineering
Lightweight concrete, defined as concrete with a dry density below 2000 kg/m³, has become increasingly prominent in modern advanced concrete technology and constructions due to its low density, superior thermal insulation, and sustainability benefits owing to the use of industrial by-products and waste materials in the process of its production. This study presents a comprehensive overview of lightweight concrete, covering its historical development, material composition, and performance characteristics. The fresh properties, such as workability, slump, and water absorption, are discussed alongside its mechanical properties, including compressive, flexural, and tensile strength; modulus of elasticity; ductility; and fatigue resistance. The durability characteristics, such as water and chemical permeability, freeze-thaw resistance, carbonation, shrinkage behavior, and reinforcement corrosion, are also evaluated. In addition, the microstructural characteristics, including density, porosity, and aggregate-cement matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ), are examined using SEM, XRD, TGA, and FTIR analyses. The study also considers the environmental performance of lightweight concrete, assessed through life cycle assessment, including the impact of adding waste and recycled aggregates. Various types of natural and synthetic lightweight aggregates, along with mineral admixtures, nanomaterials, and reinforcing fibers, are reviewed to evaluate their impact on the performance of lightweight concrete. Although lightweight concrete typically exhibits lower mechanical strength than normal concrete, its compressive, tensile, and flexural strength, elastic modulus, ductility, and fatigue resistance can be improved under optimized conditions. As reported in various studies, the addition of pozzolanic and nano-admixtures, along with optimized fiber reinforcement, can enhance both the microstructure and overall durability of lightweight concrete. These improvements can be achieved through the integration of industrial by-products such as fly ash, slag, or agricultural waste.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism
A Review of Lightweight Concrete in Civil Engineering (Text)
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CB History of civilization
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)